Electron-ion recombination rate constant in dense gaseous Kr/CH4 mixtures

The rate constant of bulk electron-ion recombination is calculated for dense gaseous krypton doped with methane. In the calculations, the electron scattering is modeled by experimental, energy-dependent collision cross-sections. The recombination rate constant is found to increase with increasing methane concentration, due to efficient dissipation of electron energy in vibrationally inelastic e-CH₄ collisions.     

Mechanism of HTO formation in gaseous tritium mixtures

The mechanisms for the conversion of molecular tritium gas to tritiated water are examined for tritium mixtures with (1) oxygen and nitrogen, (2) oxygen and argon, and (3) water and helium, for which previous experimental data exist. By analyzing results of these experiments in light of the radiation chemistry involved in a mixture of tritium and other gases, an understanding of the conversion mechanisms is reached. The formation of H and/or OH free radicals as intermediate species is of particular significance in the formation of HTO in that these radicals initiate a number of reactions which lead to the formation of water. These reactions are analyzed in terms of steady-state kinetics to obtain predictive models which can be judged against the experimental observations. For the three experimentally observed mixtures, model agreement is found to be within a factor of 2–3.     

Kinetics of the peroxy RFO2 radical formation in the RHF-O2-CO2 gaseous mixtures

The kinetic data on the molecular oxygen activity of CH₃CH^·, CH₃CF₂ ^· and CF₃CHF^· radicals are reported. In laboratory, these radicals were generated by pulsed (12 ns) electron beam interaction with the gaseous RHF-O₂-CO₂ mixtures containing large excess of carbon dioxide (RHF = CH₃CH₂F, CH₃CHF₂ or CH₂FCF₃). The transient product (O₃ or RFO₂ ^·) formation was monitored by the UV absorptions at 250 nm and the rate constants of Reactions (4) and (9) were obtained. The values of k ₉ diminished with increasing number of fluorine atoms in RHF molecule. For CH₃CH₂F and CH₃CHF₂ the k ₉’s were equal to (8.8–10.2)^·10⁻¹⁴cm^{3 ·}s⁻¹ and (7.3–8.4)^·10⁻¹⁴cm^{3 ·}s⁻¹, respectively, and seem to be determined for the first time. In the case of CH₂FCF₃ the obtained value of k _CF3CHF+O2 = 5.20±0.76^·10⁻¹⁴cm^{3 ·}s⁻¹ is much higher than the value published in the literature.⁴ The other determined rate constant data are comparable to the literature values.     

C2 and CN formation by optical pumping of CO/Ar and Co/N2/Ar mixtures at room temperature

A continuous wave carbon monoxide laser is used to excite the vibrational mode of CO in CO/Ar and CO/N₂/Ar mixtures flowing through a gas absorption cell. High steady-state excitation of the CO vibrational mode (0.3 eV/molecule) is achieved, while a translational—rotational temperature near 300 K is maintained by the steady flow of cold gas into the cell. These non-equilibrium conditions result in extreme vibration—vibration pumping, population high-lying vibrational quantum levels (to V = 42) of CO. N₂ can also be pumped by vibrational energy transfer from CO. Under these conditions, C₂ and CN molecules are formed, and are observed to fluoresce on various electronic band transitions, notably C₂ Swan (A ³Π_g—X ³Π_u) and CN violet (B ²Σ⁺—X²Σ⁺).     

Chemistry in mixtures of Kr with Ar and He illuminated with Kr resonance radiation

The formation and destruction of excited rare-gas dimers have been studied using resonance optical excitation of high-pressure gas mixtures containing Kr. From an analysis of the resulting emission, 19 reaction rate coefficients have been inferred. It is concluded that atom–atom interchange processes play a major role in rare-gas eximer formation, and that stepwise relaxation down the eximer vibrational ladder is less important than multistep relaxation due to atom–atom exchange in the excited eximer.     

The mechanism of NO3− formation from gaseous ethyl nitrate

High-pressure mass spectrometric measurements were carried out to examine the mechanism of NO₃^? formation in pure gaseous ethyl nitrate and its binary mixtures with various bath gases. A novel reaction: NO₂^? + C₂H₅ONO₂ → NO₃^? + C₂ H₅ ONO occurring with an activation energy has been reported and evidence for collisional deactivation of the intermediate complex [NO₂ ·C₂H₅ONO₂ has been obtained. The calculations performed with semi-empirical MINDO/3 suggest that this reaction proceeds by the nucleopholic displacement mechanism. Attack of NO₂^? on H-atom of the methyl group prefers the formation of clustered ion NO₂^?sd C₂H₅ONO₂, which is experimentally observed.     

Evidence for Ps formation in spurs in high-density gaseous CO2

Measurements of Ps yields in mixtures of CO₂ and Ar with the electron scavengers CCl₄ and CCl₂F₂ are reported. It is shown that the CO₂ mixtures provide direct evidence for Ps formation in spurs in this gas. Further, some support is also given to recent models which consider Ps formation in gases by both Ore and spur processes. The results obtained for the Ar mixtures are consistent with the Ore model of Ps formation.     

By-product formation in spark breakdown of SF6/O2 mixtures

The yields of SOF₄, SO₂F₂, SOF₂, and SO₂ have been measured as a function of O₂ content in SF₆/O₂ mixtures, following spark discharges. All experiments were made at a spark energy of 8.7 J/spark, a total pressure of 133 kPa, and for O₂ additions of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20% to SF₆. Even for the case of no added O₂, trace amounts of O₂ and H₂O result in the formation of the above by-products. However, addition of O₂ significantly increases the yields of SOF₄ and SO₂F₂, while SOF₂ is only slightly affected. The net yields for SOF₄ and SO₂F₂ formation range from 0.18×10^–9 and 0.64×10^–10 mol·J^–1, respectively, at 1% O₂ content to 10.45×10^–9 and 7.15×10^–10 mol·J^–1, respectively, at 20% O₂ content. The mechanism for SOF₄ production appears to involve SF₄, an important initial product of SF₆, as a precursor. Comparison of the SOF₄ and SO₂F₂ yield from spark discharges (arc and corona) shows that the yields from other discharges (arc and corona) shows that the yields can vary by at least three orders of magnitude, depending on the type of discharge and on other discharge parameters.     

Structure and formation of gaseous [C3H4N]+ ions

gas phase has been established. This conclusion could be derived from a careful study of their collisional activation spectra, which show minor but characteristic differences. The ions studied were generated from various precursor ions in single or multiple fragmentation processes as well as via ion-molecule reactions. Their heats of formation vary from 925 to 1085 kJ mol^?1 according to MINDO/3 or from 925 to 1050 kJ mol^?1 according to MNDO calculations.     

Excimer formation in crystalline and nanostructured coordination polymers

A new anthracene-based ligand shows emission shift and decrease of excimer band upon coordination to silver ions when crystallized from methanol. Changing the solvent leads to the formation of amorphous nanowires exhibiting large emission bands before transforming into a second crystalline compound with excimer emission similar in intensity to the ligand alone.     

Effect of Ar/H2 and Kr/H2 mixtures as discharge gas on the ion intensity in dc glow discharge mass spectrometry

 In dc glow discharge mass spectrometry, the addition of small amounts of H₂ to pure Ar as discharge gas has greatly increased the ion intensities of elements compared with the conventional method using pure Ar. This phenomenon was also observed for the addition of H₂ to pure Kr. The reason for the increase of the ion intensities of elements was studied by using a Kr gas mixture containing 0.2% (v/v) H₂. The ion intensities of the elements P, Se and As (whose first ionization potentials are higher than the energy levels of the excited state of Kr) did not increase even if the Kr/H₂ gas mixture was used. The results show that the addition of H₂ significantly contributed to increasing the number of metastable argon or krypton atoms (Penning ionization). Received: 4 November 1995/Revised: 5 January 1996/Accepted: 10 January 1996     

Effect of Ar/H2 and Kr/H2 mixtures as discharge gas on the ion intensity in dc glow discharge mass spectrometry

 In dc glow discharge mass spectrometry, the addition of small amounts of H₂ to pure Ar as discharge gas has greatly increased the ion intensities of elements compared with the conventional method using pure Ar. This phenomenon was also observed for the addition of H₂ to pure Kr. The reason for the increase of the ion intensities of elements was studied by using a Kr gas mixture containing 0.2% (v/v) H₂. The ion intensities of the elements P, Se and As (whose first ionization potentials are higher than the energy levels of the excited state of Kr) did not increase even if the Kr/H₂ gas mixture was used. The results show that the addition of H₂ significantly contributed to increasing the number of metastable argon or krypton atoms (Penning ionization). Received: 4 November 1995/Revised: 5 January 1996/Accepted: 10 January 1996     

Microdetermination of nitrous oxide in gaseous mixtures

Zusammenfassung Eine kritische Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Mikrogasanalyse, beginnend mit den Arbeiten vonTimiriazeff undKrogh, führte zur Konstruktion einer Gasbürette, die die Vorteile früherer Modelle beibehält und gleichzeitig deren Nachteile zu vermeiden sucht. Außerdem mußten die spezifischen Schwierigkeiten bei der Analyse sehr kleiner Proben von Stickstoffoxydulmischungen wie sie in der Anästhesie vorkommen, berücksichtigt werden.Die gasvolumetrische Messung in engen Kapillaren hat den Nachteil, daß aus den Absorptionspipetten mitgeführte Verunreinigungen einerseits den verfügbaren freien Raum in der Kapillare verkleinern und anderseits die Oberflächenspannung an den Menisken derart beeinflussen können, daß die genaue Einstellung des Druckes in der gemessenen Gassäule in Frage gestellt wird. Aus diesem Grunde wird in der neuen Bürette das Gas für die Volumsbestimmung in eine verhältnismäßig weite Kapillare gebracht, die nur dort verengt wird, wo sich der Meniskus zur Zeit der Messung befindet. Die Messung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Stempels, dessen Verschiebung mikrometrisch gemessen werden kann. Die Mikrometerstellung wird abgelesen, wenn die beiden Menisken der Gasblase eine Ringmarke im verengten Teil der Kapillare passieren. Aus der Differenz der Ablesungen und dem Durchmesser des Stempels ergibt sich das Volumen der Gasblase. Zur genauen automatischen Korrektur von während der Verdrängung der Gasblase durch den Stempel auftretenden Druck- und Temperaturschwankungen wird das Thermobarometer-Prinzip vonZuntz undHempel benutzt, wobei dafür gesorgt ist, daß die Menisken der abgesperrten Luftprobe und der Gasblase nur durch eine kurze und verhältnismäßig massive Quecksilbersäule getrennt sind. Bei kleinen Gasblasen kann man eine absolute Genauigkeit der Volumsbestimmung von ± 0,05 erreichen. Die Präzision der Bestimmung des Volumens großer Gasblasen (etwa 200) läßt sich jedoch nicht über einen Teil in zweitausend Teilen hinaus steigern.Die Spitze der Bürette endet in einer kleinen Quecksilberwanne, in der sich auch die Reagenzgläser befinden, die als Absorptionspipetten und Gassammelgefäße dienen. Die Arbeitsweise vonSeevers undStormont, die vonTreadwell an leicht zugänglicher Stelle beschrieben wurde, wird beim Überführen der Gasblasen von der Bürette in die Pipette und umgekehrt beibehalten.Die Konstruktion der Bürette und die Arbeitsweise mit derselben sind genau beschrieben. Beleganalysen sind in Tabellen angeführt.

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Résumé Une étude critique du développement de la microgazométrie depuis les travaux deTimiriazeff etKrogh, a conduit à la construction d'une burette à gaz, présentant les mêmes avantages que les modèles précédents, tout en réduisant les inconvénients.De plus, on devait envisager les difficultés spécifiques à l'analyse des échantillons très réduits d'oxyde azoteux en mélanges, comme ceux qui servent en anesthésie.La mesure gazométrique en capillaire étroit, présente l'inconvénient que les impuretés introduites dans les pipettes capillaires d'absorption réduisent le volume utilisable, et que d'autre part, la tension superficielle au niveau du ménisque peut en être influencée au point que l'établissement de la pression exacte dans la colonne gazeuse à mesurer soit sujet à caution.Dans la nouvelle burette, le gaz à mesurer, est introduit, pour cette raison dans un capillaire relativement large, retréci seulement là où l'on amène le ménisque au moment de la mesure.La mesure se fait à l'aide d'un plongeur, dont les déplacements sont appréciés micrométriquement.La lecture est faite, lorsque les deux ménisques de la bulle gazeuse passent dans la partie retrécie du capillaire en y dessinant chacun un cercle. De la différence des lectures et du diamètre du plongeur se déduit le volume de la bulle gazeuse.Les corrections précises de température et de pression sont rendues automatiques par l'emploi du thermobaromètre deZuntz etHempel, qui assure la séparation des ménisques des bulles d'air et de gaz au moyen d'une colonne de mercure relativement importante. La précision absolue dans la détermination de petits volumes gazeux atteint ± 0,05; celle dans la détermination des volumes plus grands (environ 200) ne descend pas au-dessous d'une partie pour 2000.La pointe de la burette aboutit dans un petit réservoir à mercure, dans lequel se trouve aussi un tube à réaction servant de pipette d'absorption et de réservoir à gaz.Le mode opératoire deSeevers etStormont, décrit parTreadwell, est maintenu par déplacement de la bulle gazeuse de la burette à la pipette et inversement.La construction de la burette et le mode opératoire sont décrits avec précision. Les analyses de références sont données en tableaux.

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With 7 figures.     

乙烷/H2O/O2/N2体系中光致过氧化物的产生

采用长光路Fourier红外光谱(LP-FTIR)和高压液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究了乙烷/H2O/O2/N2光化学体系中过氧化物的产生，证实乙烷降解产物中有过氧化氢、乙基过氧化氢(CH3CH2OOH,EHP)和过氧乙酸[CH3C(O)OOH,PAA]，并首次发现了甲基过氧化氢(CH3OOH,MHP)、羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH2OOH,HMHP)和过氧甲醚(CH3OOCH3,DMP).H2O2,MHP和EHP的最大计算产率分别为6.8%，6.4%和6.7%，是乙烷降解生成的主要过氧化产物。MHP主要来自乙烷降解过程中的中间物乙醛的光解。HMHP的检出表明乙烷降解过程中可能有Criegee中间体.CH2OO.产生。OH自由基引发的乙烷降解反应可能是对流层大气H2O2，MHP及EHP的重要来源之一。     

Kr和Kr2的实验和理论研究

利用超声分子束技术、同步辐射和反射式飞行时间质谱仪得到了Kr和Kr2的光电离质谱和光电离效率谱,确定了Kr和Kr2的电离能,利用Gaussian-03程序中的MP2(Full)/6-31G*,QCISD/cc-pVTZ以及B3LYP/6-31G方法优化了Kr2的结构,计算了它们的振动频率和电离能,计算结果显示:当采用相同的理论水平和皋组时,随着Kr同位素质荷比(m/z)的增大,它们结构和电离能保持不变,而振动频率逐渐变小.与此同时,用G2方法计算了Kr(84)和Kr2(168)的电离能,它们的电离能的理论值与实验结果符合得比较好.     

Electronic to vibrational energy transfer and relaxation in matrices. II. Hg in mixed N2/Kr matrices

The electronic fluorescence spectrum of Hg-doped N₂/Kr mixed matrices obtained by laser excitation of the Hg³P₁ level is composed of the Hg “atomic” (³P₁—¹S₀ and ³P₀—¹S₀) fluorescence and the exciplex fluorescence due to the (Hg—N₂)^* complex stable in the excited state. The temperature dependence of their intensities and lifetimes was studied in the temperature range 12–24 K. It is argued that the essential part of the ³P₀ and exciplex emission is due to two types of Hg sites with one N₂ nearest neighbor, differing probably in the orientation of the N₂ molecular axis. Strong irreversible effects due to the diffusion of N₂ molecules induced by laser irradiation are observed.     

Excimer formation and charge carrier photogeneration in solid polymers

Data are presented on excitonic photogeneration processes in solid polymers similar to those observed in molecular-crystal photoconductivity. It is shown that excimeric states responsible for the intrinsic photogeneration are preferably of intramolecular origin.     

Ion chemistry in germane/fluorocompounds gaseous mixtures: a mass spectrometric and theoretical study

The ion-molecule reactions occurring in GeH(4)/NF(3), GeH(4)/SF(6), and GeH(4)/SiF(4) gaseous mixtures have been investigated by ion trap mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations. While the NF(x)(+) (x=1-3) react with GeH(4) mainly by the exothermic charge transfer, the open-shell Ge(+) and GeH(2)(+) undergo the efficient F-atom abstraction from NF(3) and form GeF(+) and F-GeH(2)(+) as the only ionic products. The mechanisms of these two processes are quite similar and involve the formation of the fluorine-coordinated complexes Ge-F-NF(2)(+) and H(2)Ge-F-NF(2)(+), their subsequent crossing to the significantly more stable isomers FGe-NF(2)(+) and F-GeH(2)-NF(2)(+), and the eventual dissociation of these ions into GeF(+) (or F-GeH(2)(+)) and NF(2). The closed-shell GeH(+) and GeH(3)(+) are instead much less reactive towards NF(3), and the only observed process is the less efficient formation of GeF(+) from GeH(+). The theoretical investigation of this unusual H/F exchange reaction suggests the involvement of vibrationally-hot GeH(+). Passing from NF(3) to SF(6) and SiF(4), the average strength of the M-F bond increases from 70 to 79 and 142 kcal mol(-1), and in fact the only process observed by reacting GeH(n)(+) (n=0-3) with SF(6) and SiF(4) is the little efficient F-atom abstraction from SF(6) by Ge(+). Irrespective of the experimental conditions, we did not observe any ionic product of Ge-N, Ge-S, or Ge-Si connectivity. This is in line with the previously observed exclusive formation of GeF(+) from the reaction between Ge(+) and C-F compounds such as CH(3)F. Additionally observed processes include in particular the conceivable formation of the elusive thiohypofluorous acid FSH from the reaction between SF(+) and GeH(4).     

Excimer formation dynamics in the isolated tetracene dimer

The understanding of excimer formation and its interplay with the singlet-correlated triplet pair state ¹(TT) is of high significance for the development of efficient organic electronics. Here, we study the photoinduced dynamics of the tetracene dimer in the gas phase by time-resolved photoionisation and photoion imaging experiments as well as nonadiabatic dynamics simulations in order to obtain mechanistic insight into the excimer formation dynamics. The experiments are performed using a picosecond laser system for excitation into the S₂ state and reveal a biexponential time dependence. The time constants, obtained as a function of excess energy, lie in the range between ≈10 ps and 100 ps and are assigned to the relaxation of the excimer on the S₁ surface and to its deactivation to the ground state. Simulations of the quantum-classical photodynamics are carried out in the frame of the semi-empirical CISD and TD-lc-DFTB methods. Both theoretical approaches reveal a dominating relaxation pathway that is characterised by the formation of a perfectly stacked excimer. TD-lc-DFTB simulations have also uncovered a second relaxation channel into a less stable dimer conformation in the S₁ state. Both methods have consistently shown that the electronic and geometric relaxation to the excimer state is completed in less than 10 ps. The inclusion of doubly excited states in the CISD dynamics and their diabatisation further allowed to observe a transient population of the ¹(TT) state, which, however, gets depopulated on a timescale of 8 ps, leading finally to the trapping in the excimer minimum.

The understanding of excimer formation and its interplay with the singlet-correlated triplet pair state ¹(TT) is of high significance for the development of efficient organic electronics.     

Photoionization of small krypton clusters in the Kr 3d regime: evidence for site-specific photoemission

Kr 3d ionization energies of small, variable size krypton clusters are investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy, where the size regime of clusters with an average size N< or =30 is studied. Characteristic shifts in Kr 3d ionization energies to lower binding energies are found compared to the bare atom. These are also different from those of large krypton clusters. Moreover, we find evidence for photoionization of the krypton dimer. Its 3d ionization energy is barely shifted relative to the atomic value. Results from model calculations considering different isomers and cluster sizes as well as defect sites give evidence that the experimental results can be related to photoionization from different surface sites in variable size krypton clusters. This can be related to site-specific photoemission in small Kr clusters. The results are compared to size effects in Kr 3d near-edge features of variable size Kr clusters as well as recent results on Kr 3d photoionization of large Kr clusters.