Anisotropy of the Resonance Transformation of the Microhardness of Crystals after Their Exposure in the EPR Scheme in the Earth’s Magnetic Field

It is shown that the preliminary exposure of ZnO, triglycine sulfate, and potassium hydrogen phthalate crystals in ultralow crossed magnetic fields—Earth’s magnetic field and ac pump field—leads to a resonance change in their microhardness. The resonance frequency of microhardness peaks is determined by the classical condition of electron paramagnetic resonance only at certain orientations of the crystals with respect to the Earth’s magnetic field B_Earth. Rotations of all samples with respect to the direction B_Earth by angle θ reduce the resonance frequency in proportion to cosθ. The observed anisotropy has been attributed to the presence of their own local magnetic fields B_loc ? B_Earth in the crystals.     

On the Negatively Charged Layer of the Earth’s Electric Field

Based on the hydridic Earth model, we propose a hydridic model of the Earth’s electric field. The model predicts that the negative electrode of the Earth’s capacitor is located under the Earth’s crust and the Earth’s fluids carry a positive charge. We have observed an excess of positive charge in the Earth’s crust down to kilometer depths. The model explains the unitary variation of the fair-weather atmospheric electric field strength, the change in atmospheric electric field strength and the precipitation of high-energy electrons during earthquakes.     

Observational Aspects of Magnetic Reconnection at the Earth’s Magnetosphere

Magnetic field reconnection has shown to be the dominant process in the solar wind-Earth’s magnetosphere interaction. It enables mass, momentum, and energy exchange between different plasma regimes, and it is regarded as an efficient plasma acceleration and heating mechanism. Reconnection has been observed to occur in laboratory plasmas, at planetary magnetospheres in our Solar System, and the Sun. In this work, we focus on analyzing the characteristics of magnetic reconnection at the Earth’s magnetosphere according to spaceborne observations in the vicinity of our planet. Firstly, the locations where magnetic field reconnection are expected to occur within the vast magnetospheric region are addressed, and is shown how they are influenced by changes in the interplanetary magnetic field direction. The main magnetic field and plasma signatures of magnetic reconnection are discussed from both theoretical and observational points of view. Spacecraft observations of ion inertial length scale reconnection are also presented.     

Second Harmonic Generation under the Influence of the Earth’s Gravitational Field

The influence of the Earth’s gravitational field on a weakly relativistic electron involved in the process of generation of microwave radiation is evaluated. It is shown that such exposure leads to the generation of a second harmonic.     

Development of the Earth’s Field NMR Spectrometer for Liquid Screening

Earth??s field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used for non-destructive in-bottle liquid screening by evaluating the spin?Clattice relaxation times of protons in various liquids. An Earth??s field NMR apparatus has been developed and optimized to measure the spin?Clattice relaxation times of various liquids contained in 500?ml PET bottles. Two methods to generate 90-degree readout pulses using transient oscillating signals generated in a resonator are reported. The lower detection limit of pure water was 1?ml. The minimum measurable spin?Clattice relaxation time was 50?ms.     

Study of the Impact of Relativistic Double Star Systems on the Earth’s Electric Field

Russian Physics Journal - Dependences of the effective amplitudes of the Earth's electric field (EEF) components spectrally localized at double rotation frequencies of relativistic double...     

A study of non-extensivity in the Earth’s magnetosphere

Magnetic storms are undoubtedly among the most important phenomena in space physics and also a central subject of space weather. The non-extensive Tsallis entropy has been recently introduced, as an effective complexity measure for the analysis of the geomagnetic activity D _st index. Tsallis entropy has been shown to sensitively detect the complexity dissimilarity between pre-storm activity and intense magnetic storms in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Here, we show that the D _st time series obey a modified form of the Gutenberg-Richter law for the case of non-extensive statistics, thus providing evidence for universality in magnetic storm and earthquake occurrence.     

On Ohm’s law in the thin current sheets of the Earth’s magnetosphere

The analytical and numerical dependences of the total transverse current on an electric field, the normal component of a magnetic field and the ion and electron temperatures are obtained using analytical approximation of numerical results provided by a self-consistent model of the magnetospheric thin sheet. The dependence of current on the parameters ?, T _i , b _n is shown to be nonlinear. The relative contributions of different plasma components into the total current are estimated.     

Acoustic-gravity waves in the Earth’s atmosphere generated by surface sources

The generation of acoustic-gravity waves and their propagation in the Earth’s atmosphere is analyzed numerically on the basis of a computer model of the stratified atmosphere with dissipation. Atmospheric and ionospheric wavelike disturbances from different surface sources such as earthquakes, explosions, seiches, temperature heating, and tsunamis are studied.     

Cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere

This paper presents a brief historical overview of studies of cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, which were initiated and led by S.N. Vernov for over 50 years. The main results of these studies that were obtained in recent decades are given. They include the study of the processes of generation and propagation of solar cosmic rays, the modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliomagnetosphere, and the role of cosmic rays in atmospheric processes.     

Splitting of thin current sheets in the Earth’s magnetosphere

An analytic model of a one-dimensional self-consistent anisotropic thin current sheet is proposed. This model describes the sheet with a split (or bifurcated) structure, where the current density is minimal at the center and maximal at the edges. The model is specified by the set of Vlasov-Maxwell equations that reduces to the Grad-Shafranov equation. Under the assumption that particles move quasi-adiabatically, i.e., that the approximate integral of motion I_z is conserved, the slow evolution of the system in the course of diffusion of the distribution function in I_z is analyzed. Scattering processes can give rise to the partial capture of flying ions near the current sheet. Since the current of such quasi-trapped particles is directed oppositely to the current of flying particles, the local current at the center of the sheet is fully or partially compensated. As a result, the ordinary single-peak shape of the current density profile changes to the bifurcated shape. Such a structure is characteristic of the thin current sheet before the total destruction, when the tension of the magnetic field is unbalanced. Numerical calculations are corroborated by the observations of split current sheets in the magnetotail by the Cluster and Geotail satellites. The obtained results indicate that a possible mechanism of the destruction of the thin current sheet is not necessarily associated with the development of plasma instabilities but can be evolutionary.     

Dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts

In this article, we provide a short review of the current state of the field of the radiation belts of the Earth. The main attention is given to the variations of energetic particle fluxes during geomagnetic storms. Electron and proton acceleration mechanisms in the terrestrial magnetosphere are discussed. The possibility of predicting various space weather parameters using the data on relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt is discussed.     

Numerical Simulation of Shear-Horizontal-Wave-Induced Electromagnetic Field in Borehole Surrounded by Porous Formation

Seismoelectric fieM excited by purely torsional loading applied directly to the borehole wall is considered. A brief formulation and some computed waveforms show the advantage of using shear-horizontal （SH） transverseelectric （TE） seismoelectric waves logging to measure shear velocity in a fluid-saturated porous formation. By assuming that the acoustic field is not influenced by its induced electromagnetic field due to seismoeleetric effect, the coupling governing equations for electromagnetic field are reduced to Maxwell equations with a propagation current source. It is shown that this simplification is valid and the borehole seismoelectric conversion efficient is mainly dependent on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. The receivers to detect the conversion electromagnetic field and to obtain shear velocity can be set in the borehole fluid in the SH-TE seismoelectric wave log.     

Classical Electromagnetic Field Theory in the Presence of Magnetic Sources

Using two new well-defined four-dimensional potential vectors,we formulate the classical Maxwell field theory in a form which has manifest Lorentz covariance and SO(2) duality symmetry in the presence of magnetic sources.We set up a consistent Lagrangian for the theory.Then from the action principle we obtain both Maxwell‘s equation and the equation of motion of a dyon moving in the electromagnetic field.