活性氮与SO2和SOCl2的传能反应

在流动余辉装置上, 研究了活性氮与SO2和SOCl2之间的反应过程. 在280～500 nm, 观察到了SO2( A1A2,B1B1→X1A1 )和SO2(a3B1→X1A1)的发射光谱. 对比由Ar(3P0,2)与N2碰撞反应产生的纯N2(A3Σu+)与SO2、SOCl2之间反应的实验结果, 可以说明, N2(A3Σu+)在活性氮与SO2的反应中是主要的能量载体, 它与SO2的直接能量转移反应形成了激发态的SO2(A1A2, B1B1); 在活性氮与SOCl2的反应中观测到的激发态SO2(a3B1), 则可能主要是通过N(4S)与SOCl2反应生成的N2O(X1Σ+)和N2(A3Σu+)与SOCl2反应生成的SO(X3Σ－)之间的化学反应过程产生.     

Synthesis of Optically Active endo,endo Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-diol, Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-dione, and Related Compounds

Optically active C(2)-symmetric (1S,2S,4S,5S)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-diol ((+)-12; 98% ee) and several selectively protected optically active intermediates useful for synthetic transformations were synthesized via a 1,2-carbonyl transposition route starting from the easily available optically active (1R,4S,6S)-6-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one ((-)-2). The synthetic route also allowed the preparation of optically active (1S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5-dione ((+)-14; 98% ee).     

TiO2 surface active sites for water splitting

The mechanism of photoreactivity between the TiO(2) surface and H(2)O, and the related charge transfer, is considered in terms of both collective and local properties. It is shown that the effective charge transfer between TiO(2) and water requires the presence of surface active sites that are able to provide electron holes to adsorbed water molecules. Titanium vacancies located at or near the surface are identified as the active sites for water adsorption leading to the formation of an active complex and resulting, in consequence, in water splitting. A model of the photoreactivity between the TiO(2) surface and water is proposed. This model indicates that the photoreactivity of the TiO(2)-based photoelectrode may be enhanced through imposition of the surface active sites (Ti vacancies) in a controlled manner by surface engineering.     

Practical synthesis of optically active amino alcohols via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of functionalized aromatic ketones

2-Substituted acetophenones such as 2-cyano-, 2-azido-, or 2-nitroacetophenones were effectively reduced with a mixture of HCOOH/N(C(2)H(5))(3) containing a chiral Ru(II) catalyst, RuCl[(S,S)-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine](p-cymene), giving the corresponding optically active alcohols, which can be converted to optically active amino alcohols with excellent ee's. Similarly, the reaction of 2-benzoylacetophenone with the same Ru catalyst gave a quantitative yield of the corresponding optically active 1,3-diol with 99% ee.     

The practical synthesis of a uterine relaxant, bis(2-[[(2S)-2-([(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl]ethyl]amino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-7-yl]oxy]-N,N-dimethylacetamide) sulfate (KUR-1246)

The synthetic route for a uterine relaxant, bis(2-[[(2S)-2-([(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl]ethyl]amino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-7-yl]oxy]-N,N-dimethylacetamide) sulfate (KUR-1246), was established by the coupling of optically active components, the bromohydrin 14 and the amine 24. We now describe the practical synthesis of these two optically active components. Bromohydrin 14 was obtained by the asymmetric borane reduction of the prochiral phenacyl bromide 13 using a catalyst prepared from aluminum triethoxide and a chiral amino alcohol. The other optically active component 24 was prepared from (S)-AMT.     

Active oxygen species generated from photoexcited fullerene (C60) as potential medicines: O2-* versus 1O2

To characterize fullerenes (C(60) and C(70)) as photosensitizers in biological systems, the generation of active oxygen species, through energy transfer (singlet oxygen (1)O(2)) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O(2)(-)* and hydroxyl radical *OH), was studied by a combination of methods, including biochemical (DNA-cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of active oxygen species), physicochemical (EPR radical trapping and near-infrared spectrometry), and chemical methods (nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method). Whereas (1)O(2) was generated effectively by photoexcited C(60) in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and benzonitrile, we found that O(2)(-)* and *OH were produced instead of (1)O(2) in polar solvents such as water, especially in the presence of a physiological concentration of reductants including NADH. The above results, together with those of a DNA cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of specific active oxygen species, indicate that the active oxygen species primarily responsible for photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions are reduced species such as O(2)(-)* and *OH.     

Binding conformation of 2-oxoamide inhibitors to group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 determined by molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics

The group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2)) plays a central role in inflammation. Long chain 2-oxoamides constitute a class of potent GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors that exhibit potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. We have now gained insight into the binding of 2-oxoamide inhibitors in the GIVA cPLA(2) active site through a combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Recently, the location of the 2-oxoamide inhibitor AX007 within the active site of the GIVA cPLA(2) was determined using a combination of deuterium exchange mass spectrometry followed by molecular dynamics simulations. After the optimization of the AX007-GIVA cPLA(2) complex using the docking algorithm Surflex-Dock, a series of additional 2-oxoamide inhibitors have been docked in the enzyme active site. The calculated binding affinity presents a good statistical correlation with the experimental inhibitory activity (r(2) = 0.76, N = 11). A molecular dynamics simulation of the docking complex of the most active compound has revealed persistent interactions of the inhibitor with the enzyme active site and proves the stability of the docking complex and the validity of the binding suggested by the docking calculations. The combination of molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations is useful in defining the binding of small-molecule inhibitors and provides a valuable tool for the design of new compounds with improved inhibitory activity against GIVA cPLA(2).     

异相Ziegler-Natta催化剂的活性中心多分散性(Ⅰ)——钛催化体系聚合物分子量分布的研究

对TiCl₃及TiCl₄/MgCl₂-Al(C₂H₅)₃(或Al(i-C₄H₉)₃、Al(C₂H₅)₂Cl)催化体系合成的聚辛烯的分子量分布用SchulzeFlory"最可几分布"函数作拟合处理,将各种聚合条件下的实测分布分成了3～5个"最可几分布"的叠加,催化剂结构及聚合条件对这些"最可几分布"峰的位置、大小的影响较有规律,表明每个峰对应于一种活性中心。还测定了聚辛烯各级分的活性中心浓度。对各活性中心的差异作了分析。     

N2O活化的Fe/ZSM-5表面活性氧的表征(英)

Temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) was employed to quantitatively characterize the active oxygen species generated from a high Fe-loading Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst exposed to N₂O at 250 ℃. [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ dimer was determined as the active iron complex for N₂O decomposition to produce the active oxygen. Reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by H₂ in the dimer and removal of OH^- groups from Fe²⁺ dimer by heating Fe/ZSM-5 to 700 ℃ were the prerequisites for the formation of this active Fe complex. A linear correlation with a slope of 1.0 between the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ and that of active oxygen species was observed. Maximum amount of active oxygen species can be generated by reducing Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst with H₂ at the temperatures over 500 ℃ and then heating the resulting product in Ar to 700 ℃, followed by N₂O exposure at 250 ℃. The ratio of the total number of oxygen atoms (Ode) deposited by interaction of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ with N₂O to the amount of [Fe-O-Fe]²⁺ was 2. However, not all the deposited oxygen atoms were active oxygen (O_a); the ratio of O_a and O_de was 0.5. The iron dimer complex composing active oxygen is a five-atom ion [Fe₂O₃]²⁺; the most probable structure is as follows:     

人血多形核白细胞呼吸爆发中活性氧与活性氧模拟酶的关系研究

用多形核白细胞－鲁米诺化学发光法测定具有超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）双功能模拟酶－金属卟啉（四磺酸基苯基铁卟啉、四磺酸基苯基铜卟啉、四磺酸基苯基锰卟啉、四磺酸基苯基钴卟啉）对呼吸爆发所产生的活性氧的影响,结果表明,模拟酶对爆发反应中细胞发光产生抑制,即对活性氧有清除作用;且同一物质随着浓度由１０＾－７－１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,上升而增强。     

Synthesis,absolute configuration and conformation of optically active 1,2-homoheptafulvalene

An optically active 1,2-homoheptafulvalene was successfully synthesized and subjected to spectroscopic investigation. The cycloaddition of the optically active hydrocarbon with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione(PTAD) gave a [4 + 2] cycloadduct and a mixture of [8 + 2] cycloadducts, respectively, which are both optically active.     

Calibration of the n-electron valence state perturbation theory approach

Extensive tests have been performed to benchmark and to compare with second-order perturbation theory based on a complete active space self-consistent field reference function (CASPT2), the recently developed n-electron valence state perturbation theory at second order (NEVPT2). Test calculations included the group fifteen diatomic molecules X(2) (X=N, P, As, and Sb) and the (4)S/(2)D and (4)S/(2)P splittings for the corresponding atoms, the (1)A(1)-(3)B(1) splittings for CH(2) and SiH(2), and the absorption spectra of pyrrole and of Cu(Imidazole)(2)(SH)(SH(2))(+), which is a model for plastocyanin. Comparisons with full configuration-interaction calculations and experimental data show that the accuracy of NEVPT2 is in most cases even better than CASPT2. Where intruder states hamper the CASPT2 calculations, NEVPT2 performs significantly better. Care is needed in the choice of active orbitals, for example in the calculation of the (4)S/(2)D and (4)S/(2)P splittings for the group fifteen atoms. This is due to the different treatment of orbitals belonging to the inactive or active spaces, making the NEVPT2 not invariant for the choice of active space, even in cases where the multiconfiguration self-consistent field energy is invariant.     

Approaches to efficient molecular catalyst systems for photochemical H2 production using [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site mimics

The research on structural and functional biomimics of the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases is in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of H(2)-evolution and uptake at the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site, and to learn from Nature how to create highly efficient H(2)-production catalyst systems. Undoubtedly, it is a challenging, arduous, and long-term work. In this perspective, the progresses in approaches to photochemical H(2) production using mimics of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site as catalysts in the last three years are reviewed, with emphasis on adjustment of the redox potentials and hydrophilicity of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site mimics to make them efficient catalysts for H(2) production. With gradually increasing understanding of the chemistry of the [FeFe]-hydrogenases and their mimics, more bio-inspired proton reduction catalysts with significantly improved efficiency of H(2) production will be realized in the future.     

Induction of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by cholesterol depletion leads to the conversion of proMMP-2 into active MMP-2 in human dermal fibroblasts

Cholesterol is one of major components of cell membrane and plays a role in vesicular trafficking and cellular signaling. We investigated the effects of cholesterol on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activation in human dermal fibroblasts. We found that tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) expression and active form MMP-2 (64 kD) were dose-dependently increased by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a cholesterol depletion agent. In contrast, cholesterol depletion-induced TIMP-2 expression and MMP-2 activation were suppressed by cholesterol repletion. Then we investigated the regulatory mechanism of TIMP-2 expression by cholesterol depletion. We found that the phosphorylation of JNK as well as ERK was significantly increased by cholesterol depletion. Moreover, cholesterol depletion-induced TIMP-2 expression and MMP-2 activation was significantly decreased by MEK inhibitor U0126, and JNK inhibitor SP600125, respectively. While a low dose of recombinant TIMP-2 (100 ng/ml) increased the level of active MMP-2 (64 kD), the high dose of TIMP-2 (≥ 200 ng/ml) decreased the level of active MMP-2 (64 kD). Taken together, we suggest that the induction of TIMP-2 by cholesterol depletion leads to the conversion of proMMP-2 (72 kD) into active MMP-2 (64 kD) in human dermal fibroblasts.     

Mechanistic investigation of CO2 hydrogenation by Ru(II) and Ir(III) aqua complexes under acidic conditions: two catalytic systems differing in the nature of the rate determining step

Ruthenium aqua complexes [(eta(6)-C(6)Me(6))Ru(II)(L)(OH(2))](2+) {L = bpy (1) and 4,4'-OMe-bpy (2), bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-OMe-bpy = 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine} and iridium aqua complexes [Cp*Ir(III)(L)(OH(2))](2+) {Cp* = eta(5)-C(5)Me(5), L = bpy (5) and 4,4'-OMe-bpy (6)} act as catalysts for hydrogenation of CO(2) into HCOOH at pH 3.0 in H(2)O. The active hydride catalysts cannot be observed in the hydrogenation of CO(2) with the ruthenium complexes, whereas the active hydride catalysts, [Cp*Ir(III)(L)(H)](+) {L = bpy (7) and 4,4'-OMe-bpy (8)}, have successfully been isolated after the hydrogenation of CO(2) with the iridium complexes. The key to the success of the isolation of the active hydride catalysts is the change in the rate-determining step in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO(2) from the formation of the active hydride catalysts, [(eta(6)-C(6)Me(6))Ru(II)(L)(H)](+), to the reactions of [Cp*Ir(III)(L)(H)](+) with CO(2), as indicated by the kinetic studies.     

Synthesis of optically active polynucleotide analogs with polytrimethylenimine backbones and thymine moieties

Polynucleotide analogs with polytrimethylenimine backbones and optically active 2-(thymin-1-yl)propionic acids as pendants were prepared. Linear polytrimethylenimines were obtained by ring-opening polymerization of 2-phenyl-5,6-dyhydro-4H-1,3-oxazine and subsequent hydrolysis of the resulting polymers. 2-(Thymin-1-yl)propionic acids were reacted with N-hydroxy succinimide to form active esters. Optical purities of active esters were determined by NMR with chiral chemical shift reagents. The polynucloetide analogs and related monomer and dimer model compounds were prepared by grafting reactions using active esters.     

Cu@UiO-66衍生的Cu+-ZrO2界面位点用于高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts have demonstrated effective in hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, during which the Cu-ZrO₂ interface plays a key role. Thus, maximizing the number of Cu-ZrO₂ interface active sites is an effective strategy to develop ideal catalysts. This can be achieved by controlling the active metal size and employing porous supports. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are valid candidates because of their rich, open-framework structures and tunable compositions. UiO-66 is a rigid metal-organic skeleton material with excellent hydrothermal and chemical stability that comprises Zr as the metal center and terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as the organic ligand. Herein, porous UiO-66 was chosen as the ZrO₂ precursor, which can confine Cu nanoparticles within its pores/defects. As a result, we constructed a Cu-ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with high activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Many active interfaces could form when the catalysts were calcined at a moderate temperature, and the active interface was optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature and active metal size. Furthermore, the Cu-ZrO₂ interface remained after CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrating the stability of the active interface. The catalyst structure and hydrogenation activity were influenced by the content of the active component and the calcination temperature; therefore, these parameters were explored to obtain an optimized catalyst. At 280 ℃ and 4.5 MPa, the optimized CZ-0.5-400 catalyst gave the highest methanol turnover frequency (TOF) of 13.4 h^-1 with a methanol space-time yield (STY) of 587.8 g·kg^-1·h^-1 (calculated per kilogram of catalyst, the same below), a CO₂ conversion of 12.6%, and a methanol selectivity of 62.4%. In situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of CO adsorption over the optimized catalyst revealed a predominant, unreducible Cu⁺ species that was also identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The favorable activity observed was due to this abundant Cu⁺ species coming from the Cu⁺-ZrO₂ interface that served as the methanol synthesis active center and acted as a bridge for transporting hydrogen from the active Cu species to ZrO₂. In addition, the oxygen vacancies of ZrO₂ promoted the adsorption and activation of CO₂. These vacancies and Cu⁺ trapped in the ZrO₂ lattice are the active sites for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst before and after reaction revealed the stability of its structure, which was further verified by time-on-stream (TOS) tests. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and temperature-programmed surface reaction-mass spectroscopy (TPSR-MS) revealed the reaction mechanism of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which followed an HCOO-intermediated pathway.     

Synthese und Eigenschaften von 2-(α-Hydroxyalkyl)-und 2-(α-alkoxycarbonyl)-substituierten 4-Methyl-5-(β-hydroxyäthyl)-thiazolen und -thiazoliumsalzen

Condensation of the tetrahydropyranyl ether of the α-hydroxyalkyl-thioamides with 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-2-pentanones yields DL -2-(α-hydroxyalkyl)-4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)-thiazoles. By oxidation with chromic anhydride 2-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-5-(β-acetoxyethyl)-thiazole yields the corresponding 2-formyl derivative. The latter compound reacted with GRIGNARD complexes gives the homologous DL -2-(α-hydroxyalkyl)-4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)-thiazoles. This is a general method for the synthesis of the thiazole part of the «active aldehydes». 2-Acetyl-4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)-thiazole is also obtained by chromic oxidation of the suitable methylthiazol-2-yl-carbinol. The condensation of the thioamides obtained from the α-ethoxycarbonyl-nitriles with 3-bromo-5-acetoxy-2-pentanone results in the DL -2-(α-ethoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-4-methyl-5-(β-acetoxyethyl)-thiazoles. The α-hydroxyl function is introduced into the 2-(α-ethoxycarbonyl-alkyl) group by chlorination with sulfuryl chloride and replacement of the introduced chlorine by acetate. The latter compounds are the esters of the thiazole part of the «active α-oxo-carboxylic acids» (e.g. active pyruvate, etc.). The reaction of 2-(α-hydroxyalkyl)-4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)-thiazoles and 2-(α-ethoxycarbonyl-α-acetoxy-alkyl)-4-methyl-5-(β-acetoxyethyl)-thiazoles, respectively, with alkyl, alkenyl and aralkyl haloids, or with 2-methyl-4-amino-5-bromomethyl-pyrimidine hydrobromide results in the quaternary thiazolium compounds belonging to the group of the active aldehydes, active α-oxo-carboxylic acids, etc. According to this method 2-hydroxymethyl-thiamine bromide hydro-bromide has been synthesized, which can be considered as the pyrophosphate-free «active formal-dehyde». The 2-α-hydrogen atom in 2-(α-hydroxyalkyl)-thiazolium compounds cannot be replaced by deuterium under conditions similar to those used for the H → D exchange in thiamine. The main peaks in the mass spectra of 2-(α-hydroxyalkyl) substituted thiazoles and thiazolium quaternary salts are listed.     

Structure and vibrational dynamics of model compounds of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme system via ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D) spectroscopy has been applied to study the structure and vibrational dynamics of (mu-S(CH2)3S)Fe2(CO)6, a model compound of the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme system. Comparison of 2D-IR spectra of (mu-S(CH2)3S)Fe2(CO)6 with density functional theory calculations has determined that the solution-phase structure of this molecule is similar to that observed in the crystalline phase and in good agreement with gas-phase simulations. In addition, vibrational coupling and rapid (<5 ps) solvent-mediated equilibration of energy between vibrationally excited states of the carbonyl ligands of the di-iron-based active site model are observed prior to slower (approximately 100 ps) relaxation to the ground state. These dynamics are shown to be solvent-dependent and form a basis for the future determination of the vibrational interactions between active site and protein.     

Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 Is an Active Phase in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate

Determining the catalytically active phase in electrochemical CO₂ reduction has been challenging. In their work recently published in Nature Communications on July 8, 2020, Zhang et al. studied the phase transition of a tannin-lead(II) complex in electrochemical CO₂ reduction and revealed that the in-situ formed hydrocerussite[Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂] is the stable active phase for formate production. This new finding may help settle the debate on the real active site of Pb-based materials for CO₂ electroreduction.