新型亲核NO共体Diazeniumdiolate及其靶向性控释材料

新型亲核NO供体diazeniumdiolate独特的化学结构和性质，使其成为目前NO供体研究的一个热点。要使其成为更有效的药物，它的靶向性和控释性能是当前研究的重点，减小亲核试剂（多胺）的细胞毒性和亚硝胺的生成是研究的难点。本文对增强靶向性释放所采取的三个措施（聚合物控释、特定酶代谢释放和光降解释放）的近十几年国外的研究情况进行了综述。     

试剂的亲核性和碱性

从亲核性和碱性的同与异出发，以亲核原子自身的特性与“外部”（包括亲核试剂中其它原子、对抗离子、溶剂）的影响为线索，讨论试剂的亲核性的变化规律，对一些教科书中的有关说法提出异议。     

基于“结构决定性质”原则的亲核性与碱性关系新解

针对亲核试剂亲核性和碱性的关系,从"结构决定性质"的原则出发解释了二者的一致性,结合软硬酸碱理论和空间因素解释了二者的不一致性。     

吡啶的亲核性

吡啶因具亲核性，故可和卤代烃、酰卤、Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸、金属离子等许多底物进行反应。     

不同溶剂在亲核取代反应中的作用

根据教学实践,结合当前国内外关于该方面的教学、科研成果,就各种溶剂在亲核取代反应中的作用加以讨论。有利于学生加深对亲核取代反应理论的理解和较为深入的认识,将不断提高学生的创新能力。     

新型NO供体的合成及其体外释放NO性能

新型NO供体的合成及其体外释放NO性能;金属卟啉;NO载体;合成;体外释NO作用     

非对称环氧乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环氧乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。强亲核性的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应影响,进攻非对称环氧乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代环氧乙烷还可以进攻烯基的β-碳原子发生S_N2'开环反应,其他亲核试剂同时受空间效应和电子效应的影响,对于烷基环氧乙烷通常进攻其取代少的碳原子, 空间效应起主导作用,而对芳基和烯基取代环氧乙烷开环反应通常发生在环氧乙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上, 电子效应起主导作用。在质子酸或强Lewis酸存在下,虽然单烷基环氧乙烷的开环仍然发生在其取代少的碳原子上,但对于芳基、烯基和同碳双取代环氧乙烷,亲核开环反应将主要受电子效应控制,一般亲核试剂倾向于进攻环氧乙烷的芳甲位、烯丙位或多取代的碳原子。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制, 成环时的倾向是五元环> 六元环> 七元环。环氧乙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是环氧乙烷和亲核试剂空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果。     

亲核酰化反应的研究进展

本文综述了近年来亲核酰化反应的研究进展,分别讨论了亲核酰化试剂的类型、结构、特点以及在有机合成中的应用。     

非对称氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性

本文系统地总结了各类亲核试剂对非对称氮杂环丙烷(吖丙啶)的亲核开环反应及开环的区域选择性.氮杂环丙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是一种空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果,非芳基和非烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷取代少的碳原子上,空间效应起主导作用;而芳基和烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上,电子效应起主导作用,烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环还可以发生在烯基的β-碳原子上;分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制,成环时的倾向是五元环>六元环>七元环.对于亲核试剂,一般的亲核试剂也同时受电子效应和空间效应的影响; 而亲核性强的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应的影响.容易生成稳定自由基的亲核试剂容易发生单电子转移机理的开环反应,生成相当于亲核试剂进攻氮杂环丙烷中取代多的碳原子得到的开环产物.     

亲核性调节剂在异丁烯阳离子聚合中的作用机理

亲核性调节剂在异丁烯活性阳离子聚合中发挥着极其重要的作用 ,其作用机理主要包括 :(1)碳阳离子稳定化作用 ,即亲核性试剂或它们与Lewis酸生成的络合物与增长链的末端结合 ,来降低活性中心阳离子的“阳离子性” ,抑制副反应 ,使聚合反应呈现活性聚合特征 ;(2 )质子捕获作用 ,即亲核性试剂捕获质子 ,抑制质子的不可控引发和链转移反应 ;(3)增长链表观稳定作用 ,即亲核试剂降低了增长速率与引发速率之比 ,提高引发效率 ,降低增长速率 ,降低分子量分布 ;(4)抑制自由离子增长作用 ,即亲核试剂与质子源和Lewis酸反应 ,生成同阴离子 ,产生同离子效应 ,抑制自由离子活性中心的引发增长作用。     

Substituent Control of the Reductive Nitrosylation of Wilkinson's Catalyst by Diazeniumdiolates

Diazeniumdiolates (RN(O)NO⁻, R=Et, Et₂N) react in an R‐dependent manner with Wilkinson's catalyst to give either a chelated square‐planar complex, Rh(η²‐O₂N₂Et)(PPh₃)₂, 1 , for R=Et, or with initial chelation followed by reductive nitrosylation to give Rh(NO)(PPh₃)₃, in the case of R=Et₂N. Methyl iodide oxidatively adds to 1 to give RhIMe(η²‐O₂N₂Et)(PPh₃)₂, 2 , as a pair of isomers a , major, and b , minor. Both 1 and 2a have been structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.     

Synthesis,Biomacromolecular Interactions,Photodynamic NO Releasing and Cellular Imaging of Two [RuCl(qn)(Lbpy)(NO)]X Complexes

Two light-activated NO donors [RuCl(qn)(Lbpy)(NO)]X with 8-hydroxyquinoline (qn) and 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives (Lbpy) as co-ligands were synthesized (Lbpy₁ = 4,4′-dicarboxyl-2,2′-dipyridine, X = Cl⁻ and Lbpy₂ = 4,4′-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2′-dipyridine, X = NO₃⁻), and characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), elemental analysis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra. The [RuCl(qn)(Lbpy₂)(NO)]NO₃ complex was crystallized and exhibited distorted octahedral geometry, in which the Ru–N(O) bond length was 1.752(6) Å and the Ru–N–O angle was 177.6(6)°. Time-resolved FT-IR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were used to confirm the photoactivated NO release of the complexes. The binding constant (K_b) of two complexes with human serum albumin (HSA) and DNA were quantitatively evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy, Ru-Lbpy₁ (K_b~10⁶ with HSA and ~10⁴ with DNA) had higher affinity than Ru-Lbpy₂. The interactions between the complexes and HSA were investigated using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and EPR spectra. HSA can be used as a carrier to facilitate the release of NO from the complexes upon photoirradiation. The confocal imaging of photo-induced NO release in living cells was successfully observed with a fluorescent NO probe. Moreover, the photocleavage of pBR322 DNA for the complexes and the effect of different Lbpy substituted groups in the complexes on their reactivity were analyzed.     

四-(对氨基苯基)钴卟啉-NO配合物的合成及NO释放效能和生物学活性

合成并结构表征meso-5,10,15,20-四(对氨基苯基)钴卟啉-NO配合物(TAPP-Co-NO)作为NO供体. 采用重氮化和偶合反应检测TAPP-Co-NO体外NO的释放效果. 选取家兔离体胸主动脉环测TAPP-Co-NO对家兔离体胸主动脉环舒张作用. 大鼠随机分为两组, 实验组静脉给予0.5 mL二甲基亚砜和TAPP-Co-NO混合液, 对照组静脉给予等量二甲基亚砜, 观察两组大鼠收缩压、舒张压和心率的变化. TAPP-Co-NO的释放效率为63.17%. TAPP-Co-NO能使甲氧胺引起家兔离体胸主动脉收缩的量效关系曲线非平行地右移, 最大反应(E_max)压低(P＜0.01), 压低百分率为55.7%. 实验组大鼠血压在用药后第5 s时开始下降, 第10 s时下降幅度达最大, 以后逐渐回升, 第60 s时接近用药前水平; 对照组大鼠, 血压水平在用药前后没有统计学差异; 实验组和对照组大鼠的心率在用药前后均无统计学差异. 结果表明, TAPP-Co-NO有较高的释放效率, 能明显抑制甲氧胺对家兔离体胸主动脉的收缩, 具有瞬间降压作用.     

Hydrophobic N‐Diazeniumdiolates and the Aqueous Interface of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) Micelles

Zwitterionic diazeniumdiolates of the form RN[N(O)NO^?](CH₂)₂NH₂⁺R, where R=CH₃ ( 1 ), (CH₂)₃CH₃ ( 2 ), (CH₂)₅CH₃ ( 3 ), and (CH₂)₇CH₃ ( 4 ) were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding diamines with nitric oxide. Spectrophotometrically determined pK_a(O) values, attributed to protonation at the terminal oxygen of the diazeniumdiolate group, show shifts to higher values in dependence of the chain lengths of R. The pH dependence of the decomposition of NO donors 1 – 3 was studied in buffered solution between pH 5 and 8 at 22 °C, from which pK_a(N) values for protonation at the amino nitrogen, leading to release of NO, were estimated. It is shown that the decomposition of these diazeniumdiolates is markedly catalyzed by anionic SDS micelles. First‐order rate constants for the decay of 1 – 4 were determined in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 22 °C as a function of SDS concentration. Micellar binding constants, K_SM, for the association of diazeniumdiolates 1 – 3 with the SDS micelles were also determined, again showing a significant increase with increasing length of the alkyl side chains. The decomposition of 1 – 3 in micellar solution is quantitatively described by using the pseudo‐phase ion‐exchange (PIE) model, in which the degree of micellar catalysis is taken into account through the ratio of the second‐order rate constants (k_2m/k_2w) for decay in the micelles and in the bulk aqueous phase. The decay kinetics of 1 – 3 were further studied in the presence of cosolvents and nonionic surfactants, but no effect on the rate of NO release was observed. The kinetic data are discussed in terms of association to the micelle–aqueous phase interface of the negatively charged micelles. The apparent interfacial pH value of SDS micelles was evaluated from comparison of the pH dependence of the first‐order decay rate constants of 2 and 3 in neat buffer and the rate data obtained for the surfactant‐mediated decay. For a bulk phase of pH 7.4, an interfacial pH of 5.7–5.8 was determined, consistent with the distribution of H⁺ in the vicinity of the negatively charged micelles. The data demonstrate the utility of 2 and 3 as probes for the determination of the apparent pH value in the Stern region of anionic micelles.     

Reduction of NO by CO on Unsupported Ir: Bridging the Materials Gap

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and density functional theory (DFT) are used to investigate adsorption sites and reaction of coadsorbed NO and CO on planar Ir(210) and faceted Ir(210) with tailored sizes of three‐sided nanopyramids exposing (311), (31${\bar 1}$ ) and (110) faces. Both planar and faceted Ir(210) are highly active for reduction of NO by CO with high selectivity to N₂, which is accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of CO. Evidence is found for structure sensitivity in adsorption sites and reaction of coadsorbed NO and CO on faceted Ir(210) versus planar Ir(210). Strong interaction between NO and CO at high NO exposure and one‐monolayer CO pre‐coverage results in “explosive” evolution of N₂ and CO₂ on planar Ir(210) and size effects in reduction of NO by CO on faceted Ir(210) for average facet size ranging from 5 to 14 nm without change in facet structure.     

Role of NO and NO synthases in oncogenesis

The review focuses on the role of NO and NO synthases in the signaling pathways responsible for the occurrence and development of leukemias. Some classes of inhibitors of different NO synthase isoforms that exhibit cytotoxic activity against leukemia cells are described.     

Square‐Wave Voltammetry as Analytical Tool for Real‐Time Study of Controlled Naproxen Releasing from Cellulose Derivative Materials

This work reports the successful use of square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) to directly assess the controlled releasing profile of naproxen from lab‐made cellulose derivative materials (membranes and microparticles) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 36 °C. Particular advantage of SWV refers to the direct real‐time monitoring of released drug from cellulose derivative microparticles, which cannot be easily assessed by UV‐spectrophotometry. Moreover, SWV was able to detect modifications in the naproxen releasing profile due to morphology and processing of membranes and microparticles. The possible miniaturization and versatility of SWV suggest the promising application on the study of several drug delivery systems, including in vivo studies.     

分子筛对NO和NO2的吸附性能

在常压下研究了多种分子筛上NO和NO2的吸附和脱附情况.结果表明,有O2存在时,O2与NO生成的NO2可与NO共吸附在分子筛上,显著促进了NO在分子筛特别是Na型分子筛上的吸附.在所研究的ZSM-5,13X,SAPO,Y,β和A分子筛中,Hβ分子筛在无氧条件下对NO的吸附能力最强;13X分子筛在有氧条件下对NOx的吸附能力最强,且对NOx的吸附性能具有很好的重复性.     

Reactions of isopropylperoxy radicals with NO and NO2

The rate constants for the reactions have been measured directly by flash photolysis and kinetic spectroscopy. At room temperature, k₃ = (3.4 ± 0.1) × 10⁹ L/mol·s, independent of pressure in the range of 55–400 torr, and k₆ = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 10⁹ L/mol·s.