纳米氧化物对MH/Ni电池负极电化学性能影响的研究

采用纳米氧化铜作为添加剂掺杂制备MH/Ni电池负极, 研究了氧化铜在电极内部的反应机理, 考察了修饰后电极储备容量的变化, 及电极的电化学性能, 并应用EIS方法探讨了电极性能改善的作用机理. 循环伏安测试表明, 氧化铜在首次充电时被还原成铜并沉积在合金颗粒表面. 电化学测试表明, 掺杂后合金电极的电化学性能显著提高. EIS分析表明, 掺杂后合金电极的导电性提高, 电化学活性增强.     

定向多壁碳纳米管电化学储氢研究

利用恒流充放电、循环伏安曲线(CV)和电化学阻抗技术(EIS)等方法对定向多壁碳纳米管(AMWCNTs)储氢的电化学行为及其储氢机制进行了探讨.研究表明,定向AMWCNTs-Cu电极有较高的电化学储氢性能,其储氢容量在1500mA/g的电流密度下可以达到1162mA·h/g.定向AMWCNTs的电化学储氢能力强与其空间结构有关,而铜粉的加入有利于提高碳纳米管的电催化反应表面积和电极电化学反应活性,有利于氢在碳纳米管中扩散,从而提高了碳纳米管电极材料的储氢量.     

新型AB5储氢合金表面修饰方法及机理研究

探索了一种储氢合金表面修饰的新方法. 在HF和CuSO₄的混合溶液中对MH/Ni电池负极材料AB₅型储氢合金进行表面处理, 研究了HF含量对反应的影响；考察了铜颗粒沉积量对表面修饰的影响；测试了修饰后合金电极的电化学性能；应用交流阻抗分析了表面修饰对合金性能影响的作用机理. 电化学测试结果表明, 表面修饰后合金电极具有更好的高倍率放电能力和循环稳定性. EIS分析结果表明, 表面修饰使合金的活性增强, 导电性提高, 欧姆阻抗及电化学阻抗显著降低. 因此, 这种新型表面修饰方法可以有效地改善合金的电化学性能, 使之更好地满足电动车用动力型电源的要求.     

镱掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),循环伏安测试(CV)及交流阻抗测试(EIS)等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。XRD分析结果表明LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)样品具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Yb的掺杂导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品具有最长的P-O键长。SEM图表明Yb的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,其中x=0.08时样品粒径为200 nm,比未掺杂样品降低了约2.5倍。电化学性能测试表明,Yb的掺杂使样品的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为150 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Yb的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

稀土Sm掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料的结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xSmxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用XRD,SEM,CV及EIS等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。结果表明,通过该法制得的样品均具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Sm的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,并导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品P-O键长最大(0.152 8 nm),明显大于未掺杂样品的键长(0.142 2nm)。电化学性能测试表明,掺杂后LiFePO4的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃的温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为159 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Sm的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

MgNi2添加对AB5型储氢合金电化学性能的影响

制得了含Mg的AB5型稀土合金, 研究了合金添加Mg后合金电化学性能的变化. 采用ICP, XRD对合金组成和结构进行分析, 并通过EIS、CV、SEM和阳极极化曲线研究了电化学反应机理.     

酞菁钴对AB_3型储氢合金的电化学性能影响

为了改善储氢合金La_(0.73)Ce_(0.18)Mg_(0.09)Ni_(3.20)Al_(0.21)Mn_(0.10)Co_(0.60)的电化学性能,通过添加酞菁钴到储氢合金中并考察其电化学性能的影响。通过红外图谱、紫外分析、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)技术发现合成出的酞菁钴只是简单的附着在合金表面,并未改变合金的相结构。电化学测试结果表明:添加酞菁钴后的合金电极的循环稳定性有大幅度提升,添加质量分数为1%酞菁钴后电极的容量保持率(C_(50)/C_(max))由初始的63%提高至79%;合金电极的交换电流密度、极限电流密度以及表面的电子转移速率均有改善。结果表明添加酞菁钴可改善储氢合金的电化学性能。     

石墨烯/尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米复合材料制备及电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶法和还原氧化石墨法制备尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米晶和石墨烯纳米片,并采用冷冻干燥法制备了石墨烯/尖晶石LiMn2O4纳米复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、AFM等对其结构及表面形貌进行表征;利用CV、充放电、EIS研究纳米复合材料的电化学性能和电极过程动力学特征。结果表明:纳米LiMn2O4电极材料及其石墨烯掺杂纳米复合材料的放电比容量分别为107.16 mAh.g-1,124.30 mAh.g-1,循环100周后,对应容量保持率为74.31%和96.66%,石墨烯可显著改善尖晶石LiMn2O4电极材料的电化学性能,归结于其良好的导电性。纳米复合材料EIS上感抗的产生与半导体尖晶石LiMn2O4不均匀地分布在石墨烯膜表面所造成局域浓差有关,并提出了感抗产生的模型。     

钛离子掺杂对LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C 电化学性能的影响

采用固相法合成了钛离子掺杂LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C正极材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及电化学测试,对合成材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:钛离子掺杂未影响材料的晶型结构,但显著改善了材料的电化学性能;Li(Fe0.6Mn0.4)0.96Ti0.02PO4/C材料表现出优异的倍率性能,0.1C倍率下其比容量为160.3mAh.g-1;在10C倍率下,比容量为134.7mAh.g-1;特别是在20C高倍率下仍然具有124.4mAh.g-1的放电比容量.电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)测试结果说明,通过钛离子掺杂导致材料阻抗和极化的减少是材料倍率性能改善的主要原因.     

钛和锆的添加对MgNi型合金电极电化学性能的影响

用机械球磨法（MA）成功合成了镁基储氢合金MgNi, Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni和Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1。研究了其结构和电化学性能。X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果表明合金为非晶结构，并有少量的Ni衍射峰存在。充放电测试结果表明这一系列合金具有很好的电化学活性。Ti和Co的替代使合金的循环稳定性好于MgNi合金。50周充放电循环后，Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1合金的放电容量明显好于MgNi合金，Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1的放电容量比MgNi合金高102.8%，比Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni合金高45.49%。在充放电循环过程中，合金电极容量衰减的主要原因是在合金电极表面Mg变成了Mg(OH)2。Tafel极化测试表明Ti和Co的添加可以提高合金电极在碱液中的抗腐蚀性能和提高合金电极的循环稳定性。EIS测试结果表明Ti和Co的替代可以明显提高MgNi型合金表面的电催化活性。     

Electrochemical Studies of Chemically Modified Nanometer‐Sized Electrodes

Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) has been successfully deposited onto nanometer‐sized gold (Au) electrodes. The cyclic voltammograms obtained on a 4‐ATP SAMs modified electrode show peaks and the peak height is proportional to the scan rate, which is similar to that on an electroactive SAMs modified macro electrode. The electrochemical behavior and mechanism of outer‐sphere electron transfer reaction on the 4‐ATP SAMs modified nanometer‐sized electrode has also been studied. The 4‐ATP SAMs modified electrode is further modified with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. Electrochemical behaviors show that there is electrical communication between Pt nanoparticles and Au metal on the Pt nanoparticles/4‐ATP SAMs/Au electrode. However, scanning electron microscopic image shows that the Pt nanoparticles are not evenly covered the electrode.     

Electrochemical insertion of magnesium ions into V2O5 from aprotic electrolytes with varied water content

The electrochemical performance of V2O5 has been studied in propylene carbonate (PC)-containing magnesium perchlorate [Mg(ClO4)2] electrolytes in view of their application as positive electrode in the rechargeable magnesium batteries. V2O5 exhibited good properties in hosting magnesium ions and its electrochemical performance depended on the amount of H2O in the electrolytes. The highest first discharge specific capacities of V2O5 electrode was up to 158.6 mAh/g in 1 mol dm(-3) Mg(ClO4)2 + 1.79 mol dm(-3) H2O/PC electrolytes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charging-discharging tests showed that a reasonable amount of H2O in the electrolyte solution facilitated the electrochemical performance of V2O5 electrodes.     

LaNi5型储氢合金表面修饰及其电化学性能研究

0引言近年来,随着科学技术水平的提高和世界范围环保意识的增强,汽车尾气所造成的环境污染问题日益引起人们的重视[1]。电动汽车的发展可以有效制约燃油汽车所造成的环境污染。MH/Ni电池是一种无污染的“绿色能源”,它具有高比能量、高比功率、长寿命及安全性好等优异性能,非常     

锂离子电池电解液中甲醇杂质对石墨电极性能影响机制的电化学阻抗谱研究

运用电化学阻抗谱和循环伏安法研究了在1mol/LLiPF6-EC/DEC/DMC电解液中,不同甲醇杂质含量对石墨电极性能的影响及其机制.结果表明,甲醇对石墨电极性能的影响与电解液中甲醇的含量有关;其对石墨电极性能的影响机制为甲醇在2.0V左右还原生成的甲氧基锂沉积在石墨电极表面上,形成一层初始SEI膜,影响了EC的还原分解成膜过程.     

电沉积纳米镍合金在海水溶液中的析氢性能

采用电沉积法获得Ni、Ni-Fe和Ni-Fe-C合金镀层电极, 在90 °C模拟海水(0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl, pH=12)的稳态极化曲线表明Ni-Fe-C合金电极具有最好的析氢催化性能. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察电极表面形貌、X射线衍射(XRD)与透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析合金的晶体结构, 发现电极材料的晶粒尺寸影响析氢催化性能, 晶粒尺寸越小析氢催化活性越好. 用电化学阻抗方法(EIS)研究电极析氢催化性能的本质原因, 结果表明电极表面活性点数目和电极的本质电催化活性对合金电极析氢催化活性有重要的影响.     

氮气热处理对CNTs-LaNi5电极电化学性能的影响

研究了碳纳米管(CNTs)氮气热处理后结构的变化, 以及热处理温度对CNTs-LaNi5电极电化学性能的影响. CNTs热处理后, 管壁变薄, 层数变少, 管的外径减小, 更有利于氢气的吸附和脱附. 将碳纳米管与LaNi5储氢合金按质量比1:10混合, 制作成CNTs-LaNi5电极. 800 ℃时CNTs-LaNi5电极的储氢性能最好, 最大容量为519.1 mAh•g-1, 相应的平台电压高达1.19 V. 在500～600 ℃范围内, 随着温度升高, 放电容量有较大幅度的增加; 在600～800 ℃范围内, 随着温度升高, 放电容量有较小幅度的增加; 但到900 ℃时, 放电容量反而下降. 由此可见, CNTs的热处理温度对CNTs-LaNi5电极的电化学储氢性能有着较大的影响. 纯LaNi5电极的放电容量仅为265.6 mAh•g-1, 平台电压仅为0.83 V. 添加了碳纳米管的CNTs-LaNi5电极的电化学活性高于纯LaNi5电极.     

Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies on aniline in organic medium and its antiknock mechanism

Electrochemical properties of aniline in 1,2-dichloroethane are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and in situ UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. Aniline is an additive in gasoline, whose antiknock mechanism is extrapolated on the basis of its electrochemical properties and its reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The experimental results indicate that for aniline low parent concentration and non-protonic solvents are in favor of producing benzidine by tail-to-tail coupling of cation radicals, the nature of the reaction between aniline and hydrogen peroxide is in that the proton released from electrooxidation can interact with hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can reduce the resistance of the electrochemical reaction and also has an inhibiting effect on the transmission of ion from solution to the electrode surface. The results offer significant evidence and a new method for studying antiknock mechanism of aromatic amines. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 1071–1076. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Electrochemical Investigation of Activated Carbon Electrode Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors, also called as ultracapacitors, are electrochemical energy-storage devices that exploit the electrostatic interaction between high-surface-area nanoporous electrodes and electrolyte ions, combining properties of conventional batteries and conventional capacitors. A symmetrical activated carbon (AC) electrode supercapacitor has been fabricated in a simple and inexpensive manner. The AC has been synthesized from Charcoal, has activated in a furnace at high temperatures. The electrode was fabricated by casting slurry made of AC and blended in a polymer solution on the counter electrode (current collector), appeared to have high mechanical strength. The electrochemical performance of the prepared samples was tested in 1 M KCl solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge technique, and impedance spectroscopy. The surface and cross-section of electrode was observed with SEM. Capacitance of fabricated supercapacitor has a favorable capacitance in the range of 65–70 F/g with low resistance. The AC electrode supercapacitor has excellent electro chemical reversibility, good cycle stability with a low fading rate of specific capacitance even after 500 cycles, which is promising for energy storage applications.     

Carbon film electrodes for oxidase-based enzyme sensors in food analysis

Carbon film resistor electrodes have been evaluated as transducers for the development of multiple oxidase-based enzyme electrode biosensors. The resistor electrodes were first modified with Prussian Blue (PB) and then covered by a layer of covalently immobilized enzyme. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the interfacial behaviour of the Prussian Blue modified and enzyme electrodes; the spectra demonstrated that the access of the substrates is essentially unaltered by application of the enzyme layer. These enzyme electrodes were used to detect the substrate of the oxidase (glucose, ethanol, lactate, glutamate) via reduction of hydrogen peroxide at +50 mV versus Ag/AgCl in the low micromolar range. Response times were 1-2 min. Finally, the glucose, ethanol and lactate electrochemical biosensors were used to analyse complex food matrices—must, wine and yoghurt. Data obtained by the single standard addition method were compared with a spectrophotometric reference method and showed good correlation, indicating that the electrodes are suitable for food analysis.