玻碳电极表面因瓦合金的电化学成核机理

在弱酸性因瓦合金(含镍质量分数为32~36 % 的镍铁合金)镀液中, 以线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法和恒电位阶跃法对因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的电沉积过程及其成核机理进行研究. 结果表明, 在该体系下, 因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的电结晶属于扩散控制下的不可逆电极过程. 运用Scharifker-Hills理论模型(SH)拟合实验数据表明, 因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的共沉积更加符合三维瞬时成核的成核规律. 运用Heerman-Tarallo理论模型(HT)分析得到因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的成核生长的动力学参数, 当阶跃电位从-1.11 V变化至-1.17 V (vs SCE), 成核密度数(N₀)由0.72×10⁵ cm^-2提高至1.91×10⁵ cm^-2, 成核速率常数(A)从 40.35 s^-1增至 194.38 s^-1, 扩散系数(D)为(7.67±0.15)×10^-5 cm²•s^-1, 变化不大.     

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Sulfite on a Cobalt Pentacyanonitrosylferrate Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

The electrocatalytic oxidation of sulfite has been studied on the cobalt pentacyanonitrosylferrate modified glassy carbon electrode (CoPCNF). The CoPCNF films on the glassy carbon electrodes show an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of sulfite in 0.5 M KNO₃. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The average value of the rate constant, K, for the catalytic reaction and the diffusion coefficient, D, were evaluated by different approaches for sulfite and found to be 2.9×10² M^?1s^?1 and 4.6×10^?6 cm²s^?1, respectively. At a fixed potential under hydrodynamic conditions (stirred solutions), the oxidation current is proportional to the sulfite concentration and the calibration plot was linear over the concentration range 5×10^?6–1×10^?4 M. The detection limit of the method is 3×10^?6 M., low enough for the trace sulfite determination.     

氢氧化钴修饰玻碳电极的制备及其电化学行为

采用循环伏安法成功制备了氢氧化钴薄膜修饰玻碳电极。考察了影响膜电沉积的因素 ,确定成膜液最佳pH为7.5 ,最佳扫描电位范围为1.00～ -0.20V。讨论了成膜过程及机理 ,成膜关键是Co2 +在电极表面的氧化。制得的膜修饰电极具有表面吸附反应特征 ,表面覆盖量相当于5～6个单层的氧化还原活性物质。膜修饰电极具有良好的稳定性 ,并对H2O2 表现出较高的电催化活性。线性回归方程为 :ΔIpa(μA)=15.92+4.99×104c(H2O2)(mol·L -1)(r=0.9976 ,n=18) ,线性范围为1.72×10 -5～9.92×10 -3mol·L -1,检出限为4.25×10 -6mol·L -1(S/N=3)。     

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen on the Surface of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Cobalt Porphyrin Complexes

The preparation and electrocatalytic behavior of glassy carbon electrodes modified with three different cobalt porphyrin complexes were investigated. The electrocatalytic ability of the modified electrodes for the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide and water in air‐saturated aqueous solutions was examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. The porphyrin‐adsorbed glassy carbon electrodes possess excellent electrocatalytic abilities for dioxygen reduction with overpotential about 0.5 V lower than that at a plain glassy carbon electrode. The experimental parameters were optimized and the mechanism of the catalytic process was discussed. The possible effects of the electron‐donating properties of groups in the meso‐position of the porphyrin ring were investigated.     

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen at Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Cobalt Porphyrin Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

The multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of oxygen in 0.1 M HAc‐NaAc (pH 3.8) buffer solution. Further modification with cobalt porphyrin film on the MWNTs by adsorption, the resulted modified electrode showed more efficient catalytic activity to O₂ reduction. The reduction peak potential of O₂ is shifted much more positively to 0.12 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), and the peak current is increased greatly. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to characterize the material and the modified film on electrode surface. Electrochemical experiments gave the total number of electron transfer for oxygen reduction as about 3, which indicated a co‐exist process of 2 electrons and 4 electrons for reduction of oxygen at this modified electrode. Meanwhile, the catalytic activities of the multilayer film (MWNTs/CoTMPyP)_n prepared by layer‐by‐layer method were investigated, and the results showed that the peak current of O₂ reduction increased and the peak potential shifted to a positive direction with the increase of layer numbers.     

钴/玻碳离子注入修饰电极伏安法测定呋喃妥因的研究

呋喃妥因 (NFT)在 0 .1mol/LHAc NaAc (pH 4 .0 )溶液中于钴 /玻碳 (Co/GC)离子注入修饰电极上产生一灵敏的伏安还原峰 ,峰电位为 - 0 .2 6V(vs.Ag/AgCl) ,峰电流与NFT浓度在 6 .0× 10 -8～ 5 .0× 10 -6mol/L范围内呈线性关系 (r =0 .9987) ,检出限为 1.0× 10 -8mol/L。用线性扫描伏安法和循环伏安法研究了NFT的伏安行为、吸附特性和电极反应机理。测定了电子转移数 (n =4 )、转移系数 (α =0 .5 8)和参与反应的质子数 (X =4 )等电化学参数。结果表明该电极过程为一具有吸附性的不可逆过程。该法用于片剂中NFT含量的测定 ,得到满意的结果。用标准加入法测得该法的回收率为 94 .0 %～ 98.5 %。     

玻碳电极表面复合配位银电结晶机理研究

以具有实际应用价值的复合配位体系无氰镀银电解液为研究对象, 运用循环伏安和电位阶跃等实验方法, 结合 Scharifker-Hill 经典理论模型分析, 成功获得了Ag在玻碳电极（GCE）表面电沉积的成核机理及成核动力学参数, 并分析了温度对成核方式及成核动力学参数的影响. 结果表明, 该体系下Ag在GCE表面的电沉积是由扩散控制的不可逆过程, 遵循三维瞬时成核生长机理. 随着阶跃电位从-750 mV 负移至-825 mV, 峰值还原电流Im逐渐增大, 达到峰值还原电流所需时间tm逐渐缩短; 扩散系数D变化不大, 基本稳定在（7.61±0.34）×10^-5 cm²·s^-1; 成核密度数N₀则从3.26 ×10⁵ cm^-2提高至10.2×10⁵ cm^-2. 银沉积初期的形貌观察, 验证了其三维瞬时成核生长机理. 提高温度可以显著改善电解液中具备活性的银配位离子的扩散能力, 缩短成核时间, 提升成核密度数N0.     

Electrodeposition of Cobalt Oxide Nanostructure on the Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrocatalytic Determination of para‐Nitrophenol

Cobalt oxide nanostructure (CoO_xNS) deposited on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface is proposed as a novel electrocatalytic system for the reduction of para‐Nitrophenol. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for characterization of deposited CoO_xNS. CoO_xNS deposited by cycling at positive potentials (0 to +1.3 V) show less charge‐transfer resistance (Rct) and more catalytic activity for the electroreduction of p‐nitrophenol compared to those CoO_xNS obtained by scanning the applied potential throughout a negative V range. The GC/CoO_xNS electrode showed good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of p‐nitrophenol at different pH values.     

希瓦氏菌MR-1影响玻碳表面电沉积Cd的机理

使用循环伏安法和电位阶跃法研究了希瓦氏菌MR-1野生株及其突变株△omcA-△mtrc对玻碳电极表面电沉积Cd的影响.发现加入希瓦氏菌野生株后：（1） Cd在玻碳电极表面的电沉积峰电位明显负移;（2）当扫描速率较低（20 mV·s^-1）且进入第二圈扫描时,Cd的电沉积过程分两步Cd （Ⅱ）-Cd （I）-Cd进行;（3）通过电位阶跃实验得出Cd （Ⅱ）扩散到玻碳电极表面的速率变得缓慢;（4） Cd在玻碳电极表面的电沉积过程由连续三维成核转变成瞬时三维成核过程;加入突变株后,Cd （Ⅱ）扩散到玻碳电极表面的速率更加缓慢,它的电沉积过程为瞬时三维成核过程.扫描电子显微镜的结果也正好证实了该影响机制.     

Effects of a Surfactant on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Towards the Oxidation of Dopamine

The cobalt hexacyanoferrate film (CoHCF) was deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a potential cycling procedure in the presence and absence of the cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to form CoHCF modified GC (CoHCF/GC) electrode. It was found that CTAB would affect the growth of the CoHCF film, the electrochemical behavior of the CoHCF film and the electrocatalytic activity of the CoHCF/GC electrode towards the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA). The reasons of the electrochemical behavior of CoHCF/GC electrode influenced by CTAB were investigated using FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The apparent rate constant of electrocatalytic oxidation of DA catalyzed by CoHCF was determined using the rotating disk electrode measurements.     

Electrocatalytic Behavior of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Cobalt Phthalocyanine for Selective Analysis of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid

This work describes the development, electrochemical characterization and utilization of a cobalt phthalocyanine modified carbon nanotube electrode for the quantitative determination of dopamine in 0.2 mol L^?1 phosphate buffer contaminated with high concentration of ascorbic acid. The electrode surface was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which showed a modified surface presenting a charge transfer resistance of 500 Ω, against the 16.46 kΩ value found for the bare glassy carbon surface. A pseudo rate constant value of 5.4×10^?4 cm s^?1 for dopamine oxidation was calculated. Voltammetric experiments showed a shift of the peak potential of DA oxidation to less positive value at 390 mV as compared with that of a bare GC electrode at 570 mV. The electrochemical determination of dopamine, in presence of ascorbic acid in concentrations up to 0.1 mol L^?1 by differential pulse voltammetry, yielded a detection limit as low as 2.56×10^?7 mol L^?1.     

Mechanistic Aspects of Carbon Nanotube Nucleation and Growth

The discovery, synthesis, characterization, and applicability of carbon nanotubes have produced tremendous excitement and interest among scientists and engineers. In particular, the use of these unique tubular nanostructures for new strong lightweight materials, nanoelectronics, fuel storage and cells, electron emitters and bio, scanning probe microscopy, and chemical sensing devices has created an intense effort to advance the synthesis so as to mass produce carbon nanotubes with control over diameter and helicity. The massive and controlled synthesis of this heralded nanostructure has been a great challenge. Although significant progress has advanced the preparation, more synthetic development is required. The syntheses have so far involved three main approaches: arc discharge vaporization, laser vaporization, and catalytic chemical vapor deposition. The synthetic trend has progressed to a point where further advancement with these techniques will require a better understanding of the mechanism of nucleation and growth. The mechanics of carbon nanotube nucleation and growth involve very complex and diverse phenomena occurring under extreme conditions and on the mesoscopic scale. As yet the detail mechanism is unknown. Difficulties with experimental probing and computational simulation have increased the mystery of this mechanism. This review presents an account of research on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and the mechanism of formation. This overview includes all three mentioned synthetic approaches and hybrids thereof. On the basis of this broad account a comprehensive mechanism for carbon nanotube nucleation and growth naturally arises. This mechanism is qualitative and it hopes to inspire more quantitative exploration and synthetic advancement.     

用瞬态形核理论研究钕对快凝Al-Fe-V-Si合金非晶形成倾向的影响

利用与时间有关的瞬态形核理论计算了不同Ｎｄ含量的Ａｅ－Ｖ－Ｓｉ－Ｎｄ合金中α－Ａｌ相的形核率、形核孕育期与过冷度的关系，并计算了α－Ａ１形成非晶的临界冷却速率。结果表明，随Ｎｄ含量增加，合金的液相线温度提高，α－Ａ１形核孕育期延长，形核过冷度增加，形核率降低临界冷却速率降低，从而增大其非晶的形成倾向。     

活性炭/钴氧化物干凝胶电化学电容器性能

以高性能活性炭作为负极材料, 将颗粒平均粒径为40~60 nm的纳米钴氧化物干凝胶作为正极材料组成电化学电容器, 研究了电容器在7 mol/L的KOH水溶液中的电化学性能, 其充放电电压可以达到1.4~1.6 V, 以材料本身重量计算的比能量和比功率分别达到15.4 W·h/kg和23.5 kW/kg.     

有机硅复合乳液聚合的动力学特征和成核机理

研究了聚合方法、搅拌强度、反应温度及原料用量对ＰＨＭＳ／ＢＡ复合乳液聚合反应转化率、反应速率的影响。结果表明：反应前期,一次加料法比半连续滴加法聚合速率快,但反应终了转化率却略低于后者;聚合反应速率随搅拌强度增大略有降低,随反应温度升高而加快,Ｅａ＝１３２．７７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ;反应的速率和转化率随ＰＨＭＳ用量的增加而降低,随ＮＭＡ用量的增加而升高。乳液粒径随搅拌强度的主粒径追踪结果表明：乳液粒径随搅     

电沉积二氧化锰成核机理及其充放电性能

采用计时电流法沉积纳米MnO₂电极材料,利用Scharifker-Hills成核理论模型分析时间-电流(i-t)曲线判断了MnO₂成核机理。 对3种不同的成核方式制得的MnO₂材料进行电化学超级电容性能测试、用SEM观察了其微观形貌。 比较了不同沉积方法对沉积材料结构、电容性能的影响。 计时电流测试发现,在0.1 mol/L Mn²⁺溶液中,电势阶跃至0.365 V,初始成核符合瞬时成核机理,在0.01 mol/L Mn²⁺溶液中,电势阶跃至0.418 V,初始成核存在瞬时成核和连续成核两种不同机理,在0.5 mmol/L Mn²⁺溶液中,电势阶跃至0.515 V,初始成核则符合连续成核机理。 超级电容性能测试发现,瞬时成核下制得的MnO₂电极材料相对于另外两种成核方式得到的电极材料具有更好的电容性能,这是因为瞬时成核更易于形成多孔、纳米片(棒)状等高比表面积的沉积物,表明制备方法影响MnO₂电极材料电容性能。     

Iodine‐Doped Cobalt Phthalocyanine Supported on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction

4‐(4,6‐Diaminopyrimidin‐2‐ylthio) phthalocyaninatocobalt(II) (CoPyPc) was iodine doped, and its electrocatalytic properties explored. Physical characterization techniques such as UV‐vis, X‐ray photoelectron, electron paramagnetic resonance and infra‐red spectroscopy were used. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode were used for electrochemical characterization of electrodes modified with the prepared phthalocyanine and its nanocomposites. The electrocatalytic effect of a new iodine‐doped cobalt phthalocyanine derivative supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes was then investigated towards oxygen reduction reaction. The electrocatalytic activity of the iodine‐doped cobalt phthalocyanine was found to be superior in terms of current over the undoped phthalocyanine nanocomposite.     

A Microcell for Stripping Analysis with Glassy Carbon and Mercury-Plated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Abstract

A microcell has been constructed for stripping analysis in solution volumes as low as 5 μl, employing a glassy carbon or mercury-plated glassy carbon working electrodes and a three electrode system. Using normal d.c. stripping techniques, as little as 100 picograms of mercury and 10 picograms of lead can be determined. With the more sensitive second harmonic a.c. voltammetric technique, this limit is lowered to 10 picograms of mercury and 1 picogram of lead.     

Electrochemical Behavior of Thalidomide at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Thalidomide is an oral drug marketed in the 1950s as a sedative and an anti‐emetic during pregnancy that was removed from the market when its teratogenic side effects appeared in new born children due to inadequate tests to assess the drug's safety. Recent studies evaluating the use of thalidomide in cancer and HIV diseases have sparked renewed interest. The electrochemical behavior of thalidomide on a glassy carbon electrode has been investigated using cyclic, differential and square‐wave voltammetry in aqueous media at different pHs. The oxidation mechanism of thalidomide is an irreversible, adsorption‐controlled process, pH dependent up to values close to the pK_a and occurs in two consecutive charge transfer reactions. A mechanism of oxidation of thalidomide involving one electron and one proton to produce a cation radical, which reacts with water and yields a final hydroxylated product is proposed. The reduction of thalidomide is also a pH dependent, irreversible process and occurs in a single step, with the same number of electrons and protons transferred. The reduction mechanism involves the protonation of the nitrogen that bridges the two cyclic groups, and the product of the protonation reaction causes irreversible dissociation. Both thalidomide and the non electroactive oxidation and reduction products are strongly adsorbed on the glassy carbon electrode surface.     

Oxidation Mechanism of Fluorescein at Glassy Carbon Electrode

This study investigates redox properties of fluorescein (FLSC), a fluorescent tracer with many applications in several areas, markedly in biochemical research and health care diagnosis, on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at a wide interval of pH by using voltammetric techniques. Three peaks were observed at different potentials. The investigation revealed that FLSC is irreversibly electroxidized under a diffusion‐controled and pH–dependent process. The oxidation process in acid and physiological media occurs in two consecutive steps with formation of a main electroactive oxidation product in acid medium. Both oxidation steps involve the transfer of one electron and one proton, corresponding to the oxidation of phenolic groups with formation of ortho‐quinone derivatives, which are reversibly reduced to form catechol derivatives, and/or polymeric products. One electron and one proton are removed from the phenolic group at the position C6’ at the first step and at position C3’ at the second step. The diffusion coefficient of FLSC was assessed in pH=7.0 phosphate buffer (9.77×10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹). A differential pulse voltammetric method for determination of FLSC in physiological medium was also proposed.