基于局域密度近似理论下的相互作用有限粒子数费米气体的临界温度研究

我们利用局域密度近似方法,通过计算Bogoliubov-de Gennes(BdG)方程研究了三维谐振子势阱约束下,考虑相互作用的有限粒子数费米气体的临界温度随相互作用强度和系统粒子总数的变化关系。结果表明:在相同的相互作用强度下,系统的临界温度随着粒子总数的增多而升高。在相同粒子数条件下,系统的临界温度随着相互作用强度的增大而升高。这里的结果为实验上进一步探寻有限粒子数下的相互作用多体量子系统的超流态到普通态的临界温度提供了理论依据。     

改性红壤对水中磷的去除

用三氯化铁改性的红壤作为吸附剂对水中的磷进行吸附,考察了吸附剂吸附过程中时间和温度对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,改性红壤对磷的吸附是一个准二级反应过程;整个吸附过程符合Freundlich等温线,25℃时对磷的最大吸附容量为428.4mg.g-1。     

凝聚玻色气体在临界温度下发生的相变是一种三级相变

给出了一种可发生凝聚的理想玻色气体，处于临界温度下所发生的相变是三级相变的证明方法。     

碱金属掺杂富勒烯超导体的临界温度和约化能隙研究

碱金属掺杂富勒烯与传统的超导体情况不同，它有一个很宽区域的声子谱，其最高频率和最低频率分别与费密能Ｅ_F和零温超导能隙△₀为同一数量级，这必将导致对原来强耦合超导电性理论的修正。本文在此情况下求解Ｅｌｉａｓｈｂｅｒｇ方程，得到Ｔ_c和△₀的表达式。结果表明，分子间的低频振动模和分子上的高频振动模同样参与电声耦合，Ｔ_c主要取决于声子谱中高频成份的贡献，而△₀的增加主要取决于声子谱中 关键词：     

高临界温度超导材料超导性能的检测

高温超导体临界温度Ｔｃ的高低是超导材料性能良好与否的重要判据。本文根据超导体的基本特性（零电阻现象和完全抗磁性）讨论了临界温度Ｔｃ的两种测量方法：电阻法（即四引线法）和电磁感应法，并介绍了获得低于正常液氮沸点温度（７７Ｋ）的减压降温技术。文中给出了对ＹＢａ＿２Ｃｕ＿３Ｏ＿（７－δ）的两种测量方法的条件利结果。     

随机边界对相对论气体玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚临界温度的影响

研究了随机边界对立方箱中相对论气体玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚临界温度的影响.在均匀分布、双模分布和高斯分布情况下,分别计算了临界温度与固定箱中的气体临界温度的比值,发现随机边界降低了系统的临界温度.相对于极端相对论情况,非相对论极限下的临界温度更低.     

回热器功产生的临界温度梯度研究

热声机械作为一种能量转化装置，能够不通过运动部件将热量转变成压力波输出，实现这一功能的关键部件就是回热器，本文讨论了丝网型回热器能在纯行波状态下起振的临界温度梯度与结构参数及运行参数的关系。     

泛函积分方法于Dicke模型中的临界温度和集体激发谱

采用泛积分方法研究了Ｄｉｃｋｅ模型中的临界温度和能隙方程,计算了模型中的零温度能隙;此外,还推导了Ｄｉｃｋｅ模型中的玻色型激发谱,讨论子粒子的能量了振动频率的依赖关系。     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态的临界温度移动

从平均场理论出发,针对有限温度下的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态的特点,从正则系综的自由能函数变化的角度,推演并得出了临界温度移动的表达式。为同类实验提供了理论依据.     

活性炭在高真空多层绝热中液氮温度下的吸气性能

通过实验获得了活性炭在液氮温度下对N2和H2两种气体的吸附等温线。结果表明:活性炭对N2的吸附效果非常好,对H2的吸附效果较差,相同平衡压力下对N2的吸附量比对H2的吸附量高出2～3个数量级,且在活性炭外包上绝热材料能大大提高其对气体的吸附能力,尤其是对N2的吸附量能提高2～3个数量级,对H2的吸附量也能提高1倍以上。用temkin吸附式对吸附等温线进行拟合,得到了活性炭在10-4～10Pa范围内适用的对N2和H2两种气体的吸附等温方程式。     

The effect of surface modification on heavy metal ion removal from water by carbon nanoporous adsorbent

In this work, chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon (COMC) with excellent lead adsorption performance was prepared by an acid surface modification method from mesoporous carbon (MC) by wet impregnation method. The structural order and textural properties of the mesoporous materials were studied by XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption. The presence of carboxylic functional groups on the carbon surface was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous systems. The adsorption was maximum for the initial pH in the range of 6.5-8.0. The kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption of chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon to Pb(II) fits to the Langmuir model. The larger adsorption capacity of chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon for Pb(II) is mainly due to the oxygenous functional groups formed on the surface of COMC which can react with Pb(II) to form salt or complex deposited on the surface of MC.     

YK-1活性炭平衡储氢特性分析

文中基于氢在椰壳活性炭YK-1上的平衡吸附数据,以探寻氢在碳基材料上适宜存储条件为目的,研究吸附氢分子间相互作用能随储存系统温度、压力、表面遮盖率的变化规律。首先,依据容积法的原理,在温度区间113K—293K、压力范围0—13MPa测试氢在YK-1椰壳活性炭上的吸附等温线。其次,应用格子理论推导通用吸附等温方程,通过等温方程的线性标绘确定氢分子在吸附表面的最大浓度,并由氢分子在活性炭典型吸附空间内受到的壁面作用势函数迭代求解氢分子受到的壁面作用势,进而获得与各吸附平衡态对应的氢分子间相互作用能。最后,根据氢分子间作用能随温度、表面遮盖率等的变化关系,分析氢分子在此活性炭上吸附的特点。     

Adsorption of aromatic compounds from the biodegradation of azo dyes on activated carbon

The adsorption of three selected aromatic compounds (aniline, sulfanilic acid and benzenesulfonic acid) on activated carbons with different surface chemical properties was investigated at different solution pH. A fairly basic commercial activated carbon was modified by means of chemical treatment with HNO₃, yielding an acid activated carbon. The textural properties of this sample were not significantly changed after the oxidation treatment. Equilibrium isotherms of the selected compounds on the mentioned samples were obtained and the results were discussed in relation to their surface chemistry. The influence of electrostatic and dispersive interactions involved in the uptake of the compounds studied was evaluated. The Freundlich model was used to fit the experimental data. Higher uptakes are attained when the compounds are present in their molecular form. In general, adsorption was disfavoured by the introduction of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the activated carbon.     

Study of Pollutant gas Adsorption on Activated Charcoal Using FTIR Spectroscopy

In this study, the efficiency of an air cleaning system, using activated charcoal cartridges, which must operate in a confined atmosphere with particularly high air flow rate, is tested.

A device which generates dynamic polluted atmospheres is described. A continuous quantitative analysis is made by means of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pollutants studied are: carbon monoxyde (1500 ppm), sulfur dioxyde (100 ppm), nitrogen dioxyde (50 ppm) and hydrogen chloride (500 ppm). Gas adsorption kinetics on activated carbon are given and discussed by using breakthrough curves.     

ICP-OES研究活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附

重金属污染是一个相当严重的环境问题。镉具有很强的生物毒性和不可降解性,对生态环境和人体健康有极大威胁,被列为优先控制污染物。环境中镉的主要污染源是电镀、采矿和化学工业等部门的废水,如何简单高效去除水中的镉,有重要的社会意义和经济意义。目前,水中重金属的去除方法有化学沉淀、膜分离、离子交换、吸附、电解等,其中吸附法因简单高效而广泛应用。活性炭纤维是一种新型活性炭,孔径小且均匀,表面官能团发达,吸附性能好,逐步应用于水处理领域。以电感耦合等离子体光谱为检测手段,佐以比表面积分析,X射线衍射,元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究比较了三种活性炭纤维(纤维炭网、活性炭无纺布、活性炭纤维毡)的结构特点及其对水中镉的吸附性能。三种活性炭纤维结构基本类似,具有较发达的孔隙结构。活性炭无纺布极性较强,表面有丰富的羟基、羧基、醛基等含氧官能团,对水中镉的吸附作用最大。因此,选择活性炭无纺布为吸附剂进行后续实验。研究了活性炭无纺布吸附镉的影响因素,如溶液pH,吸附时间等。溶液pH影响吸附剂表面电荷及水中镉的存在状态。水中镉的去除效率随溶液初始pH的增大而增大,在较低pH时,吸附剂与Cd2+间存在静电斥力,同时H+和Cd2+存在竞争吸附,pH>9时,镉的去除是吸附与沉淀协同作用的结果,选择pH为6～7。在吸附的初始阶段,活性炭无纺布对Cd2+的吸附量迅速增加,10 min时,吸附率达到72%。随着吸附位点逐渐被Cd2+所填充,吸附速率逐渐变慢,300 min时,吸附容量基本无变化,吸附趋于平衡。优化了镉的吸附条件后,进行等温吸附实验和动力学实验。结果表明,25 ℃时,吸附时间为300 min,pH 6.0条件下,当镉的平衡浓度在20.00 mg·L-1时,活性炭无纺布对镉的单位质量吸附量和单位比表面积吸附量分别是3.04 mg·g-1和0.035 mg·m-2。用Langmuir方程(R2=0.997, K_L =1.796 L·mg-1)和Freundich方程(R2=0.895, K_F=0.918 L·mg-1, n=2.12)拟合活性炭无纺布对镉的等温吸附数据,Langmuir方程计算的理论吸附量为3.07 mg·g-1,与实验值相当,并且线性系数更高,说明该体系的吸附符合Langmuir方程,主要为单分子层吸附。Langmuir分离因子介于0和1之间,表明活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附容易进行。用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散方程和Elovich方程四种动力学模型拟合吸附过程。在吸附的前5 min,镉在活性炭无纺布上的吸附符合颗粒内扩散方程(R2=0.985),吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制。在吸附的5～300 min,颗粒内扩散方程拟合较差。整个吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R2=0.999,k₂=0.367 g·mg-1·min-1),Elovich方程(R2=0.981,a=0.271 mg·g-1, b=0.083 mg·g-1·(lg min)-1)和准一级动力学方程(R2=0.927,k₁=0.008 8 min-1)次之,颗粒内扩散方程(R2=0.785)最差。活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附过程是一种化学作用为主的吸附过程。对5.00 mg·L-1含镉水样,活性炭无纺布投放量为10 g·L-1时,吸附后水中镉的浓度小于0.10 mg·L-1,符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)。活性炭无纺布可同时吸附镉,铜,铅,铬等重金属离子,选择性较差。但在电镀、采矿等实际废水中重金属种类复杂,适当提高吸附剂投放量,可同时去除多种重金属。利用活性炭无纺布吸附处理含镉水样,处理效果好、操作简单,可以作为去除水中镉的吸附剂,为含镉废水的处理提供了技术支持和理论基础。     

Synthesis and Adsorption Study of BSA Surface Imprinted Polymer on CdS Quantum Dots

开发了CdS量子点用于牛血清白蛋白(BSA)表面压印的方法,将CdS量子点掺杂进BSA的分子压印聚合物中. 实验过程中对制备条件和吸附条件进行了优化. 量子点(QDs)和量子点分子压印聚合物(QDs-MIP)的形貌用扫描电子显微镜进行了表征. 当该QDs-MIP重新结合模板分子BSA时,CdS量子点的荧光被淬灭. 荧光淬灭的原因可能是量子点与模板蛋白质分子之间的荧光共振能量转移. 该聚合物对压印分子的吸附为单分子层吸附,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型. 化学吸附为速率控制步骤. 该新型聚合物的最大吸附容量可达226.0 mg/g,比未掺杂量子点的BSA压印聚合物提高142.4 mg/g.     

Study of the energetic heterogeneity of the adsorption of phenol onto activated carbons by TPD under supercritical conditions

The Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) technique with liquid and supercritical water was used to study the heterogeneity of the adsorption of phenol onto different activated carbons. The presence of several desorption peaks in the spectra clearly indicated that phenol was adsorbed onto the activated carbon with different interaction energies. Calculation of the desorption activation energies revealed that most of the phenol was physisorbed, although a small part was always chemisorbed. The study of the textural characteristics of the carbons suggests that the width of the micropores governs the thermal desorption of the physisorbed phenol.     

Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of methylene blue on a low-cost adsorbent recovered from a spent catalyst of vinyl acetate synthesis

A regenerated activated carbon used as catalyst support in the synthesis of vinyl acetate has been tested as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes. After a thorough textural characterization of the regenerated activated carbon, its adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined using methylene blue as model compound at different initial concentrations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were developed and then compared. It was found that the equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and it was found that the best fitting corresponded to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results showed that this novel adsorbent had a high adsorption capacity, making it suitable for use in the treatment of methylene blue enriched wastewater.