Electrohydrodynamic flow patterns and collection efficiency in narrow wire-cylinder type electrostatic precipitator

Recently, narrow electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) have become a subject of interest because of their possible application for the cleaning of the exhaust gases emitted by diesel engines. Diesel engines emit fine particles, which are harmful to human and animal health. There are several methods for decrease particulate emission from a diesel engines, but up to now, these methods are not enough effective or very expensive. Therefore, an electrostatic precipitation was proposed as an alternative method for control of a diesel particulate emission.In this work, results of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) secondary flow and particle collection efficiency measurements in a narrow wire-cylinder type ESP are presented. The ESP was a glass cylinder (300 mm × 29 mm) equipped with a wire discharge electrode and two collecting cylinder-electrodes. A 0.23 mm in diameter and 100 mm long stainless-steel discharge wire electrode was mounted in the center of the cylinder, parallel to the main flow direction. The collecting electrodes were made of stainless steel cylinders, each with a length of 100 mm and inner diameter of 25.5 mm. An air flow seeded with a cigarette smoke was blown along the ESP duct with an average velocity of 0.9 m/s.The EHD secondary flow was measured using 2-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The PIV measurements were carried out in the wire electrode mid-plane, perpendicularly to the wire and the collecting electrodes. The results show similarities and differences of the particle flow in the wire-cylinder type ESP for a negative and a positive DC voltage polarity.The collection efficiency was calculated from the fractional particle concentration. The fractional particle concentration was measured using the optical aerosol spectrometer. The results of the fractional collection efficiency confirmed the common view that the collection efficiency of fine particles in the ESP increases with increasing voltage and it is higher for negative voltage polarity and decreases when decreasing particle diameter.     

EHD flow in a wide electrode spacing spike–plate electrostatic precipitator under positive polarity

In this work, results of two- and three-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow velocity fields in a wide spacing spike–plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) under positive polarity are presented. A DC voltage of positive polarity (up to 28 kV) was applied to the spike electrode. The average gas flow velocity was 0.6 m/s. The PIV measurements were carried out in four planes perpendicular to the plate electrodes. Three parallel planes passed along the ESP while one plane passed across the ESP duct. The results show that electrohydrodynamic (EHD) secondary flow with relatively strong vortices exist in the ESP. The EHD secondary flow pattern depends on applied voltage and measuring plane position in respect to the spike tip. The strongest vortices occur in the plane passing through the tip of the upstream-directed spike. These relatively strong EHD vortices may hinder collection of the particles in the diameter range of 0.1–1 μm in the wide electrode spacing spike–plate ESPs.     

Electrohydrodynamic flow and particle collection efficiency of a spike-plate type electrostatic precipitator

In this work, the results of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) secondary flow and particle collection efficiency measurements in a spike-plate type electrostatic precipitator (ESP) are presented. The EHD secondary flow was measured using 2- and 3-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) method under the negative DC voltage. The PIV measurements were carried out in several cross-sectional planes along and across the ESP duct. The results show a complex and turbulent flow structure in the ESP. The EHD secondary flow significantly depends on applied voltage and measuring cross-sectional plane position in respect to the spike tip. The partial collection efficiency of the ESP was measured for negative and positive DC voltage. The particle concentration with and without discharge was measured at the ESP exit using an optical aerosol spectrometer.     

Electrohydrodynamic flow in a wire-plate non-thermal plasma reactor measured by 3D PIV method

This work was aimed at measurements of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) secondary flow in a non-thermal plasma reactor using three-dimensional particle image velocimetry (3D PIV) method. The wide-type non-thermal plasma reactor used in this work was an acrylic box with a wire discharge electrode and two plate collecting electrodes. The positive DC voltage was applied to the wire electrode through a 10 MΩ resistor. The collecting electrodes were grounded. The voltage applied to the wire electrode was 28 kV. Air flow seeded with a cigarette smoke was blown along the reactor duct with an average velocity of 0.6 m/s. The 3D PIV velocity fields measurements were carried out in four parallel planes stretched along the reactor duct, perpendicularly to the wire electrode and plate electrodes. The measured flow velocity fields illustrate complex nature of the EHD induced secondary flow in the non-thermal plasma reactor.     

EHD flow measured by 3D PIV in a narrow electrostatic precipitator with longitudinal-to-flow wire electrode and smooth or flocking grounded plane electrode

In this work, results of three-dimensional (3D) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow velocity fields in a narrow electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with a longitudinal-to-flow placed wire electrode are presented. The ESP was a narrow transparent acrylic box (90 mm×30 mm×30 mm). The electrode set consisted of a single wire discharge electrode and two plane collecting electrodes. Either two smooth stainless-steel plates or two stainless-steel plane meshes with nylon flocks were used as the collecting electrodes. The 3D PIV measurements were carried out in two parallel planes, placed longitudinally to the flow duct. The positive DC voltage of up to 9.5 kV was applied to the wire electrode through a 10 MΩ resistor. The collecting electrodes were grounded. The measurements were carried out at a primary flow velocity of 0.5 m/s. Obtained results show that the flow patterns for the smooth-plate electrodes and for the flocking plane electrodes are similar in the bulk of the flow. However, the flow velocities near the flocking plane electrodes are much lower than those near the smooth-plate electrodes. This is a beneficial phenomenon, because the lower the flow near the collecting electrodes, the lower re-entrainment of the particles deposited on the collecting electrodes occurs.     

Electrohydrodynamic flow patterns in a narrow electrostatic precipitator with longitudinal or transverse wire electrode

Results of 2- and 3-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow velocity fields in narrow electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) with either a longitudinal or transverse wire electrode are presented in this work. The obtained results confirmed that the particle flow in the ESP have a strongly 3D character mainly due to applied voltage and narrow cross section of the ESP duct. It was found that several vortices were formed along and across the ESP duct. The complex character of the flow in both ESP may considerably affect the particle collection efficiency of the ESP. This issue is under investigation.     

Electrohydrodynamic gas flow in a positive polarity wire-plate electrostatic precipitator and the related dust particle collection efficiency

In this paper, the results of the particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow velocity fields in an intermediate spacing wire-to-plate type electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with a single positive polarity wire electrode are presented. The observation plane was placed perpendicular to the wire electrode at its half-length. The investigation showed significant influence of the electric field and charge on the flow patterns in the intermediate spacing ESP under an extreme large electrohydrodynamic (EHD) number. The EHD forces cause the formation of strong vortex pairs in the upstream and downstream ESP regions for Ehd/Re²>1.     

Enhancement of submicron particle electrostatic precipitation using dielectric barrier discharge in wire-to-square tube configuration

The aim of the present parametric study is to enhance the performances of a wire-to-square tube electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for the collection of submicrometer particles using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The input parameters under study are: the high voltage waveform, the wire electrode diameter, the collection electrode dimensions (width, discretization and number of collection sides) and the tube cross-section. The electrical measurements show that the discharge mode of the ESP is rather homogeneous. The particle collection efficiency as determined from aerosol spectroscopy measurements is higher at high applied voltage and within a certain frequency range. The parametric study of the ESP points out that using thicker wire electrodes as well as collection electrodes with different number of sides does not deteriorate the ESP performance. However, the penetration decreases with larger or discretized collection electrodes and larger tube cross-sections.     

PIV and LDA measurements of secondary flow in a meandering channel for overbank flow

Secondary flow in a compound meandering channel with straight floodplain banks for overbank was investigated by a visualization method and velocity measurement using three-component laser Doppler anemometor (LDA). The secondary flow in a cross section was visualized by the neutral buoyant tracer method with a submergible video camera. Secondary flow vectors in a cross section were obtained by using PIV software with captured frames from video source through PC and also by LDA measurements. From the comparison of the PIV and LDA results, it is found that PIV data show good agreement in quality with LDA measurements when the secondary flow is strong and stable as shown in this paper.     

Velocity and density field measurements by digital speckle method

Velocity and density field measurements based on image processing of laser speckle or pseudo-speckle pattern have been developed. Laser speckle velocimetry (LSV) or white-light speckle velocimetry (WSV), which corresponds to a high-image-density PIV, gives a local velocity vector map or whole field velocity contour map of a two-dimensional flow field seeded densely with fine particles. This technique has an advantage in high-speed flow measurement without limit of frame rate except for directional ambiguity. New techniques of laser speckle photography and laser speckle interferometry by means of digital image processing have been developed recently for density field measurements. In laser speckle photography, a local density gradient vector map is reconstructed by cross-correlation evaluation between the reference and the object speckle patterns. In laser speckle interferometry, an equi-density contour map is reconstructed by image subtraction between the reference and the object interferometric speckle patterns.     

Three-dimensional bubbly flow measurement using PIV

The experimental flow visualization tool, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), is being extended to determine the velocity fields in three-dimensional, two-phase fluid flows. In the past few years, the technique has attracted quite a lot of interest. PIV enables fluid velocities across a region of a flow to be measured at a single instant in time in the whole volume (global) of interest. This instantaneous velocity profile of a given flow field is determined by digitally recording particle (microspheres or bubbles) images within the flow over multiple successive video frames and then conducting flow pattern identification and analysis of the data. This paper presents instantaneous velocity measurements in various three-dimensional, bubbly two-phase flow situations. This information is useful for developing or improving existing computer constitutive models that simulate this type of flow field. It is also useful for understanding the detailed structure of two-phase flows.     

Investigation of the performance of bipolar transverse plate ESP in the sintering flue control

In order to improve the particle collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP), a transverse plate ESP with bipolar discharge electrodes is proposed. The simulations of the velocity distribution have shown that when the inlet velocity is 1 m/s, within the range of 40 mm from electrode plate, the average velocities of windward side and leeward side are less than 0.7 m/s and 0.3 m/s respectively. It is clear that the velocity near the collection electrode plate of this bipolar ESP is much lower than that of the ordinary ESP at the same inlet velocity. This low velocity can lead to higher efficiency for fine dust collection due to the less dust re-entrainment in ESP. It is also found that the average velocities are getting lower when the distance between plates electrodes are greater than 150 mm in accordance with the simulations. The voltage current characteristics of the bipolar ESP are superior to the ordinary ESP. The pressure drop of the bipolar ESP is about 30% higher than that of the ordinary one. The dust penetration of the bipolar ESP is about 54% less than that of the ordinary ESP when the sintering dust with 25.405 μm mass median diameter is used as the test particulate under the condition of the electric field from 2.1 kV/cm to 3.2 kV/cm and the velocity from 1.0 m/s to 1.5 m/s.     

Flow visualization of a longitudinal vortex in drag-reducing surfactant flow

Vortical structures behind a wing-type vortex generator (WVG) immersed in a drag-reducing flow were visualized with a fluorescence dye illuminated with a planer laser sheet to investigate the enhancement mechanism of heat transfer on the WVG-installed target wall. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was also used to measure the flow velocity profiles. Both the flow visualization and the velocity measurement revealed that small amounts of surfactant, Cetyl-Trimethyl-Ammonium-Chloride/ Sodium Salicylate (CTAC/NaSal), added in water changed drastically the flow patterns together with the wall heat transfer distributions due to the reduction of momentum exchange in the vortical flows behind WVG.     

多相等离子体气动激励流动特性

 等离子体激励器电极组相位不同便产生多相等离子体气动激励,建立了粒子图像测速仪流场参数测试系统,利用粒子图像测速仪技术,研究了非对称布局等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动特性,分析了多相等离子体气动激励对诱导空气流动速度的影响。结果表明：粒子图像测速仪流场测试系统能够准确地反映等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动的流场空间结构,等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动是平行于激励器的近壁面射流,多相等离子体气动激励能够增大等离子体气动激励诱导气流速度,或者使等离子体气动激励影响流场区域增大。粒子图像测速仪系统是深入研究等离子体气动激励的流场结构最佳的方式之一。     

Modification of the ultrasound induced activity by the presence of an electrode in a sono-reactor working at two low frequencies (20 and 40 kHz). Part II: Mapping flow velocities by particle image velocimetry (PIV)

Sonoelectrochemical experiments differ from sonochemical ones by the introduction of electrodes in the sonicated reaction vessel. The aim of the study is to characterize the changes in the ultrasonic activity induced by the presence of an electrode located in front of the transducer. The scope of our investigations concerns two low frequency vibration modes: 20 and 40 kHz. For this purpose, two laser visualization techniques have been used. The first part of the study, described in a previous paper (Part I), deals with the laser tomography technique which provides an accurate picture of the reactor active zones, related to numerous cavitation events. The second part of the paper (Part II) will describe the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique used to measure the velocity vector field in the fluid portion between the horn and the electrode. As for the previous study, two parameters were studied: the electrical power supplied to the transducer and the electrode/transducer distance. The velocity vector fields show a main flow in the reactor axis. This flow seems to correspond to the conical cavitation bubbles structure which is observed on the laser tomography pictures. When an electrode is introduced into the reactor, two additional symmetric transversal flows can be quantified on both sides of the electrode.     

多光谱成像的粒子图像测速

基于时间分辨的粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)是一种广泛应用的非接触式二维瞬时流场可视化测量技术。为了得到流场精细的瞬态空间结构和演变过程,提出了一种利用多光谱成像技术来提高流场测量的时间分辨率的方法。利用多个不同波长的脉冲激光照明流场中的同一测量区域,使用多光谱成像系统采集不同波长的粒子图像,经过图像分离,判决计算产生速度矢量场。为了验证这一原理的可行性,使用三种不同波长(488,532和632.8 nm)的单色光谱脉冲搭建了一套基于多光谱成像的TR-PIV系统,通过多波长激光脉冲之间时序的精确控制,将两帧图像之间的时间间隔从10 ms缩短至3.4 ms,时间分辨率提高了3倍。结果表明基于多光谱的TR-PIV测量系统在保持PIV技术瞬时全场测量特点的同时,时间分辨率大为提高。     

Combined two-dimensional velocity and temperature measurements using a high-speed camera and luminescent particles

This paper proposes a combined method for two-dimensional temperature and velocity measurements using temperature sensitive particles (TSParticles), a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser and a single high-speed camera. TSParticles were synthesized using ion-exchange particles and Eu(TTA) luminescent dye. The size and material of the particles for synthesizing TSParticles are selectable. TSParticles respond to temperature changes in a flow and can also serve as tracers for the velocity field. TSParticles were seeded into a heated water flow in a complex-shaped channel constructed of MEXFLON resin, which has a refractive index exactly equal to that of water. Particle images of flow beyond the structure can be recorded without any distortion. The TSParticles were excited by the UV pulsed laser and the luminescence from the TSParticles were recorded at 40,000 frames per second as sequential images for a lifetime-based temperature analysis. Another advantage of our approach is that high time-resolved PIV can be carried out without a high-frequency laser. The recorded images were also used for the particle image velocimetry (PIV) calculation.     

A PIV and LSV study in the wake of an aircraft model

An experimental investigation was undertaken of the wake aerodynamics of a 1/12.81 model of a commercial passenger aircraft. The tests were undertaken in the 3.05 m by 3.66 m working section of a closed-return wind-tunnel. The program made use of laser sheet visualization (LSV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in planes, normal to the mean flow, to obtain images of flow-following, seed particles. The images were processed to obtain raw velocity vectors, flow divergence, vorticity, crossflow energy and high quality visualizations. Image sequences obtained under identical incident flow conditions were used to conceptualize the variability of principal wake features, such as regions of fluid of high vorticity.     

Application of DPIV to study both steady state and transient turbomachinery flows

Digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) is a powerful measurement technique, which can be used as an alternative or complementary approach to laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) in a wide range of research applications. The instantaneous planar velocity measurements obtained with PIV make it an attractive technique for use in the study of the complex flow fields encountered in turbomachinery. The planar nature of the technique also significantly reduces the facility run time over point-based techniques. Techniques for optical access, light sheet delivery, CCD camera technology and particulate seeding are discussed. Results from the successful application of the PIV technique to both the blade passage region of a transonic axial compressor and the diffuser region of a high speed centrifugal compressor are presented. Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields were obtained. The averaged flow field measurements are used to estimate the flow turbulence intensity. The instantaneous velocity vector maps obtained during compressor surge provide previously unobtainable insight into the complex flow field characteristics occurring during short lived surge events. These flow field maps illustrate the true power of the DPIV technique.     

亚微秒脉冲表面介质阻挡放电等离子体诱导连续漩涡的研究

使用粒子激光图像测速技术对亚微秒脉冲激励表面介质阻挡放电激励器连续产生诱导漩涡进行了实验研究, 给出了包含脉冲重复频率和漩涡频率的双频率激励模式的具体形式. 实验过程中出现了原发型与继发型两类示踪粒子空白区, 前者由放电释热的微爆炸作用造成, 使得诱导流动远离壁面, 能够减小壁面摩擦阻力的作用; 以暴露电极左侧继发型空白区被完全吹除作为重复启动激励的临界点. 为提高控制效果应采用尽可能高的脉冲重复频率, 漩涡时间内脉冲数量应大于10, 最大诱导速度随脉冲数量增大而增大, 但动量传递效率降低. 使用亚微秒脉冲激励具备释热、体积力两种作用机理. 关键词： 双频率亚微秒脉冲 表面介质阻挡放电 连续漩涡