灰控制棒价值对机械补偿运行控制的优化

快速、精确和高度自动化的大幅功率调节能力是先进核电厂控制策略研究的主要目的之一。在目前压水堆核电厂设计中,主要采用控制棒控制方式的机械补偿运行控制策略,可以较好地满足上述要求。在该控制策略下,控制棒价值对其运行控制能力具有重要影响。针对灰控制棒组价值增大对于运行控制能力的提升进行了研究,结果表明:适度地增大控制棒价值,并对控制棒轴向价值分布进行优化,能够显著提高核电厂负荷跟踪运行能力。相关分析结果对控制棒组件的设计改进和压水堆核电厂先进控制策略的研究具有重要的借鉴意义。     

灰控制棒价值对机械补偿运行控制的优化

快速、精确和高度自动化的大幅功率调节能力是先进核电厂控制策略研究的主要目的之一。在目前压水堆核电厂设计中,主要采用控制棒控制方式的机械补偿运行控制策略,可以较好地满足上述要求。在该控制策略下,控制棒价值对其运行控制能力具有重要影响。针对灰控制棒组价值增大对于运行控制能力的提升进行了研究,结果表明：适度地增大控制棒价值,并对控制棒轴向价值分布进行优化,能够显著提高核电厂负荷跟踪运行能力。相关分析结果对控制棒组件的设计改进和压水堆核电厂先进控制策略的研究具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Grating profile reconstruction by an inverse scattering method

An inverse scattering method is used to reconstruct grating profiles from efficiency measurements. The computed profiles are compared to electron micrographs. The accuracy of the method is shown to be very good.     

Simulation of kinetic processes by the Monte-Carlo method

Statistical simulation of kinetic processes involving the interaction between different particle species is carried out by a Monte-Carlo method which differs from the classical application of this method by omitting calculations of the trajectories and mean free paths. Data on the latter quantities are included in the experimentally determined cross sections and rate constants used in the simulation. This qualitatively changes the computational procedure, simplifying and accelerating it. Data are provided on the simulation of a second-order sequential process and on the synthesis and dissociation of carbon dioxide, and they are compared to the known experimental data.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 55–60, October, 1973.     

Attosecond twin-pulse control by generalized kinetic heterodyne mixing

Attosecond double-pulse (twin-pulse) production in high-order harmonic generation is manipulated by a combination of two-color and carrier-envelope phase-control methods. As we show in numerical simulations, both relative amplitude and phase of the double pulse can be independently set by making use of multidimensional parameter control. Two technical implementation routes are discussed: kinetic heterodyning using second-harmonic generation and split-spectrum phase-step control.     

On kinetic effects in the ionosphericF-region modified by powerful radio waves

We consider effects related to acceleration of electrons by high-frequency plasma turbulence in the ionospheric F-region modified by powerful radio waves. The threshold of avalanche growth of the number of accelerated particles due to additional ionization is determined for pump-wave frequencies far from the multiple cyclotron resonance. The steady-state density of the accelerated electrons is found for the above pump-frequency values taking into account both turbulent trapping in the accelerating layer due to scattering of plasma waves and the return of electrons to this layer due to collisions. If the pump wave frequency is close to the multiple cyclotron resonance, fast electron distribution with significant transverse anisotropy is formed. Relaxation of this distribution due to collisions with charged particles outside the accelerating layer leads to the appearance of a maximum over transverse velocities in the tail of the distribution function. We propose a generation mechanism for the broad upshifted maximum feature in the spectrum of stimulated electromagnetic emission, which is related to the cyclotron instability of the accelerated electrons. The instability occurs in the double-resonance region in which the pump frequency is close to both the upper-hybrid and multiple-cyclotron frequency. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 651–669, July 1999.     

用准对称波导法测量薄膜参数

本文指出了在棱镜耦合状态下降低平板波导基模截止厚度的途径,用文中提出的准对称波导法测量了薄的MgO膜的折射率和厚度,并给出了测量结果.     

反向追迹法获取水下对空全景图像

在水下透过波浪对海面及空中目标成像,所获取的目标图像会发生畸变。为定量分析波浪对图像畸变的影响,建立一种理想的水下对空成像模型,得到透过波浪的全景图像。首先,在给定的成像模型下,运用主光线反向追迹法,由斯涅耳定律计算出与水下入射光线对应的水上折射光线的方向矢量,从而得到天球上目标点与成像靶面上单像素点的物像对应关系。然后,对整个成像靶面上的像素点进行遍历,形成水下对空全景图像。最后,在4种特殊的海面波浪波形下,利用MATLAB环境计算出天空圆形目标及背景的水下对空全景图像。计算结果表明:运用反向追迹法能够有效地计算出水下对空全景图像,通过调整波浪参数,可以定量分析图像的畸变程度。主光线反向追迹法适用于分析透过具有一阶可导波浪的水下对空全景图像的畸变特征,为研究更复杂波浪下的水下对空图像畸变特征奠定了基础。     

Hybrid magnetic field formulation based on the losses separation method for modified dynamic inverse Jiles-Atherton model

Dynamic formulation based on the losses separation method in conducting media for the inverse Jiles-Atherton model is proposed. This formulation is based on the concept of the Hybrid Magnetic Field model (HMF). The HMF consists of the modification of the effective field by introducing two counter-fields associated, respectively, with the eddy current and excess losses. Such a formulation is characterized by seven parameters with five parameters issued from the quasi-static Jiles-Atherton model. Thus, two new parameters related to these fields are added to that defined in the quasi-static model. The identification of these new parameters is based on the measurements of the volumetric energy density. To validate this formulation, measurements are carried out on grain non-oriented Fe-Si 3% electrical sheets.     

Measurements of X-ray absorption spectra by the prism spectroscopy method

X-ray absorption spectra of a number of samples were measured in the range 5–30 keV by the prism spectrophotometry method. The spectral decomposition was performed using an optically polished diamond prism with an opening angle of 90°. The absorption spectra of liquid bromonaphthalene are presented as an example. An energy resolution of 100–130 eV was achieved in the energy range of ～10 keV, providing the unambiguous identification of elements by jumps in the K photoabsorption.     

基于奇异值分解的运动模糊图像广义逆恢复方法

当线性模型应用于运动模糊模糊图像的恢复时,方程的最小二乘解是恢复图像的最优线性无偏估计。由于图像退化过程的不适定性,当观测值受到噪声干扰时,该解往往会远偏离真值。为了克服这个问题,通过对退化矩阵的奇异值分解,提取其不易受干扰的子空间,用该空间重构的逆矩阵具有良好抑噪能力,使图像在较长的运动模糊尺度内恢复时保持较低的失真。     

Acoustic scattering by a modified Werner method

A modified integral Werner method is used to calculate pressure scattered by an axisymmetric body immersed in a perfect and compressible fluid subject to a harmonic acoustic field. This integral representation is built as the sum of a potential of a simple layer and a potential of volume. It is equivalent to the exterior Helmholtz problem with Neumann boundary condition for all real wave numbers of the incident acoustic field. For elastic structure scattering problems, the modified Werner method is coupled with an elastodynamic integral formulation in order to account for the elastic contribution of the displacement field at the fluid/structure interface. The resulting system of integral equations is solved by the collocation method with a quadratic interpolation. The introduction of a weighting factor in the modified Werner method decreases the number of volume elements necessary for a good convergence of results. This approach becomes very competitive when it is compared with other integral methods that are valid for all wave numbers. A numerical comparison with an experiment on a tungsten carbide end-capped cylinder allows a glimpse of the interesting possibilities for using the coupling of the modified Werner method and the integral elastodynamic equation used in this research.     

Properties of YBCO obtained by modified hydroxycarbonate method

YBCO was synthesized by the co-precipitation of stoichiometric amounts of nitrate solutions of Y, Ba and Cu using a mixture of NaOH, Na₂CO₃and H₂C₂O₄in a molar ratio of 5:1:1 as a precipitation agent. Even after prolonged thermal treatment at 950 °C the samples exhibit a zero-resistance critical temperature of about 87 K. This fact indicates a copper deficiency of about 0.1, more reduced than in the case of hydroxycarbonate co-precipitation. The as-synthesized samples have a high density, reaching 94% of the theoretical density. The SEM analyses show a large grain distribution from microns to tens of microns, favourable for good stacking.     

溶胶凝胶法制备圆柱形大孔二氧化硅反蛋白石结构晶体

利用溶胶凝胶法在不同直径的毛细管表面制备了圆柱形二氧化硅反蛋白石多孔结构.利用扫描电子显微镜表征了其形貌,发现胶体晶体的类(111)面结构整体为圆柱形,平行于毛细管表面.透射光谱结果表明,二氧化硅多孔结构在[111]方向具有典型的光子带隙效应,与布拉格理论相符合,有望应用到光通讯和传感领域.     

A new inverse approach for the equivalent gray radiative property of a non-gray medium using a modified zonal method and the complex-variable-differentiation method

Non-gray radiative properties of an absorbing, emitting, non-gray participating medium significantly increase the difficulty of solving the radiative transfer equation. This paper presents a new inverse approach for the equivalent gray radiative property of a non-gray medium. In this approach, the unknown equivalent gray radiative properties are treated as the optimization variables, and the errors to be minimized are the differences between the calculated temperatures and the measured ones. The measured data are simulated by solving the direct problem, in which a modified zonal method together with the Edwards exponential wide-band model is employed. In the inverse problem, the sensitivity coefficients are first calculated by the complex-variable-differentiation method, and then the least-square method and the Newton-Raphson iterative method are employed to minimize the target function. The effectiveness and efficiency of the inverse problem are demonstrated in an example, and another case is given to show the accuracy and potential of the proposed algorithm. The effects of the measurement error and the number of measurement points on the accuracy of the inverse analysis are also investigated in detail.     

Controlling chaos by a modified straight-line stabilization method

By adjusting external control signal, rather than some available parameters of the system, we modify the straight-line stabilization method for stabilizing an unstable periodic orbit in a neighborhood of an unstable fixed point formulated by Ling Yang et al., and derive a more simple analytical expression of the external control signal adjustment. Our technique solves the problem that the unstable fixed point is independent of the system parameters, for which the original straight-line stabilization method is not suitable. The method is valid for controlling dissipative chaos, Hamiltonian chaos and hyperchaos, and may be most useful for the systems in which it may be difficult to find an accessible system parameter in some cases. The method is robust under the presence of weak external noise. Received 10 January 2001