在RHIC和LHC中光子-核子碰撞产生的大横动量双轻子

研究了RHIC和LHC能区的Au-Au和Pb-Pb周边重离子碰撞中,来自光子-核子相互作用产生的大横动量双轻子。利用微扰QCD 参数化和Weizs?cker-Williams近似计算了双轻子的产率。经过与领头阶和碎裂过程的双轻子产生数值计算结果相比较,光-核碰撞过程产生的大横动量双轻子在RHIC能区是可忽略的。但是在LHC能区,光-核碰撞在大横动量区域是周边重离子碰撞的一个重要的双轻子源。     

On the role of the magnetic dipolar interaction in cold and ultracold collisions: numerical and analytical results for NH(3Σ−) + NH(3Σ−)

We present a detailed analysis of the role of the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in cold and ultracold collisions. We focus on collisions between magnetically trapped NH molecules, but the theory is general for any two paramagnetic species for which the electronic spin and its space-fixed projection are (approximately) good quantum numbers. It is shown that dipolar spin relaxation is directly associated with magnetic-dipole induced avoided crossings that occur between different adiabatic potential curves. For a given collision energy and magnetic field strength, the cross-section contributions from different scattering channels depend strongly on whether or not the corresponding avoided crossings are energetically accessible. We find that the crossings become lower in energy as the magnetic field decreases, so that higher partial-wave scattering becomes increasingly important below a certain magnetic field strength. In addition, we derive analytical cross-section expressions for dipolar spin relaxation based on the Born approximation and distorted-wave Born approximation. The validity regions of these analytical expressions are determined by comparison with the NH + NH cross sections obtained from full coupled-channel calculations. We find that the Born approximation is accurate over a wide range of energies and field strengths, but breaks down at high energies and high magnetic fields. The analytical distorted-wave Born approximation gives more accurate results in the case of s-wave scattering, but shows some significant discrepancies for the higher partial-wave channels. We thus conclude that the Born approximation gives generally more meaningful results than the distorted-wave Born approximation at the collision energies and fields considered in this work.     

Interference effect in electron emission in heavy ion collisions with h2 detected by comparison with the measured electron spectrum from atomic hydrogen

Direct evidence of the interference effect in the electron emission spectra from ionization of molecular hydrogen in collisions with bare C and F ions at relatively low collision energies is presented. Oscillations due to the interference are deduced by comparing the measured double differential cross sections of the electrons emitted from molecular hydrogen to those emitted from atomic hydrogen, rather than using the calculated cross sections for H as in a previous report. We believe these experimental data provide stronger support for the evidence of the interference effect. We show that it is not only a feature of very high energy collisions, but also a feature to be observed in relatively lower energy collisions.     

Cold Reactive Collisions between laser-cooled ions and velocity-selected neutral molecules

We report a new experimental method to study reactive ion-molecule collisions at very low temperatures. A source of laser-cooled ions in a linear Paul trap has been combined with a quadrupole-guide velocity selector to investigate the reaction of Ca+ with CH3F at collision energies E[over](coll)/k(B)> or =1 K with single-particle sensitivity. The technique represents a general approach to study reactive collisions between ions and polar molecules over a wide temperature range down to the cold regime.     

Chiral electric field in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

It has been proposed that electric fields may lead to chiral separation in quark-gluon plasma(QGP).This is called the chiral electric separation effect.The strong electromagnetic field and the QCD vacuum can both be completely produced in off-central nuclear-nuclear collision.We use the Woods-Saxon nucleon distribution to calculate the electric field distributions of off-central collisions.The chiral electric field spatial distribution at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider(RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider(LHC) energy regions are systematically studied in this paper.The dependence of the electric field produced by the thermal quark in the central position with different impact parameters on the proper time with different collision energies in the RHIC and LHC energy regions are studied in this paper.     

Study of equilibrium using collision dynamics

We discuss the possibility of equilibrium (and thermalization) in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies within a transport model. This was achieved by dividing the nuclear matter into different collision zones. We find that those nucleons which experience at least ten collisions are close to complete equilibrium whereas others never achieve any equilibrium.     

How to probe high gluon densities in pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

We present a model for hadron production in the proton fragmentation region in pp collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider which accounts for the first time for effects of very strong small x gluon fields. Average transverse momenta acquired by the valence quarks exceed 1 GeV/c for central collisions and result in the suppression of leading baryon production and an additional energy flow to smaller rapidities. A strong dependence on the impact parameter will allow one to investigate the propagation of leading partons through gluon fields of a strength comparable to the ones encountered in heavy ion collisions at the LHC and in cosmic-ray-air interactions at highest energies.     

Characteristics of particle production in high energy nuclear collisions: A model-based analysis

The present work pertains to the production of some very important negatively charged secondaries in lead-lead and gold-gold collision at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. We would like to examine here the role of the particular version of Sequential Chain Model (SCM), which was applied widely in the past in analysing data on various high-energy hadronic collisions, in explaining now the latest findings on the features of particle production in the relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The agreement between the model of our choice and the measured data is found to be modestly satisfactory in cases of the most prominent and abundantly produced varieties of the secondaries in the above-stated two nuclear collisions.     

Neutrino propagation in a medium with a magnetic field

Data on the mean multiplicity of strange hadrons produced in minimum bias proton-proton and central nucleus-nucleus collisions at momenta between 2.8 and 400 GeV/c per nucleon have been compiled. The multiplicities for nucleon-nucleon interactions were constructed. The ratios of strange particle multiplicity to participant nucleon as well as to pion multiplicity are larger for central nucleus-nucleus collisions than for nucleon-nucleon interactions at all studied energies. The data at AGS energies suggest that the latter ratio saturates with increasing masses of the colliding nuclei. The strangeness to pion multiplicity ratio observed in nucleon-nucleon interactions increases with collision energy in the whole energy range studied. A qualitatively different behaviour is observed for central nucleus-nucleus collisions: the ratio rapidly increases when going from Dubna to AGS energies and changes little between AGS and SPS energies. This change in the behaviour can be related to the increase in the entropy production observed in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the same energy range. The results are interpreted within a statistical approach. They are consistent with the hypothesis that the Quark Gluon Plasma is created at SPS energies, the critical collision energy being between AGS and SPS energies.     

Particle multiplicities in lead-lead collisions at the CERN large hadron collider from nonlinear evolution with running coupling corrections

We present predictions for the pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in central Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. Particle production in such collisions is calculated in the framework of k(t) factorization. The nuclear unintegrated gluon distributions at LHC energies are determined from numerical solutions of the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation including recently calculated running coupling corrections. The initial conditions for the evolution are fixed by fitting Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider data at collision energies square root[sNN]=130 and 200 GeV per nucleon. We obtain dNch(Pb-Pb)/deta(square root[sNN]=5.5 TeV)/eta=0 approximately 1290-1480.     

Universal scaling of kinetic freeze-out parameters across different collision systems at LHC energies

In this study, we perform Tsallis Blast-Wave analysis on the transverse momentum spectra of identified hadrons produced in a wide range of collision systems at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) including pp, pPb, XeXe, and PbPb collisions. The kinetic freeze-out properties varying with event multiplicity are investigated across these systems. We find that the extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, radial flow velocity, and non-extensive parameter exhibit a universal scaling behavior for these systems with very different geometric sizes, especially when the independent baryon Tsallis non-extensive parameter is considered. This universality may indicate the existence of a unified partonic evolution stage in different collision systems at the LHC energies.     

Minijet transverse-energy production in the next-to-leading order in hadron and nuclear collisions

The transverse-energy flow generated by minijets in hadron and nuclear collisions into a given rapidity window in the central region is calculated in the next-to-leading-order (NLO) in QCD at RHIC and LHC energies. The NLO transverse-energy production in pp collision cross sections is larger than that in the leading-order (LO) ones by the factors of and at RHIC and LHC energies, respectively. These results were then used to calculate the transverse-energy spectrum in nuclear collisions in a Glauber geometrical model. We show that accounting for NLO corrections in the elementary pp collisions leads to a substantial broadening of the distribution for the nuclear ones, while its form remains practically unchanged. Received: 11 May 1999 / Published online: 22 October 1999     

Significance of the fragmentation region in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

We present measurements of the pseudorapidity distribution of primary charged particles produced in Au+Au collisions at three energies, sqrt[s(NN)]=19.6, 130, and 200 GeV, for a range of collision centrali-ties. The distribution narrows for more central collisions and excess particles are produced at high pseudorapidity in peripheral collisions. For a given centrality, however, the distributions are found to scale with energy according to the "limiting fragmentation" hypothesis. The universal fragmentation region described by this scaling grows in pseudorapidity with increasing collision energy, extending well away from the beam rapidity and covering more than half of the pseudorapidity range over which particles are produced. This approach to a universal limiting curve appears to be a dominant feature of the pseudorapidity distribution and therefore of the total particle production in these collisions.     

Imaging of s and d partial-wave interference in quantum scattering of identical bosonic atoms

We report on the direct imaging of s and d partial-wave interference in cold collisions of atoms. Two ultracold clouds of 87Rb atoms were accelerated by magnetic fields to collide at energies near a d-wave shape resonance. The resulting halos of scattered particles were imaged using laser absorption. By scanning across the resonance we observed a marked evolution of the scattering patterns due to the energy dependent phase shifts for the interfering s and d waves. Since only two partial-wave states are involved in the collision process the scattering yield and angular distributions have a simple interpretation in terms of a theoretical model.     

Thermalization,Expansion and Radial Flow in HIC

The thermalization,expansion and radial flow are discussed in the processes of intermediate energy heavy ion collisions via BUU model.Our results show that at lower energies,the thermalization is reached for the collision system,but at higher energies the global thermalization is violated and only local equilibrium exists.The expansion process in the heavy ion collision at medium energies is also discussed.     

Centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au+Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting,RQMD and UrQMD models.The behaviors of the shortrange correlation(SRC)and the long-range correlation(LRC)are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns.For centrality dependence.UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT,i.,e., in most central collisions,the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger,which indicates a long range rapidity correlation.A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that patton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations.For energy dependence,AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results.The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures,i.e.aconvex curve.while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show fiat structures,having no position dependence.Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD,which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects,rather than the parton interactions.     

Evolution of the nuclear modification factors with rapidity and centrality in d + Au collisions at (sqrt)[N(S)N]=200 GeV

We report on a study of the transverse momentum dependence of nuclear modification factors R(dAu) for charged hadrons produced in deuteron + gold collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV, as a function of collision centrality and of the pseudorapidity (eta=0, 1, 2.2, 3.2) of the produced hadrons. We find a significant and systematic decrease of R(dAu) with increasing rapidity. The midrapidity enhancement and the forward rapidity suppression are more pronounced in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. These results are relevant to the study of the possible onset of gluon saturation at energies reached at BNL RHIC.     

相对论重离子碰撞手征电荷分离效应的研究

相对论重离子碰撞的拓扑荷作用破坏作用平面两侧不同手征性的夸克数目的平衡,从而引起P和CP破坏特征。本工作主要分析RHIC和LHC能区的手征电荷分离作用,分析手征电荷分离随碰撞中心度、碰撞能量和核屏蔽等依赖关系。并未发现手征电荷分离效应与碰撞能量大小有非常紧密的依赖关系,但发现核屏蔽效应对手征电荷分离有重要的影响,与不考虑屏蔽效应相比,考虑屏蔽效应会使手征分离效应明显压低,由于屏蔽效应出现,使得a₊₊（a_--）的分布与a_+-（a_-+）分布并不对称。并且还发现手征分离效应主要发生在碰撞参量较大的周边碰撞,越接近中心碰撞,手征分离效应几乎可以忽略。The topological charge interactions in relativistic heavy ion collisions cause quark chirality imbalance, resulting in charge separation under the strong magnetic field and local P and CP violation. In this paper, the chiral charge separation at RHIC and LHC energies is systematically analyzed as functions of the collision centrality, the collision energy and the nuclear shielding factor. It is found that there is not a very close dependence of the chiral charge separation effect on the collision energies, but that has an important dependence on nuclear shielding factor. Compared with the non-shielding effect, the shielding effect can reduce the chiral separation effect obviously. Due to the shielding effect, the distribution of a₊₊(a_--) and the distribution of a_+-(a_-+) are asymmetric. One also finds that chiral separation effect, which is almost negligible when more close to the central collision, occurs mainly in the peripheral collision for larger impact parameter.     

Transverse momentum and transverse mass distributions of charged hadrons produced in Au--Au collisions at high energies

The transverse momentum distribution and the transverse mass distribution of charged hadrons produced in nucleus nucleus collisions at high energies are described by using a two-cylinder model. The results calculated by the model are compared and found to be in agreement with the experimental data of the STAR and E895 Collaborations, measured in A~Au collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider （RHIC） and alternating-gradient synchrotron （AGS） energies, respectively. In the energy range concerned, the excitation degree of emission source close to the central axis of cylinders increases obviously with the collision centrality and incident energy increasing, but it does not show any obvious change with the increase of the （pseudo）rapidity in central collisions. The excitation degree of emission source close to the side-surface of cylinders does not show any obvious change with the collision centrality, the （pseudo）rapidity, and the incident energy increasing.     

Quantum analysis of fluctuations of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions

We perform quantum calculations of fluctuations of the electromagnetic fields in AA collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. The analysis is based on the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. We find that in the quantum picture the field fluctuations are very small. They turn out to be much smaller than the predictions of the classical Monte Carlo simulation with the Woods–Saxon nuclear density.