Efficient synthesis of β-amino alcohols by regioselective ring opening of epoxides with amines catalyzed by CuFe2O4 nanoparticles

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols by regioselective ring opening of epoxides with amines in the presence of CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as a heterogeneous recyclable catalyst at room temperature in high yields.     

Nuclephilic ring opening of epoxides promoted by multi-site phase-transfer catalyst:An efficient and eco-friendly route to synthesis of β-hydroxythiocyanate

A highly effective and mild protocol for ring opening of epoxides with NH4SCN in the presence of catalytic amount of a multisite phase-transfer catalyst,α,α′,α″-N-hexakis(triethylammoniummethylene chloride)-melamine,is developed.A variety ofβ-hydroxy thiocyanates as important intermediates in agricultural and pharmaceutical chemistry were obtained in high yields with excellent regioselectivity and in short reaction times.     

AlEt3-promoted eliminative ring-opening of β-hydroxy epoxides: highly stereoselective synthesis of terminal α-hydroxy olefins

AlEt₃-promoted eliminative ring-opening of β-epoxy alcohols leading to α-hydroxy olefins is reported. This eliminative ring-opening reaction is shown to be highly stereoselective, thus providing an alternative asymmetric synthesis for α-hydroxy olefins.     

Efficient one-pot synthesis of β-hydroxyphosphonates: regioselective nucleophilic ring opening reaction of epoxides with triethyl phosphite catalyzed by Al(OTf)3

A variety of β-hydroxyphosphonates were produced in high yields by ring opening reaction of different types of epoxides with di/trialkyl phosphite esters catalyzed by Al(OTf)₃. The reactions proceeded with complete chemo- and regioselectivity to give the title compounds. This method is new, simple and efficient for the one-pot synthesis of β-hydroxyphosphonates via direct C-P bond formation.     

Synthesis of β-amino alcohols by ring opening of epoxides with amines catalyzed by cyanuric chloride under mild and solvent-free conditions

Abstract

The 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine catalyzed synthesis of β-amino alcohols by aminolysis of epoxide under solvent-free condition is described. Mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, inexpensive and readily available catalysts, and excellent yields of the products with high regioselectivity are attractive features of this methodology.     

Hydrotrope promoted in situ azidonation followed by copper catalyzed regioselective synthesis of β-hydroxytriazoles

Research on Chemical Intermediates - The rapid method for the synthesis of organic azides was achieved by employing azide acceptors such as halides, epoxides and pseudohalides like diazonium salts...     

Na/THF- Mediated cleavage of organic disulfides/diselenides. An efficient and one-pot regioselective method to the synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides/selenides

A new, facile, and efficient methodology for synthesizing β-hydroxy sulfides/selenides has been reported. In this study, 1,2-epoxide ring opening was used as the synthetic protocol, and this reaction was examined using metallic sodium with no additional catalyst. This lead to the synthesis of the desired ring-opened products. Relatively short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, a simple work-up, moderate to good yields of products, and remarkable regioselectivity of the nucleophilic attack were other important features of this study.     

Environmentally benign synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides using cyclic carbonates catalyzed by large-pore zeolites

Abstract

An efficient one-pot synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides from thiophenol and cyclic carbonates catalyzed by large-pore zeolites has been reported. Reaction of thiophenol with ethylene carbonate in the presence of the Na-X zeolite catalyst gave the highest yield of 2-(phenylthio)ethanol (100%), while reaction with propylene carbonate a highest yield of regioselective product 1-(phenylthio)propan-2-ol was obtained (97%). Enantiomerically pure 1,2-propylene carbonate gave highly regioselective and stereospecific phenylthiopropanol, demonstrating that original chirality of propylene carbonate is retained. A plausible mechanism has been proposed for zeolite-catalyzed transformation involving a chemoselective nucleophilic attack of thiophenoloxide ion onto the less-substituted carbon of cyclic carbonate. The Na-X zeolite catalyst is recyclable and provides advantages of green chemistry approach to the synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides without the use of any solvent.     

Regioselective ring opening of epoxides using NH4SCN/silica sulfuric acid： An efficient approach for the synthesis of β-hydroxy thiocyanate under solvent-free conditions

Silica sulfuric acid was developed as a stable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis. This solid acid catalyzed the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by thiocyanate anion to give thiocyanohydrins as key intermediates in agricultural and pharmaceutical chemistry in high yields under solvent-free conditions.     

Iodine-catalysed regioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides

A metal-free, and environment benign iodine-catalysed protocol has been developed for the regioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides in good to excellent yields from easily accessible styrenes and thiophenols. The reaction involves single step CS and CO bonds construction.     

Lewis acid mediated highly regioselective intramolecular cyclization for the synthesis of β-lapachone

A highly regioselective intramolecular cyclization of lapachol mediated by Lewis acids including NbCl₅, AlCl₃, and FeCl₃ was developed for synthesizing β-lapachone in excellent yields without any formation of the isomer α-lapachone. This procedure was efficient, mild, and easily scalable that avoided using highly hazardous concd H₂SO₄. In the case of ZrCl₄ the cyclization was found to give α-lapachone as the main product. A possible mechanism for the Lewis acid mediated cyclization was also discussed.     

Regioselective ring opening of β-phenylglycidate and aziridine-2-carboxylates with N-alkylhydroxylamines: synthesis of isoxazolidinones

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy or 4-alkylamino isoxazolidin-3-ones and 4-hydroxy isoxazolidin-5-ones is described. The synthesis involved the ring opening of ethyl β-arylglycidates or ethyl N-alkylaziridine-2-carboxylates by free N-alkylhydroxylamines or hydroxylamine anions, followed by cyclization to give the title isoxazolidinones in moderate to good yields.     

Synthesis of β-chloro-α-aminophosphonate derivatives via the regioselective ring opening of unactivated aziridine-2-phosphonates

Abstract

A series of unactivated racemic and chiral aziridine-2-phosphonates were synthesized by modified Gabriel-Cromwell reaction. Ring opening reaction of the synthesized phosphonates by gaseous HCl provided access to a wide range of biologically interesting novel β-chloro-α-aminophosphonates. All reactions toward each of the above-mentioned products can be conducted regioselectively in high yields.     

Tetraselenotungstate: an efficient selenating reagent for the synthesis of β-amino diselenides by aziridine ring opening reactions

Tetraselenotungstate 1 has been shown to be a versatile selenating reagent and has been used successfully for the regio- and stereospecific ring opening of aziridines to afford a number of interesting β-amino diselenides in good yields in a single step under mild reaction conditions without using any Lewis acid.     

An alkaloid-mediated desymmetrization of meso-anhydrides via a nucleophilic ring opening with benzyl alcohol and its application in the synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched β-amino acids

The cinchona alkaloid-mediated opening of prochiral cyclic anhydrides in the presence of benzyl alcohol leading to optically active hemiesters is described. Structurally diverse anhydrides are converted into their corresponding benzyl monoesters with either enantiomer being obtained with up to 99% e.e. by using quinine or quinidine as the directing additive. A simple aqueous work-up protocol permits the isolation of the products in analytically pure form and the recovery of the alkaloids almost quantitatively. These hemiesters can be converted to N-protected β-amino esters by means of Curtius degradation of the corresponding acyl azides. Subsequent cleavage of both protecting groups by a single reaction step leads to the free β-amino acids in excellent yields. The efficiency of this procedure is demonstrated by the short asymmetric synthesis of the fungicide cis-pentacin delivering the amino acid with >99.7% enantiomeric excess.     

Diastereoselective ring opening of limonene oxide with water catalysed by β-ketophosphonate complexes of molybdenum(VI)

In the presence of catalytic quantities of [MoO₂Cl₂L] (L=β-ketophosphonate derived from camphor), water initiates the selective ring opening of cis (+) or (−)-limonene oxide to give the trans-diaxial diol. The trans isomer of the limonene oxide remains almost completely unreacted, thus providing a method for the kinetic separation of the trans diastereomer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies of the interaction of the epoxide with the molybdenum complex show that the metal coordinates to the epoxide oxygen atom and that the diastereo-discriminating step is attack of MoO onto the tertiary carbocation formed by cleavage of a C–O bond in the epoxide.     

Synthesis of β,β′-diamino acids from α-amino acid-derived β-lactams by ring opening with nucleophiles. Utilization in the synthesis of peptidomimetics

Ring opening of protected 3-aminoalkyl-substituted azetidin-2-ones with O-, N- or S-nucleophiles led to β,β′-diaminocarboxylic esters, amides and thioesters, respectively. The reaction outcome is improved by the addition of catalytic amounts of sodium azide. Utilization of a glycine derivative with unprotected amino function as nucleophile was possible. When bulkier amino acid esters were used, the intermediate acid azide underwent a Curtius rearrangement. The isocynates formed were trapped as the corresponding urea derivatives. Reduction of β-lactam's amide moiety led to diaminoalcohols.     

Facile synthesis of an organic–inorganic nanocomposite,PEG–silica,by sol–gel method; its characterization and application as an efficient catalyst in regioselective nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides: Preparation of β-azido alcohols and β-cyanohydrins

The sol–gel method was used for the synthesis of a PEG–silica hybrid. In order to introduce PEG into the cavities of silica gel, first, the bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-polyethylene glycol precursor was synthesized by the reaction of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane with alkoxides formed on the PEG terminals. The organic–inorganic hybrid silica was then synthesized by hydrolysis and polycondensation of the precursor under mild acidic conditions. The characteristics results of FT–IR, XRD and TGA confirmed the coexistence of silica and PEG networks. The catalytic ability of this heterogeneous catalyst to the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by azide and cyanide anions in H₂O was also investigated.     

Humicola lanuginosa lipase-catalyzed enantioselective resolution of β-hydroxy sulfides: versatile synthons for enantiopure β-hydroxy sulfoxides

Humicola lanuginosa lipase-catalyzed acylation of β-hydroxy sulfides provides both the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers in high enantiomeric purity. In two cases the resolved hydroxy sulfides were oxidized to give β-hydroxy sulfoxides in >99% e.e. The effect of substituents on enantioselectivity is discussed.