基于时域约束的卷帘曝光星敏感器星点校正方法

针对卷帘曝光模式星敏感器动态星点成像形状畸变和成像位置误差导致的导航星点定位精度降低、测姿误差增大的问题,提出了一种基于时域约束的导航星点校正方法.基于卷帘曝光的时间异步性特点,结合基于卡尔曼滤波的导航星点位置和帧间速度最优估计,将时域中不同时刻的导航星点校正到相同时刻,从而有效地解决星点畸变与位置偏移问题.展开了不同...     

线阵CCD用于实时动态测量技术研究

本文研究的是在连续光条件下线阵ＣＣＤ实时动态测量技术,除了考虑ＣＣＤ像元响应非均匀性、非线性等影响因素外,还应认真考虑采样频率、测量精度、动态范围、快速电路等问题。本文还详细讨论了测量精度和动态范围问题,推导了测量精度公式与动态范围公式。为了减小测量误差和提高被测信号的频率,必须相应减小积分时间。精度公式是进行线阵ＣＣＤ电路设计的基本依据公式。动态范围与频率无关,只与结构参数有关,为了充分利用ＣＣＤ的动态范围,激光功率要可调。     

Image improvement based on sub-pixel post-integration for a staring imaging system in geostationary orbit

This paper proposes the post-integration technology based on sub-pixel image registration and image fusion to improve the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of remote sensing images without motion degradation caused by satellite vibration. A two-dimensional vibration system is set up to simulate satellite disturbance. Image sequences with different exposure times are captured using a high-speed CMOS camera. The displacement plots are compared with the motion data measured by the grating linear encoder. These plots indicate that the accuracy of the registration algorithm is better than 0.1 pixels. The sub-pixel image fusion shows an improvement in image quality, thus indicating that this technology is powerful for staring imaging systems in geostationary orbit.     

基于数字微镜器件的自适应高动态范围成像方法及应用

在结构光三维扫描测量中,强反射表面因编码结构光照射后易产生局部镜面反射的特性,引起相机曝光饱和,淹没了所要检测的表面几何特征信息.为解决强反射表面的视觉成像难题,基于数字微镜器件(digital micromirror device,DMD)具有调制入射光线空间信息的特性,本文提出一种基于DMD的自适应高动态范围成像方法.设计与搭建了一套新型可编程的计算成像系统,建立其光学系统模型,并实现了DMD微镜与CMOS像素的匹配与映射;分析了基于逐像素编码曝光的高动态范围成像原理,并设计了基于DMD的光强编码控制算法,实现对入射光线强度的自适应精确调制,从而使进入成像系统中的入射光强始终处于相机的合适曝光强度内.实验表明:该方法突破了普通数字相机的动态范围限制,能够精确地控制被测强反射表面各个区域的入射光线强弱,并实现了对强反射表面的局部过曝光区域的清晰成像.该研究成果将为从根源上解决强反射表面因局部过曝光造成的三维点云缺失问题提供重要的解决方案.     

基于相位差混合处理方法的高分辨力成像技术

为了提高成像系统的分辨能力, 并尽量减小系统的复杂度, 本文将相位差波前探测技术和相位差图像恢复技术结合起来构成相位差混合处理方法, 给出了点目标和扩展目标情况下混合处理方法的数值仿真结果, 并针对点目标情况进行了实验验证. 实验表明, 在像差较大的情况下, 直接用事后处理方法无法得到满意的结果. 在三种湍流强度下, 经混合方法处理后得到光斑的半高宽分别由自适应光学系统校正后的5.1, 5.1和5.0个像素减小到3.3, 3.2和3.0个像素. 可以看出, 利用相位差混合处理方法得到的图像明显优于单独的事后图像处理方法和自适应光学校正, 相位差混合处理方法在高分辨力成像领域有着巨大的应用潜力.     

Endoscopic optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror

An endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) system based on a microelectromechanical mirror to facilitate lateral light scanning is described. The front-view OCT scope, adapted to the instrument channel of a commercial endoscopic sheath, allows real-time cross-sectional imaging of living biological tissue via direct endoscopic visual guidance. The transverse and axial resolutions of the OCT scope are roughly 20 and 10.2mum, respectively. Cross-sectional images of 500x1000 pixels covering an area of 2.9 mmx2.8 mm can be acquired at ~5 frames/s and with nearly 100-dB dynamic range. Applications in thickness measurement and bladder tissue imaging are demonstrated.     

Real-time phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography by use of optical Hilbert transformation

We have developed a novel real-time phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography system that uses optical Hilbert transformation. When we use a resonant scanner in the reference arm of the interferometer, with an axial scanning speed of 4 kHz, the frame rate of both structural and Doppler blood-flow imaging with a size of 100 by 100 pixels is 10 Hz. The system has high sensitivity and a larger dynamic range for measuring the Doppler frequency shift that is due to moving red blood cells. Real-time images of in vivo blood flow in human skin obtained with this interferometer are presented.     

Non-iterative spot center location algorithm based on Gaussian for fish-eye imaging laser warning system

The directional accuracy of threaten laser is highly dependent on the laser spot center location accuracy for the laser warning system. On the basis of analyzing the spot features on wide field of view (FOV) fish-eye imaging laser warning system, a refinement of existing methodology based on fitting a 2D Gaussian distribution for estimating the center of the spot is developed. The proposed procedure is using a linear least squares based algorithm to determine the best-fitting parameters of the Gaussian. However, in contrast to the standard Gaussian Fitting procedure, this new scheme gives rise to equations that are rigorously linear in the transformed unknown parameters which can be solved easily by linear least squares estimators. To validate the accuracy of the proposed algorithms, experimental approaches with a type of laser warning detector and simulated threaten laser in laboratory are used to quantify its performance. The experimental results show that this method outperforms significantly the commonly used location technique. It is less susceptible to the non-100% fill ratio of CMOS and large unsymmetrical optical aberration of fish-eye lens. The positioning precision in paraxial region and 80° incident angle region are 1/60 pixels, 1/30 pixels respectively. The biggest error is less than 1/20 pixels. The proposed method is suitable for wide FOV laser warning system for high accuracy and low computational complexity.     

Adaptive cross-correlation algorithm for extended scene Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing

We present an adaptive cross-correlation algorithm for a large dynamic range extended-scene Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We show that it accurately measures very fine image shifts over many pixels under a variety of practical imaging conditions.     

Linear optical coherence tomography system with extended measurement range

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) sensors traditionally use scanning optical delay lines with moving parts and a single detector. OCT systems with a linear detector array (linear OCT or L-OCT) are simple and robust, but a detector with approximately 10,000 pixels is needed for an imaging depth of 2mm, which is necessary for most biomedical applications. We present a new optical setup for L-OCT with an increased measurement range. An additional grating performs a reduction of the spatial frequencies of the fringe pattern on the detector without loss in the signal-to-noise ratio, so the signal can be sampled with a minimal number of pixels. The theory for this approach is addressed and the first measurements are presented.     

基于局部线性变换的色阶映射算法

为了提高高动态图像显示的视觉效果,提出了一种基于局部线性变换的色阶映射算法。针对图像直接线性压缩能力较差的缺点,本文提出一种局部的线性变换模型。由于局部窗的结构,是利用局部窗的中心像素点与窗内的其他像素点的均值,方差的关系构造而成,因此基于局部线性变换的色阶映射算法能够抑制由具有高对比度的图像边缘所引起的鬼影和光晕现象。首先,根据线性变换将图像的色阶映射转换为求解泛函的最优解;其次,通过推导求解出线性变换的参数并将泛函最优化问题转换为求解一个线性方程组问题;最后求解线性方程组,得出视觉效果较好的低动态范围图像。有效避免传统色阶映射出现的光晕和亮度不连续的现象,能够更多的保留高动态图像的细节。最后通过实验结果对比分析,通过信息熵和对比度两个参数可以体现文中算法较好。     

Single-photon imaging at 20,000 frames/s

A complete two-dimensional imaging system based on a silicon monolithic array of 60 single-photon counters is presented. The fabricated solid-state array is rugged and operates at low voltages. Detection efficiency is higher than 40% in the visible range, and cross talk among 50 microm pixels is lower than 10(-4). The complete system provides a maximum throughput of 20 kframes/s with truly parallel readout and nanosecond gating, thanks to the use of an integrated active quenching circuit for each pixel of the array. We report optical and electrical characterizations of the whole imaging system.     

Dynamic deformation image de-blurring and image processing for digital imaging correlation measurement

This paper proposes a method for de-blurring of images captured in the dynamic deformation of materials. De-blurring is achieved based on the dynamic-based approach, which is used to estimate the Point Spread Function (PSF) during the camera exposure window. The deconvolution process involving iterative matrix calculations of pixels, is then performed on the GPU to decrease the time cost. Compared to the Gauss method and the Lucy–Richardson method, it has the best result of the image restoration. The proposed method has been evaluated by using the Hopkinson bar loading system. In comparison to the blurry image, the proposed method has successfully restored the image. It is also demonstrated from image processing applications that the de-blurring method can improve the accuracy and the stability of the digital imaging correlation measurement.     

CMOS detector arrays in a virtual 10-kilopixel camera for coherent terahertz real-time imaging

We demonstrate the principle applicability of antenna-coupled complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistor arrays as cameras for real-time coherent imaging at 591.4 GHz. By scanning a few detectors across the image plane, we synthesize a focal-plane array of 100×100 pixels with an active area of 20×20 mm2, which is applied to imaging in transmission and reflection geometries. Individual detector pixels exhibit a voltage conversion loss of 24 dB and a noise figure of 41 dB for 16 μW of the local oscillator (LO) drive. For object illumination, we use a radio-frequency (RF) source with 432 μW at 590 GHz. Coherent detection is realized by quasioptical superposition of the image and the LO beam with 247 μW. At an effective frame rate of 17 Hz, we achieve a maximum dynamic range of 30 dB in the center of the image and more than 20 dB within a disk of 18 mm diameter. The system has been used for surface reconstruction resolving a height difference in the μm range.     

Polarimetric laser radar target classification

Imaging laser radar (ladar) systems have been developed for automatic target identification in surveillance systems. Ladar uses the range value at the target pixels to estimate the target's 3-D shape and identify the target. For targets in clutter and partially hidden targets, there are ambiguities in determining which pixels are on target that lead to uncertainties in determining the target's 3-D shape. An improvement is to use the polarization components of the reflected light. We describe the operation and preliminary evaluation of a polarization diverse imaging ladar system. Using a combination of intensity, range, and degree of polarization, we are better able to identify and distinguish the target from other objects of the same class.     

非制冷红外焦平面无效像元识别与实时补偿

非制冷红外焦平面阵列(UFPA)不可避免地存在无效像元, 这对UFPA的成像效果造成了极坏的影响。为解决这一问题, 在分析并总结各种非制冷红外焦平面无效像元识别算法优缺点的基础上, 提出一种新的无效像元识别与实时补偿方法。根据像元响应特性, 采用循环迭代法以搜索最优的无效像元判别阈值, 并据此标识出无效像元的位置。在硬件实现阶段, 对于M×N的UFPA器件, 在任意采样时刻, 利用移位寄存器保存当前采样点之前的M个响应值, 使其输出可实时更新为与采样点同列的上一个数据; 同时, 利用一般的寄存器实时保存与采样点同行的前一个数据, 采用同帧行列间内插法实现无效像元的实时补偿。该算法有效地解决了无效像元识别阈值选取困难及不易实时补偿的问题。针对320×240的UFPA器件, 该算法在基于FPGA的红外图像处理系统上得以实时实现, 成功地消除了无效像元对UFPA成像效果的影响。     

利用DMD获取高动态范围图像技术

高动态范围的图像可用于同时探测具有较大对比度的亮暗目标,利用数字微镜(DMD)获取高动态范围图像是目前最为先进的一种技术。本文在分析DMD工作原理的基础上,设计了一种像素级的高动态范围图像获取系统,该系统由光学系统、机械系统、DMD像素级调光算法及成像单元组成。光学系统采用二次成像光路,其中第一次成像物镜采用像方远心光路,第二次成像的转置镜头采用放大倍率近似1: 1的准对称结构,机械系统采用光学元件的包边设计和定心车工艺,达到秒级的光学装配精度;DMD像素级调光算法采用搜索单个微镜像素在图像帧周期间的控制权值实现,成像单元可同时兼顾科学级12 bit sCMOS和8 bit CCD,设计完成的原理样机验证了系统设计的正确性,其获取的图像动态范围可达140 dB以上,远高于传统摄像机78 dB的动态范围。     

场景自适应的红外焦平面成像动态范围调整技术

针对红外焦平面对辐射强度较大的目标输出动态范围不足的问题,提出了一种场景自适应的红外焦平面成像动态范围调整技术。包括3个方面的内容:从图像中提取目标灰度特征,获取动态范围自适应依据;结合最小均方自适应滤波算法,对调整依据进行滤波预测后给出调节值;把灰度调节值转换成电平值,利用电平值设置红外焦平面偏置电压完成焦平面成像动态范围自适应。最后,对整体方案进行了实验验证。通过在红外焦平面成像系统中实验证明了基于场景成像动态范围自适应方法的可行性,并获得了很好的效果,成像质量有明显提高。     

高动态范围X射线成像检测方法

传统X射线数字成像方法通常固定X光机参数,但是受工件结构及材料衰减系数和光电器件物理动态范围的制约,当同一场景中透射X射线通量的最大值和最小值超出成像器件动态范围时,会出现通量大的区域高于成像器件的电荷容纳能力而达到饱和状态,当通量低的区域产生的光电荷低于设备热噪声水平时,该区域信息将淹没在噪声中而无法正常成像。为有效解决传统X射线数字成像技术在获取宽动态范围透射X光通量内容时的局限性,提出一种管电压递变高动态成像方法。首先分析了光电探测器电荷容量对有效透照厚度范围的影响;结合标准样块试验及相关数据分析,得到任意厚度特定材质试块达到最佳灵敏度时对应的透照X光管电压范围的关系函数,在此基础上提出管电压递变控制策略和有效子图提取方法。最终对0～20 mm厚度范围工件进行管电压递变高动态成像,结果表明：管电压递变高动态成像能够有效地实现透照厚度差异大的工件的高动态范围成像,最终融合结果能够保留较宽范围厚度上的细节信息。     

Restoration of TDI camera images with motion distortion and blur

Platform movement during exposure of imaging system severely degrades image quality. In the case of Time delay and integration (TDI) camera, abnormal movements cause not only image blur but also distortion, for image Point Spread Function (PSF) is space-variant. In this paper, we present a motion degradation model of TDI image, and provide a method to restore such degraded image. While a TDI camera is imaging, it outputs images row by row (or line by line) along the scanning axis, and our method processes in the same track. We firstly calculate the space-invariant PSF of each row using the movement information of the TDI camera. Then, we substitute pixels of the row and the ones of their neighbor rows together with the PSF into standard Richardson–Lucy algorithm. By deconvoluting we get the restored pixels of the row. The same operations are executed for all rows of the degraded TDI image. Finally, a restored image can be reconstructed from those restored rows. Both simulated and experimental results prove the effectiveness of our method.