中厚板统计分析的随机边界元法

本文建立了分析含随机材料参数并具厚度不均匀性的中厚板问题的随机边界元法,基于Taylor级数展开技术,分析和到广义位移的均值和一阶偏差的积分方程,其中将材料参数的随机性和厚度的不均匀性作为等效荷载处理,从而得到广义边界位移或面力的均值和协方差,并进一步求出部点广义位移和内力的均值和协方差,最后用本文方法计算了两个数例,并对所得结果进行了分析,探讨。     

薄板统计分析的随机边界元法

本文建立了分析含随机材料参数的薄板弯曲问题的随机边界元法。基于Ｔａｙｌｏｒ级数展开技术，分别得到了位移的均值和一阶偏差的边界积分方程，发现材料参数的随机性可作为一个等效的随机荷载处理，从而得到边界位移或边界力的均值和协方差，并进一步求出内点位移和力矩的均值和协方差，最后用本文方法计算了两个算例，并对结果进行了必要的分析。     

Stochastic boundary element method in elasticity

The stochastic boundary element method is developed to analyze elasticity problems with random material and/or geometrical parameters and randomly perturbed boundaries. Based on the first-order Taylor series expansion, the boundary integration equations concerning the mean and deviation of the displacements are derived, respectively. It is found that the randomness of material parameters is equivalent to a random body force, so the mean and covariance matrices of unknown boundary displacements and tractions can be obtained. Furthermore, the mean and covariance of displacements and stresses at inner points can also be obtained. Numerical examples show that the proposed stochastic boundary element method gives satisfactory solutions, as compared with those obtained by theoretical analysis or other numerical methods. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the State Education Commission Foundation of China     

概率断裂分析的随机边界元法

应用随机边界元法分析材料弹性常数的随机性和裂纹面随机性对应力强度因子的影响。文中首先简介了随机边界元法，给出了具有随机材料或几何参数的弹性体的边界位移或面力的协方差，进而给出了材料参数和裂纹面随机时应力强度因子均值和方差的计算公式。算例中详细讨论了杨氏模量、泊松比及裂纹面的随机性对应力强度因子的影响。     

A novel 2-D six-parameter power-law distribution for free vibration and vibrational displacements of two-dimensional functionally graded fiber-reinforced curved panels

As a first endeavor, the three-dimensional free vibration and vibrational displacements characteristics of two-dimensional functionally graded fiber-reinforced (2-D FGFR) curved panels with different boundary conditions are presented. This paper presents a novel 2-D six-parameter power-law distribution for fiber volume fractions of 2-D FGFR that gives designers a powerful tool for design flexible of structures under multi-functional requirements. Various material profiles in two radial and axial directions can be illustrated using the six-parameter power-law distribution. The study is carried out based on the three-dimensional, linear and small strain elasticity theory. In this work, orthotropic panel is assumed to be simply supported at one pair of opposite edges and arbitrary boundary conditions at the other edges such that trigonometric functions expansion can be used to satisfy the boundary conditions precisely at simply supported edges. The 2-D generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) as an efficient and accurate numerical tool is used to discretize the governing equations and to implement the boundary conditions. The convergence of the method is demonstrated and to validate the results, comparisons are made with the available solutions for FGM curved panels. Results indicate by using the 2-D six-parameter power-law distribution, it is possible to study the influence of different kinds of two-directional material profiles including symmetric and classic on the natural frequencies and modal displacements of a 2-D FGFR panel. Furthermore, maximum amplitude and uniformity of modal displacements distributions can be modified to a required manner by selecting suitable different parameters of 2-D power-law distribution and several various volume fractions profiles in two directions.     

Generalized expressions for boundary conditions of shells of revolution

For the boundary conditions of shells of revolution, traditionally, four out of the eight quantities which are the four displacements on the middle surface u, v, w and if together with the four corresponding forces, are given. when the generalized displacements on the nodal circles are used as basic unknowns, the number of unknowns on a nodal circle is more than four^[1][2][3][4]. In this case, how to deal with the boundary conditions is still a problem that has not been solved satisfactorily yet. In this paper,the relations between the generalized and nongeneralized quantities of a shell’s edge are derived according to the principle of virtual work. Seven types of common edges are studied and their expressions of boundary conditions in the form of generalized displacements or forces are qiven. The number of expressions for each type of edge may correspond with the number of unknowns used on a nodal circle. Kith these expressions, boundary conditions can be put directly into equations of motion of generalized displacement method so as to solve the generalized displacements. By so doing, the process of transformation and inverse transformation about unknowns in [2] is avoided. Not only is the argument simple and clear, but the calculation work is reduced.Having the set of generalized expressions of boundary conditions, the generalized displacement method of the shell of revolution may be more perfect in theory.     

随机边界元法在薄板可靠性分析中的应用

本文利用Taylor级数展开，将结构的材料随机性化为一个等效随机外载荷来处理，从而利用相应同一结构确定性问题的基本解，分别建立关于响应的均值和偏差的边界积分方程；结合一阶二次矩法，应用随机边界元法分析了材料弹性常数的随机性和薄板厚度不均匀性对薄板结构可靠性的影响，对计算结果分析看出；（1）对于同一种单元划分和同一相关长度，可靠性指数保持了对具体相关模式的少敏感性；（2）对于同一种单元划分和同一相关模式，可靠性指数随相关长度的增大而减小。     

Modelling of solute transport in a mild heterogeneous porous medium using stochastic finite element method: Effects of random source conditions

Randomness in the source condition other than the heterogeneity in the system parameters can also be a major source of uncertainty in the concentration field. Hence, a more general form of the problem formulation is necessary to consider randomness in both source condition and system parameters. When the source varies with time, the unsteady problem, can be solved using the unit response function. In the case of random system parameters, the response function becomes a random function and depends on the randomness in the system parameters. In the present study, the source is modelled as a random discrete process with either a fixed interval or a random interval (the Poisson process). In this study, an attempt is made to assess the relative effects of various types of source uncertainties on the probabilistic behaviour of the concentration in a porous medium while the system parameters are also modelled as random fields. Analytical expressions of mean and covariance of concentration due to random discrete source are derived in terms of mean and covariance of unit response function. The probabilistic behaviour of the random response function is obtained by using a perturbation‐based stochastic finite element method (SFEM), which performs well for mild heterogeneity. The proposed method is applied for analysing both the 1‐D as well as the 3‐D solute transport problems. The results obtained with SFEM are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation for 1‐D problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹性、热弹性物性值反问题的边界元分析

本文采用边界元法和卡尔曼滤波,对弹性、热弹性问题物性值进行反分析,由有限个观测点的位移值,同时反算出材料的拉压弹性模量Ε、泊桑比ν和线膨胀系数α。     

Stochastic finite element method based on local averages of random fields

The stochastic finite element method (SFEM) based on the local, averages of random fields, which was proposed in [5], is now generalized to analyze the structures with several correlated random parameters. The covariance matrix of the local averages of a random vector field is derived. The SFEM based on the local averages of random vector fields is formulated. The numerical examples show that the generalized SFEM preserves the advantages of the original one, i. e., rapid convergence, good accuracy and insensitivity to the correlation structures of random parameters.Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Generalized variational principle on nonlinear theory of naturally curved and twisted closed thin-walled composite beams

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Estimation of boundary values and identification of boundary type for numerical models of aquifer flow

Inverse methods which focus on aquifer properties implicitly assume that boundary conditions are known with certainty and can therefore lead to biased results. An inverse procedure is described which allows the simultaneous estimation of not only spatially varying aquifer storage coefficients and transmissivities, but also model parameters which represent both boundary type and boundary values. The weighted least-squares procedure is based on either Bayesian or maximum likelihood arguments and requires both measurements of transient piezometric heads and prior information on all model parameters. Prior estimates and their covariance can be nonconditioned (e.g. a stationary mean and covariance structure) or conditioned on direct measurements (e.g. a kriged transmissivity field with its estimation covariance). Hypothetical examples are presented using an unsteady finite element model. In some cases, with weak prior information on the boundary type, it is possible to distinguish between prescribed head, prescribed flux and mixed boundaries. Simultaneous estimates of aquifer properties and boundary values are always possible, although their accuracy depends on the relative magnitudes of model sensitivities and prior information.     

Computing elastic moduli on 3-D X-ray computed tomography image stacks

A numerical task of current interest is to compute the effective elastic properties of a random composite material by operating on a 3D digital image of its microstructure obtained via X-ray computed tomography (CT). The 3-D image is usually sub-sampled since an X-ray CT image is typically of order 1000³ voxels or larger, which is considered to be a very large finite element problem. Two main questions for the validity of any such study are then: can the sub-sample size be made sufficiently large to capture enough of the important details of the random microstructure so that the computed moduli can be thought of as accurate, and what boundary conditions should be chosen for these sub-samples? This paper contributes to the answer of both questions by studying a simulated X-ray CT cylindrical microstructure with three phases, cut from a random model system with known elastic properties. A new hybrid numerical method is introduced, which makes use of finite element solutions coupled with exact solutions for elastic moduli of square arrays of parallel cylindrical fibers. The new method allows, in principle, all of the microstructural data to be used when the X-ray CT image is in the form of a cylinder, which is often the case. Appendix A describes a similar algorithm for spherical sub-samples, which may be of use when examining the mechanical properties of particles. Cubic sub-samples are also taken from this simulated X-ray CT structure to investigate the effect of two different kinds of boundary conditions: forced periodic and fixed displacements. It is found that using forced periodic displacements on the non-geometrically periodic cubic sub-samples always gave more accurate results than using fixed displacements, although with about the same precision. The larger the cubic sub-sample, the more accurate and precise was the elastic computation, and using the complete cylindrical sample with the new method gave still more accurate and precise results. Fortran 90 programs for the analytical solutions are made available on-line, along with the parallel finite element codes used.     

Stochastic finite element analysis of non-linear plane trusses

—This study considers the responses of geometrically and materially non-linear plane trusses under random excitations. The stress-strain law in the inelastic range is based on an explicit differential equation model. After a total Lagrangian finite element discretization, the nodal displacements satisfy a system of stochastic non-linear ordinary differential equations with right-hand-sides given by random functions of time. The exact solution of the above stochastic differential equation is generally difficult to obtain. To seek an approximate solution with good accuracy and reasonable computational effort, the stochastic linearization method is used to find the first and second statistical moments (i.e. the mean vector and the one-time covariance matrix) of the nodal displacements. Results of simple structures under Gaussian white-noise excitation indicate that the proposed method has good accuracy (generally underestimates the r.m.s. stationary response by 5–14%) and requires only a small fraction of the computation time of the time-history Monte-Carlo method.     

Dynamic fracture behavior of functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic solids by BIEM

Dynamic anti-plane fracture problem of an exponentially graded linear magnetoelectroelastic plane with a finite impermeable crack subjected to time-harmonic SH-waves is solved. Directions of wave propagation and material inhomogeneity are chosen in an arbitrary way. The fundamental solution for the coupled system of partial differential equations with variable coefficients is derived in a closed form by the hybrid usage of both an appropriate algebraic transformation for the displacement vector and the Radon transform. The formulated boundary-value problem is solved by a nonhypersingular traction boundary integral equation method (BIEM). The collocation method and parabolic approximation for the unknown generalized crack opening displacements are used for the numerical solution of the posed problem. Quarter point elements placed next to the crack-tips ensure properly modeling the singular behavior of the field variables around the crack tip. Fracture parameters as stress intensity factor, electric field intensity factor and magnetic field intensity factor are computed. Intensive simulations reveal the sensitivity of the generalized intensity factors (GIF) at the crack-tips to the material inhomogeneity, characteristics of the incident wave, coupling effects, wave-material and wave-crack interaction phenomena.     

Static analysis of anisotropic functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic beams subjected to arbitrary loading

This paper considers the analytical and semi-analytical solutions for anisotropic functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic beams subjected to an arbitrary load, which can be expanded in terms of sinusoidal series. For the generalized plane stress problem, the stress function, electric displacement function and magnetic induction function are assumed to consist of two parts, respectively. One is a product of a trigonometric function of the longitudinal coordinate (x) and an undetermined function of the thickness coordinate (z), and the other a linear polynomial of x with unknown coefficients depending on z. The governing equations satisfied by these z-dependent functions are derived. The analytical expressions of stresses, electric displacements, magnetic induction, axial force, bending moment, shear force, average electric displacement, average magnetic induction, displacements, electric potential and magnetic potential are then deduced, with integral constants determinable from the boundary conditions. The analytical solution is derived for beam with material coefficients varying exponentially along the thickness, while the semi-analytical solution is sought by making use of the sub-layer approximation for beam with an arbitrary variation of material parameters along the thickness. The present analysis is applicable to beams with various boundary conditions at the two ends. Two numerical examples are presented for validation of the theory and illustration of the effects of certain parameters.     

一种精确结构静力重分析法

本文提出了一种结构静力重分析方法。通过引入结构刚体位移特征向量，可以导出结构广义柔度矩阵，原阶数较高的刚度方程被转化成一阶数较小的线性系统，位移一般解可以在边界条件尚未引入结构刚度矩阵之前导出，对于有局部变化的结构，新的结构广义柔度矩阵可以迅速进行修改。这种静力重分析可以用在载荷条件、边界条件、结构单元同时或分别改变时的静力分析之中，文中提供了两个算例，以证明此方法的有效性     

利用三维随机模型分析沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作由粗骨料和沥青砂组成的两相复合材料,根据给定的级配生成凸多面体骨料,然后利用随机投放算法建立沥青混合料试样的三维随机模型.采用广义Maxwell模型刻画沥青砂的本构行为,其参数通过单轴蠕变实验获得.在对三维随机模型的有效性进行验证之后,采用参数化建模方法建立包含不同骨料分布、含量和级配的沥青混合料有限元模型,通过数值模拟研究骨料分布、含量和级配对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.结果表明:骨料分布对沥青混合料力学性质的影响较小;沥青混合料瞬时弹性模量随骨料含量的增加呈近似线性增大,而且弹性模量与骨料含量之间的关系曲线处于Paul上下边界内;在计算考虑的粒径范围内,骨料平均粒径越小,沥青混合料抵抗变形的能力越强.     

Solvability of boundary value problems in the geometrically and physically nonlinear theory of shallow shells of Timoshenko type

This paper deals with the proof of the existence of solutions of a geometrically and physically nonlinear boundary value problem for shallow Timoshenko shells with the transverse shear strains taken into account. The shell edge is assumed to be partly fixed. It is proposed to study the problem by a variational method based on searching the points of minimum of the total energy functional for the shell-load system in the space of generalized displacements. We show that there exists a generalized solution of the problemon which the total energy functional attains its minimum on a weakly closed subset of the space of generalized displacements.     

Factorization method in the geometric inverse problem of static elasticity

The factorization method, which has previously been used to solve inverse scattering problems, is generalized to geometric inverse problems of static elasticity. We prove that finitely many defects (cavities, cracks, and inclusions) in an isotropic linearly elastic body can be determined uniquely if the operator that takes the forces applied to the body outer boundary to the outer boundary displacements due to these forces is known.