岩兰草油掺伪物质的GC—MS检测

采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ方法分别在极性柱和非极性柱上对３种国外拒收的岩兰草油样品与未掺伪样品进行了比较，确定了主要的掺伪物质为邻苯二甲酸二乙酯，用面积归一化法测得其掺伪物质的含量。为岩兰草油的检测提供了科学依据。     

麝香中苯甲酸和液体石蜡掺伪的气相色谱-质谱法测定

麝香是贵重中药材,对其有各种掺伪手法。文中研究了用气相色谱－质谱法（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）对麝香样品进行测定,检出苯甲酸和液体石蜡两种新的掺伪物。     

基于离子迁移谱的葡萄籽油掺伪鉴别研究

建立了基于离子迁移谱(IMS)技术的葡萄籽油掺伪鉴别新方法。经优化,选取进样口温度170℃,迁移管温度60℃。正己烷50倍稀释油样后进样检测,分析时间20 s。为了建立高效的葡萄籽油掺伪鉴别模型,本研究采用递归支持向量机(R-SVM)方法对葡萄籽油和掺伪葡萄籽油的IMS谱图进行分类,建立葡萄籽油和掺伪葡萄籽油分类判别模型,采用十折交互检验对建立的模型进行评价,结果显示模型判别正确率为91.2%。本方法操作简单,分析速度快,为食用油真伪鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

粒子群最小二乘支持向量机结合偏最小二乘法用于芝麻油质量的鉴别

结合粒子群最小二乘支持向量机(PSO-LSSVM)与偏最小二乘法(PLS)提出一种基于气相色谱技术的新方法,对芝麻油进行真伪鉴别,并对掺伪品中掺假比例进行定量分析。采用主成分分析法(PCA)对857个样本的脂肪酸色谱数据进行分析,优选主成分作为最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的输入向量。利用粒子群算法(PSO)优化LSSVM,构建芝麻油掺伪鉴别的两级分类模型,同时运用PLS建立掺伪芝麻油中掺伪油脂的定量校正模型,两级分类模型的准确率分别达到了100%和98.7%,定量分析模型的平均预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为3.91%。结果表明,本方法的鉴别准确性和模型泛化能力均优于经典的BP神经网络和支持向量机(SVM),可用于食用油脂加工和流通环节的质量控制,为食用油质量的准确鉴定提供了一条有效途径。     

掺氟高温超导体的化学问题

在综述掺氟高温超导体的主要类型与性质的基础上，分析了其中存在的无机结构及固态合成的化学动力学问题，探讨制备新型掺氟及全氟化物的高温超导体的可能性。     

掺氮石墨烯研究

本文简述了掺氮石墨烯的优异特性,并对掺氮石墨烯的合成方法、表征技术及应用进行了评述。其中,掺氮石墨烯的合成方法主要包括化学气相沉积法、氨源热解、氮等离子放电法、电弧放电、氨电热反应法、溶剂热法和含氮前驱体转换法等。掺氮石墨烯的表征技术主要包括XPS、Raman、TEM、SEM和AFM等测试分析技术。介绍了掺氮石墨烯在新能源材料领域的最新应用,特别是作为锂离子电池、锂空电池电极、超级电容器以及燃料电池氧还原催化剂等关键材料的应用。最后,对掺氮石墨烯研究过程中可能存在的一些科学问题进行了简评。     

用气相色谱仪检测食用植物油中掺杂的棕榈油

某种油脂混杂少量其它油脂的检验方法(即掺伪试验),有些已被公认,如棉籽油的哈尔芬(Halphen)试验,芝麻油的修正威氏(Modified     

微波辅助衍生GC-MS测定脂肪酸及校正变换矩阵法用于食用植物油鉴别的研究

建立了微波衍生化GC—MS测定食用植物油中的脂肪酸含量．并采用校正变换矩阵法对食用植物油的成分进行测定的方法。对微波衍生化的实验条件进行了优化．利用建立的校正模型对40个花生油、菜籽油、芝麻油、棉籽油、棕榈油的二元、三元、四元、五元人工合成样品进行了计算预测，所有样品的平均预测误差部小于5％。对8个实际样品进行了测定．其中有3个掺伪样品．所测调和食用油的结果与标签标示结果相符性较好。本方法可用于快速、准确地测定食用油中各成分含量或定性、定量鉴别掺伪成分。     

基于多肽标记物分析的肉制品掺伪定量检测技术

该文开发了一种基于多肽标记物分析的肉制品掺伪检测技术,可同时进行定性和定量分析。样品经蛋白质提取和胰蛋白酶消化后,采用高分辨质谱(HRMS)和生物信息学工具,寻找牛、鸡、鸭、猪和羊5种肉类的特异性热稳定多肽标记物。在多反应监测(MRM)模式下,通过高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(HPLC-QQQ-MS)对这些标记物进一步验证。使用由两种不同质量分数的肉类混合物(0%~100%)建立定量校准曲线,测定低限可达1%。采用该方法对市售的实际样品进行测试,验证结果表明该方法是一种可靠、有效的肉制品鉴定手段,可同时用于生肉和熟肉掺伪的定量检测。     

多胺型阴离子交换纤维吸附铬(VI)的动力学

以聚丙烯腈纤维为原料, 采用化学改性法, 制备了多胺型阴离子交换纤维. 研究该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附特性. 在研究的温度及浓度范围内, 该纤维对Cr(VI)吸附的平衡数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程, 对Cr(VI)有较强的亲和力, 吸附反应易于进行. 重点研究了该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附动力学特性, 分别采用Lagergren一级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合, 计算相应的速率常数. 研究表明, 该吸附是一个快速吸附过程, 20 min即可接近吸附平衡, 吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程, 以化学吸附为主, 该纤维能够多次反复对Cr(VI)进行吸附.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。