“受阻路易斯酸碱对”活化小分子反应研究进展

"受阻路易斯酸碱对(FLP)"是最近十几年提出的一个崭新的化学理论.由于其独特的化学特性,受阻路易斯酸碱对在非金属催化体系中占据了一席重要的位置.受阻路易斯酸碱对具有活化小分子的特征,包括氢气、烯烃、炔烃、二氧化碳、环醚、硅烷等在内的小分子都可以利用受阻路易斯酸碱对体系进行活化,这为发展主族元素参与的催化反应打开了新思路.综述了受阻路易斯酸碱对的结构和反应特征,并介绍了近年来关于受阻路易斯酸碱对催化活化小分子的反应.     

全固体受阻路易斯酸碱对的设计与构建

正受阻路易斯酸碱对(Frustrated Lewis Pairs,FLPs)是均相催化领域一类新型的非金属有机催化剂,因其在氢气和二氧化碳等惰性小分子的活化转化方面具有极高的活性,近年来引起了学术界的高度关注~(1–4)。FLPs一般由分子内或分子间的一对路易斯酸和路易斯碱构成,但由于空间配位受阻使这两个位点不能形成传统的路易斯酸碱化合物,从而表现出一些特殊的化学性质和催化活性。但是,均相FLPs具有制备过程复杂、稳定性     

受阻路易斯酸碱对在高分子聚合上的应用

受阻路易斯酸碱对(frustrated Lewis pairs,FLPs)是大位阻的路易斯酸和大位阻的路易斯碱在溶液中受空间位阻因素影响而不能形成配位键所得到的组合。 在这种特殊的组合中,路易斯酸和路易斯碱未能被中和淬灭,依旧保持着的反应活性。 而当H₂等小分子靠近时,FLPs可以将H₂的化学键异裂,进而得到一个阳离子和一个阴离子。 这种独特的反应特性使得FLPs在催化加氢、小分子气体活化、烯烃聚合和开环聚合等方面展现出了一些具有新特性的研究思想和方法。 尤其是在烯烃聚合和开环聚合中,FLPs具有很强的催化活性。 本文简要介绍了FLPs的发展历史及其在小分子活化中的应用,并重点介绍了其在高分子催化领域中的应用。     

“受阻路易斯酸碱对”催化的不对称氢化反应

不对称催化氢化反应在有机合成化学中占有重要地位,是获得光学活性化合物最有效的手段之一. 近五十年,过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应得到了快速发展,取得了令人瞩目的成就. 相对而言,非金属催化不对称氢化研究刚刚起步,面临着诸多挑战性难题. “受阻路易斯酸碱对”是由大位阻路易斯酸和路易斯碱组成,由于位阻因素,它们不能形成传统的路易斯酸碱加合物,从而表现出一些特殊的性质和反应活性. 自2006年Stephan小组首次发现“受阻路易斯酸碱对”可逆活化氢气以来,它在氢气,二氧化碳,一氧化氮等小分子活化及催化氢化方面得到了广泛应用. 同时,也为非金属催化的不对称氢化反应提供了难得的机遇,并取得了一些重要研究进展. 本文从手性底物诱导和手性催化剂控制两方面介绍“受阻路易斯酸碱对”在不对称氢化反应中的研究成果,并对这一新兴领域未来的发展进行展望.     

溯源辨析“活化分子”概念在化学教材中的角色定位*

“活化分子”作为国内化学教育领域广为人知的科学概念,在各类相关化学教材中都有介绍。然而在国外多种经典化学教材中却完全没有“活化分子”的概念,反映出国内外化学教育领域对化学反应速率理论相关知识点的处理上存在明显的差异与分歧。通过溯源关键历史文献,回顾了“活化分子”概念的形成及其在化学反应速率理论发展过程中的角色演变,指出“活化分子”概念已经退出反应速率理论的舞台,在教材中应更多地呈现其在科学史方面的价值,而不是科学价值。     

基于稀土金属路易斯酸碱对化学的研究进展

近年来,利用稀土金属作为路易斯酸,与主族路易斯碱组合的路易斯酸碱对得到了开发.这类酸碱对组合通过路易斯酸与路易斯碱协同作用,从而实现底物的活化,展示了与传统稀土金属配合物不同的活化模式.其可以与氢气反应,断裂非极性的氢-氢键;也能够与羰基类、重氮类及叠氮类等不饱和小分子反应,得到一系列结构独特的稀土金属配合物.同时这类路易斯酸碱对也可以用于催化极性烯烃聚合反应、二氧化碳硅氢化还原反应中,展现出优异的催化性能.综述了上述研究结果,并对该领域的发展趋势和前景进行了展望.     

非共价作用在过渡金属催化的选择性碳氢键活化中的应用

过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化是合成有机化合物最有效的工具之一，基于底物本身官能团或者共价键连接的导向基策略是目前实现碳氢键选择性活化的主要手段.非共价作用在分子生物学、超分子化学、材料科学及药物研发中具有重要意义，近年来，非共价作用也被应用于过渡金属催化的惰性碳氢键的选择性活化.本文总结了非共价作用在选择性碳氢键活化领域的研究进展，并按照非共价键的作用类型，将其分为氢键作用、离子对作用、路易斯酸碱对作用和静电作用等，探讨了催化体系中心金属、配体和底物间相互作用力的模式，并展望了未来研究工作的方向.     

“受阻”路易斯酸碱对催化氢化反应的研究进展

"受阻"路易斯酸碱对(FLPs)催化氢化反应是当前催化加氢领域的研究热点之一.该类反应具有环境友好、无重金属残留等特点,具有潜在的工业化应用前景.根据底物类别,对近几年"受阻"路易斯酸碱对在催化氢化领域的研究进展进行简要评述,并对FLPs不对称催化氢化进行简单介绍.     

有机多孔催化研究进展

有机多孔材料POPs (Porous Organic Polymers)成为近年来的研究前沿之一. 有机多孔材料包括非晶型(如CMP, HCP, PIM等)和晶型(比如COFs等)有机多孔材料两类, 它们具有优异的孔性质、较大的比表面积、稳定性好、重量轻以及易于功能化等诸多优点, 被广泛应用于气体存储分离、传感、有机光电和多相催化等重要领域. 这里对有机多孔材料在多相催化领域中的应用做一综述. 目前, 有机多孔催化领域的研究工作主要有三类: 一类是通过“自下而上”策略将金属-配体类催化剂嵌入有机多孔骨架来构建多相催化剂; 另一类是将有机多孔材料作为载体, 通过后修饰方式负载金属纳米颗粒构建多相催化剂; 最后一类是通过“自下而上”策略将不含金属的有机小分子催化剂嵌入材料骨架来构建多孔有机催化剂. 受益于其结构的优越性, 有机多孔材料在多相催化中表现出优异的催化性能. 借鉴于均相催化的发展, 具有催化活性的有机多孔材料在多相催化领域中的应用也将会有更大的发展空间.     

绿色有机合成化学专辑 前言

随着社会不断进步,如何使化学在创造物质财富的同时保护人类赖以生存的环境,确保人身健康和安全,实现可持续发展已成为无法回避的问题,这也是对化学工作者提出的严峻挑战。为此,化学家在20世纪90年代初,提出了与传统的治理污染完全不同的“绿色化学”的概念,即如何从源头上减少、甚至消除污染的产生,因此要求任何一个化学活动,包括化学原料的使用、化学和化工过程以及最终的产品,对人类的健康和环境都应该是友好的。近20年来,绿色化学得到了飞速的发展,已成为一个多学科交叉的新的研究领域,是“科技引领可持续发展”的重要内容。其中,符合“绿色化学”基本原理和目标的“绿色有机合成化学”的发展尤为引人关注。最近,Chemical Reviews,Accounts of Chemical Research等国际著名期刊相继以“绿色化学”为主题出版了专辑。 近年来,随着国家对绿色化学的日益重视,我国绿色有机合成化学领域的专家学者在包括不对称催化反应在内的高选择性及原子经济性有机反应、惰性化学键如C-H的活化及反应、均相催化剂的负载化以及绿色介质中的合成反应等研究方面取得了长足的进展,并在某些方面达到了国际领先的水平,在清洁的有机合成工艺及技术开发方面也显示了很好的发展势头。受《化学进展》编委会的委托,我们组编了这期“绿色有机合成化学”专辑。一方面是为了及时总结绿色有机合成化学研究领域的最新成就和发展趋势,另一方面也尽量全面反映我国科学家在这一领域已经取得的具有特色的研究成果以及面临的挑战,以期为推动我国绿色化学研究向更高和更深层次发展起到积极作用。 本专辑涵盖了绿色有机合成化学的多个方面,诸如水、离子液体和超临界流体等非传统反应介质中的有机催化反应;金属配合物、有机小分子和酶催化的不对称合成;基于C-H键活化的C-C键偶联反应;有机、无机及其杂化体负载的均相催化剂;环境友好的聚合反应以及绿色介质离子液体的应用等。这些内容体现了绿色化学关于有机合成反应的“原子经济性”、“催化性试剂优于当量性试剂”、“尽量避免不必要的衍生化步骤”、“尽量使用无毒的辅助物质”和“采用无毒或低毒的反应底物”等原则。既对当前绿色化学研究的一些热点问题及重要进展进行了讨论、总结和展望,也基本能够反映我国目前在这一领域的工作特色和主流发展趋势。 参与本专辑撰写的作者都是在有机合成化学一线长期从事相关研究工作的专家,尽管他们工作十分繁忙,但都尽心尽力地在很短的时间内完成了撰写任务。本专辑是所有参与作者的辛勤劳动和共同努力的结果,在此向所有的作者及期刊编辑部的辛勤工作表示衷心感谢。同时,受编者学识所限,在本专辑的组稿和编写过程中可能出现的一些差错,我们深感歉意,望读者不吝赐教。 范青华 王东 2010年6月于北京     

Physico-chemical properties of some electrolytes in water and aqueous sodiumdodecyl sulfate solutions at different temperatures

The viscosities of some mineral salt viz.; potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, at different concentrations have been determined in water and in binary aqueous solution of sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) (0.007 mol · kg⁻¹ and 0.01 mol · kg⁻¹) at different temperatures. The data have been analyzed using Jones–Dole equation and the derivative parameters B and A have been interpreted in terms of ion–solvent and ion–ion interactions respectively. The change of Gibbs free energy of activation , enthalpy of activation , and entropy of activation for viscous flow of the solutions were calculated using Eyring equation, which depicts the mechanism of viscous flow. The structure making/breaking nature of the studied electrolytes has been discussed in the light of first derivative of B-coefficient (dB/dT) over temperatures. Potassium chloride and potassium nitrate acts as structure breaker in water where as all the salts are structure makers in aqueous SDS solutions, i.e. the postmicellar and pre-micellar regions.     

固氮酶活性中心FeMo-Cofactor对N2活化方式的探讨

结合实验和理论计算的结果, 讨论了固氮酶的活性中心铁钼辅基(FeMo-co-facto r) 对N₂ 的各种活化方式, 并在此基础上提出了一种新模型, 即N₂ 在FeMo2cofacto r 的内部以“4Fe 端基配位+2Fe 侧基配位”的方式被活化,N₂ 的三重键完全断裂, 断裂产生的两个含N 的碎片分别偏向两侧的“窗口”, 再在H 的进攻下被还原为NH₃, 并分别从两侧的“窗口”离去。     

Ionic studies of sodium alginate isolated from Sargassum terrarium (brown algea) karachi coast with 2,1-electrolyte

Physical and chemical analysis of the polysaccharide isolated from Sargassum Terarrium (brown algae) of Karachi coast showed characteristics of the sodium alginate. Optical rotations and sulphated ash content were found and FTIR spectra showed a sharp and strong absorption band at 1600 cm^?1 representing carboxylate ion which conforms high uronic acid content of the product. The viscosities of aqueous 0.1% sodium alginate solution were measured in the presence of copper II chloride (CuCl₂). The viscosities were found to be increased with the increase in the concentration of electrolyte. Viscosities were also found affected with temperature. ‘A’ and ‘B’ coefficients of Jones–Dole equation were evaluated. The increase in positive values of ‘B’ coefficient with the rise of temperature led to conclusion that given electrolyte in 0.1% aqueous sodium alginate solution behaves as structure maker. Thermodynamic parameters regarding to activated state like energy of activation E_η, change in free energy of activation ΔG_η and change of entropy of activation ΔS_η were also evaluated. Straight-line plots of log η versus 1/T observed with positive slopes show the effect of temperature on the viscosities of solutions. Energy of activation (E_η) was found to be decreased with the rise of temperature. Change in free energy of activation (ΔG_η) was also found to be increased with increase in concentrations of electrolyte and also with rise of temperature. The values of change in entropy of activation (ΔS_η) were also calculated. Negative values of ΔS_η were found to be increased with increase in concentration of electrolyte and also with rise of temperature.     

Reduction Kinetics of Thionine in Aerobic Condition with D-Galactose

Reduction kinetics of thionine (Th) with D-galactose (RH) was observed on a UV/Visible 1601 Shimadzu spectrophotometer at λmax 599 nm. The results showed that the initially slow reduction kinetics got enhanced and proceeded to completion within a few minutes. A pseudo first order kinetics was observed when influence of different parameters like concentration of dye and reductant, ionic strength and temperature was investigated. A significant shift in wave length from 599 to 517 nm was observed at alkaline pH whereas addition of a small amount of acid caused a shift in equilibrium. This resulted in the generation of oxidized form of thionine which was pragmatic in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Change in ionic strength at elevated temperature lied to decrease in the rate constant. Thermodynamics activation parameters like Ea reflects a high amount of energy required for reduction of Th with RH whereas entropy of activation (∆S!) and free energy of activation (∆G!) show the highly solvated states of transient complex which was less disorderly arranged than the oxidized form of dye. A mechanism consistent with above findings has been discussed in the relevant section of paper.     

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Lanthanum Complexes of 1,2-(Diimino-4'-Antipyrinyl)ethane

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of perchlorate, nitrate and iodide complexes of lanthanum with the Schiff base 1,2-(diimino-4'-antipyrinyl)ethane (abbreviated as GA) have been studied by TG and DTG techniques. The kinetic parameters like the activation energy, the pre-exponential factor and the entropy of activation were calculated for the major decomposition stages (Stages I and II) using Coats-Redfern equation. The rate controlling process obey ‘Mampel model’ with random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle. The kinetic parameters indicate that the ligands are loosely bound to metal ion and the activated complex formed in the decomposition reaction is more ordered than the reactants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal Studies on Ionic Derivatives of Hafnium(IV) Involving Maltol Ligand

A number of ionic chelate complexes of maltol(A) and hafnium(IV) the type[(η₅−C₅H₅)₂HfL]⁺[MCl3]⁻ (B) [HL=maltol; M=Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Cu(II)]have been synthesized and characterized by spectral studies (IR, UV, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR). The stoichiometry of the complexes has been confirmed by conductance measurements. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analytical (DTA) studies have been carried out for these complexes and from TG curves, the order, apparent activation energy and apparent activation entropy of the thermal decomposition reactions have been elucidated .The order in each case has been determined to be one and the degree of spontaneity and lability have been inferred from the apparent activation energy and entropy, respectively. Thermal parameters have been correlated with some structural aspects of the complexes concerned. From differential thermal analysis curves, the heat of reaction has been calculated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A kinetic and thermodynamic study on hydrolysis of sodium laurate in aqueous phase accompanied by transfer into oil phases containing different organic additives (I)

The kinetic and thermodynamic behavior at the interface between an aqueous solution of sodium laurate (NaLA) and various oil phases comprised primarily of benzene (Bz) and/or different organic compounds including amphiphiles has been investigated in regard to the hydrolysis of NaLA accelerated at the interface, transfer of lauric acid (LA) into oil phase and reverse transfer of Bz into aqueous phase in addition to interface tension. The contact of aqueous NaLA solution with the oil phase was found to accompany the mass transfer of LA and simultaneously promote the hydrolysis of NaLA in water phase. Analysis of the change of OH⁻ ion concentration ([OH⁻]) over time allowed us to treat the events as a first order reaction. From the rate constant data the activation parameters such as the activation enthalpy and entropy, both of which control the transfer of LA molecules, were determined. The parameters were found to depend greatly on varied situations of the oil phase, being clearly able to explain the physicochemical behavior of the interface. Comparing the cases where the oil phase is one of the respective single systems such as Bz, dodecane (C₁₂) and dodecylbenzene (C₁₂Bz), C₁₂Bz resulted in the lowest rate constant. The transfer (or hydrolysis) rate was measured for the amphiphile-added oil systems as a function of amphiphile concentration. When 0.206 M C₁₆OHBz came in contact with aqueous phase, emulsion formation at the interface layer was brought about with approximately zero activation enthalpy, leading to facile or spontaneous transfer of LA. In addition, UV absorbance representing the transfer of Bz from the oil phase to the aqueous phase also demonstrated the effects of added amphiphiles on the action of the interface.     

Correlation of thermal analysis data and hydrolysis resistance of polycarbonates

The initial activation energy at zero conversionE _o of thermooxidative decomposition has been taken as a measure of thermal stability of polycarbonates (PC) andE _o has been correlated with the relative hydrolysis rater _h as a measure of their hydrolyse resistance. It is suggested that both decomposition processes are initiated by the same mechanism, the attack of hydrolytic agent onto ester C?O bonds. The following values ofE _o have been found: 187 (PC-M)>87 (PC-A)>43 (PC-C) kJ/mol, and they are correlated with values ofr _h being 0.01 (PC-M)<1 (PC-A)<4.4 (PC-C). It has been found, using a computer modeling technique, that bothE _o andr _h depend on the minimized energy of conformations.     

溯源辨析国内大学化学教材关于碰撞理论中活化能的定义

目前国内化学基础课教材关于碰撞理论中活化能的定义存在严重分歧,简单总结了目前中文教材中的3种定义。通过对碰撞理论形成过程中部分历史背景的梳理,总结出碰撞理论所具备的2个基本要素即气体分子运动论的应用以及碰撞活化假设,然后溯源3种不同定义来源的历史文献,从2个基本要素的角度分析3种定义。研究发现中文教材广泛采用的Lewis活化能解说不承认碰撞活化假设,采用了辐射活化假说,同时表述笼统不严谨,Tolman活化能解说是单纯的统计力学处理,没有应用气体分子运动论,不属于碰撞理论范畴。而简单碰撞理论提出的有效碰撞的最低能量作为活化能的定义更能承载碰撞理论的基本要素。