CO选择性氧化用Cu_1Zr_1Ce_9O_δ催化剂的红外光谱研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂,用于富氢气体中CO的选择性氧化反应,利用原位漫反射红外光谱技术考察了Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂表面上的吸附物种和反应中间产物。研究发现,H2,O2和CO物种竞争吸附于Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ表面相同的吸附位上。氢气预处理会引起Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂上Cu+物种的深度还原,降低了CO的吸附量。氧气预处理为催化剂提供了较多的活性氧物种,同时抑制了Cu+物种的深度还原。氦气预处理仅起到净化催化剂表面的作用。180℃时Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂在2938.7和2843.8cm-1处出现桥式和双齿型甲酸根物种的红外吸收峰。Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂上活性较高的氧阴离子在常温下即可将催化剂表面上吸附的CO氧化成表面碳酸根。甲酸根和碳酸根物种占据Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂的吸附中心,导致催化剂活性降低。300℃下用氦气吹扫Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂表面,双齿型的甲酸根物种分解生成碳酸根物种,碳酸根物种再继续分解生成CO2,释放出催化剂表面的吸附位,恢复了Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ催化剂的活性。     

生物质催化转化制取芳香化合物

利用分子筛催化剂(NaZSM-5、HZSM-5、ReY和HY)研究了木屑上催化裂解制取芳香物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的反应过程,发现HZSM-5催化剂具有最高的生物质裂解制备芳香化合物的活性. 在450 oC、 载气流速为300 mL/min和催化剂/木屑比为2的优化反应条件下,芳香化合物的产率和选择性分别达到26.5%和62.5C-mol%.     

二氧化硅改性分子筛催化生物质基多元醇制备对二甲苯

本文证明了在二氧化硅改性的分子筛催化作用下,生物质基多元醇(如山梨醇、木糖醇、赤藓糖醇、甘油和乙二醇)可以经过催化裂解、烷基化和异构化等反应,生成高附加值的化学品(对二甲苯).与HZSM-5分子筛催化剂相比,二氧化硅改性的分子筛降低了分子筛催化剂的外表面酸和孔径,从而显著的提高对甲苯的选择性和产率.本文详细讨论了催化剂、甲醇添加剂、反应温度和不同类型多元醇原料对对二甲苯选择性和产率的影响.甲醇的添加促进多元醇催化裂解中的烷基化反应,提高了二甲苯的产率.在15%SiO_2/HZSM-5催化剂作用下,对二甲苯的产率最高可达到10.9 C-mol%,对二甲苯在二甲苯中选择性达到91.1%.本文通过研究相关重要反应和催化剂特性,揭示了生物质基多元醇催化裂解制备对二甲苯的反应路径.     

纤维素和甲醇共催化热解制备对二甲苯（英文）

本文对纤维素和甲醇在不同金属氧化物改性的ZSM5催化剂作用下共催化快速热解实现一步制备可再生对二甲苯的过程进行了研究.结果表明,镧改性的ZSM5催化剂是生产生物基对二甲苯的有效催化剂.对二甲苯的选择性和产率主要由催化剂酸性、反应温度和甲醇含量决定.在20%La_2O_3-ZSM5(80)催化剂作用下,纤维素与33wt%甲醇共催化快速热解获得对二甲苯的最高收率和对二甲苯/二甲苯的最高比率分别为14.5 C-mol%和86.8%.本文详细研究了催化热解过程中催化剂的失活,基于产物的分析和催化剂的表征提出了由纤维素制备对二甲苯的可能反应途径.     

二氧化硅改性分子筛催化生物质基多元醇制备对二甲苯（英文）

本文证明了在二氧化硅改性的分子筛催化作用下,生物质基多元醇(如山梨醇、木糖醇、赤藓糖醇、甘油和乙二醇)可以经过催化裂解、烷基化和异构化等反应,生成高附加值的化学品(对二甲苯).与HZSM-5分子筛催化剂相比,二氧化硅改性的分子筛降低了分子筛催化剂的外表面酸和孔径,从而显著的提高对甲苯的选择性和产率.本文详细讨论了催化剂、甲醇添加剂、反应温度和不同类型多元醇原料对对二甲苯选择性和产率的影响.甲醇的添加促进多元醇催化裂解中的烷基化反应,提高了二甲苯的产率.在15%SiO_2/HZSM-5催化剂作用下,对二甲苯的产率最高可达到10.9 C-mol%,对二甲苯在二甲苯中选择性达到91.1%.本文通过研究相关重要反应和催化剂特性,揭示了生物质基多元醇催化裂解制备对二甲苯的反应路径.     

生物油催化裂解转化制取三苯

通过不同孔特征的分子筛(HZSM-5、HY沸石和MCM-41)实现生物油催化转化为三苯(苯、甲苯和对甲苯). 基于三苯的产率和选择性,芳香化合物逐次降低顺序为: HZSM-5>MCM-41>HY沸石.用HZSM-5催化裂解生物油产生芳香化合物的最大产率为33.1%,选择性为86.4%. 研究了反应条件对生物油催化裂解的影响,结合催化剂表征结果,讨论了催化剂的结构与性能之间的关系.     

纤维素和甲醇共催化热解制备对二甲苯

本文对纤维素和甲醇在不同金属氧化物改性的ZSM5催化剂作用下共催化快速热解实现一步制备可再生对二甲苯的过程进行了研究. 结果表明,镧改性的ZSM5催化剂是生产生物基对二甲苯的有效催化剂. 对二甲苯的选择性和产率主要由催化剂酸性、反应温度和甲醇含量决定. 在20%La₂O₃-ZSM5(80)催化剂作用下,纤维素与33wt%甲醇共催化快速热解获得对二甲苯的最高收率和对二甲苯/二甲苯的最高比率分别为14.5 C-mol%和86.8%. 本文详细研究了催化热解过程中催化剂的失活,基于产物的分析和催化剂的表征提出了由纤维素制备对二甲苯的可能反应途径.     

光学相关论题 光化学

O644.12006054769纳米Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂上乙醇催化氧化发光研究=Cata-lytic oxidation cataluminescence of ethanol over catalystsCe1-xZrxO2[刊,中]/叶青(清华大学化学系,有机光电子与分子工程教育部重点实验室.北京(100084)),张新荣…//高等学校化学学报.—2006,27(4).—726-730研究了纳米Ce1-xZrxO2上乙醇催化氧化发光特性,重点考察了反应温度和催化剂组成[n(Ce)/n(Zr)]对发光强度的影响。在相近的反应条件下研究了纳米Ce1-xZrxO2上乙醇催化氧化反应的活性、选择性和可能的催化发光机理。结果表明,催化发光强度与催化反应中生成…     

粗生物油催化裂解制取低碳轻烯烃

利用La/HZSM-5催化剂,研究了催化裂解粗生物油及其模型化合物(包括甲醇、乙醇、乙酸、丙酮和苯酚)制取轻烯烃的过程. 获得的最大轻烯烃产率为0.19 kg/kg粗生物油. 研究表明,温度、重时空速和镧对HZSM-5分子筛的改性等因素可用来调制烯烃产率和选择性. 分子筛中添加镧,可适当的调节催化剂酸度和强弱酸位比例,从而提高烯烃选择性、产率和催化剂稳定性. 生物油制备轻烯烃的效率与原料的化学成分和氢碳有效比(H/Ce? )密切相关. 此外,比较了粗生物油催化裂解和热裂解过程,同时利用模型化合物研究了生物油转化为轻烯烃的相关反应历程和机理.     

硫浓度波动对低浓度甲烷Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化燃烧的影响

在580℃下分别考察了SO_2浓度波动幅度.波动频率对低浓度甲烷Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化燃烧特性的影响,并探究了硫在Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上的累积情况。结果表明,气流中SO_2的引入会使催化剂的活性下降而影响甲烷催化燃烧特性,且具有波动浓度的SO_2比稳定浓度的SO_2对甲烷催化燃烧的影响更大,随浓度波动幅度的增大和波动频率的升高该影响更为明显;Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂内硫的含量会发生累积,随着时间的增长,低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应的活化能逐渐上升,催化剂活性逐渐下降,到达一定程度后,两者不再大幅变化,硫中毒现象不会再随时间延长而明显加深。     

Promotion of partial oxidation of methanol over thin Pt and Pd film catalysts by resonance oscillation of acoustic waves

The thickness extension mode resonance oscillation (TERO) of bulk acoustic waves generated on z-cut LiNbO₃ by rf electric power was employed to the catalytic oxidation of methanol over thin Pt and Pd film catalysts deposited. Both the catalysts produced formaldehyde, methyl formate, and carbon dioxide as carbon-containing products in the gas phase. The TERO considerably increased the selectivity for formaldehyde production on Pt at a moderate rf power, indicating the ability of promoting the partial oxidation of methanol, whereas a small and monotonous decrease in the selectivity of the reaction on Pd occurred with power. The different TERO effects on the selectivity are discussed.     

Hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene on Ni–B Nanometal Catalysts

A series of Ni–B catalysts were prepared by mixing nickel acetate in 50% ethanol/water or methanol/water solution. The solution of sodium borohydride (1 M) in excess amount to nickel was then added dropwise into the mixture to ensure full reduction of nickel cations. The mol ratio of boron to nickel in mother solution was 3 to 1. The effects of preparation conditions such as temperature, stirring speed, and sheltering gas on the particle size, surface compositions, electronic states of surface atoms and catalytic activities of the Ni–B catalysts were studied. Ranel nickel catalyst was included for comparison. These catalysts were characterized by N₂ sorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalysts were tested for liquid phase hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene. All of the catalysts prepared in this study had nanosized particles. The preparation condition has significant influence on the particle size and surface compositions of the catalyst. The Ni–B catalyst was passivated by boron; therefore it was more stable than Raney nickel and did not catch fire after exposure to air. The catalysts prepared under N₂ flow could suppress the oxidation of Ni by the dissolved oxygen in water and had metallic state of nickel. The catalyst prepared with vigorous stirring at 25°C under N₂ stream yielded the smallest particles and resulted in the highest activity. It was much more active than the Raney nickel catalyst. The reaction condition also has pronounced effect on the hydrogenation activity. Using methanol as the reaction solvent increased p-chloronitrobenzene conversion to a large extent, compared to that using ethanol as the reaction medium. The selectivity of main product (p-chloroaniline) was greater than 99% on all of the Ni–B catalysts.     

镍钒复合光催化剂的光谱特征及其光催化性能

以SiO2、活性炭(AC)和Al2O3为载体,采用浸渍法制备了Ni-V-O系负载光催化剂.考察了样品的光谱特征,并在紫外光下评价了样品在甲醇和CO2光催化反应巾的性能;通过吡啶吸附FIIR和UV-Vis分析,结合反应测试结果,比较了催化剂载体对产物选择件的影响.XRD结果表明,在系列催化剂中,SiO2载体上的镍、钒粒子分散程度最高.吡啶吸附FIIR结果显示,系列催化剂表面存在L酸中心;相同的活性组分由于载体不同,所得到的负载催化剂表面酸度不同.负载催化剂表面L酸强度顺序为:Ni-V-O/SiO2>Ni-V-O/Al2O3>Ni-V-O/AC.不同酸度的催化剂,其上的羰基化产物甲酸甲酯(MF)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的选择性也不同.催化剂的表面酸强度是影响羰基产物选择性的主要因素.     

Pd@C2N单原子催化剂用于HCOOH分解制氢的第一性原理研究

用于HCOOH分解制氢的贵金属催化剂存在着反应选择性差和资源稀缺等问题. 单原子催化可以有效改善催化剂性能并降低成本,C2N作为一种新型二维材料可为过渡金属原子提供良好的结合位点. 本文利用密度泛函理论,设计了Pd@C2N 单原子催化剂,研究了HCOOH在Pd@C2N表面上的吸附和分解制氢反应机理. 结果表明,HCOOH可在Pd原子顶位吸附,并在C2N表面N原子的协同作用下通过甲酸盐路径生成氢气. 通过比较,Pd@C2N具有比Pd (111)表面更好的催化反应活性与选择性.     

改性VOx/Al2O3催化剂催化氧化甲醇的固体核磁共振研究

采用固体核磁共振研究了NaOH 和HNO₃改性的VO_x/Al₂O₃上甲醇选择性催化氧化反应. 实验结果表明: 在甲醇的氧化反应中, 酸位对二甲氧基甲烷的生成起了重要作用. 与VO_x/Al₂O₃催化剂相比, 酸改性的VO_x/Al₂O₃上的强的Bronsted酸位对二甲氧基甲烷的选择性较高, 没有Bronsted酸位的碱改性的VO_x/Al₂O₃上生成的不是二甲氧基甲烷而是甲酸盐.     

The use of acids,niobium oxide,and zeolite catalysts for esterification reactions

We have evaluated the influence of alcohol/fatty acid molar ratio (methanol or ethanol), water and catalyst concentrations and temperature by the esterification of palm fatty acids by heterogeneous acid catalysts (varying types, forms, and particle size). Polynaphtalene sulfonic acid (PSA) and niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅) presented better performance than zeolite catalysts. Reaction with methanol presented higher conversion than with ethanol. The experimental design showed that the most relevant variable is the catalyst concentration and all interactions become important in process. A heterogeneous kinetic model was proposed and applied to experimental data. One of the models was adequate for methanol reaction, whereas the homogeneous model was more appropriate for ethanol reaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

葡萄糖催化氧化反应用Pd-Co/C催化剂的XPS研究

活性炭为载体，制备了Pd/C、Pd-Co/C催化剂，并进行了活性评价和XPS表征。在Pd-Co／C催化剂上反应3h后，葡萄糖的转化率达92％，选择性为94％，较Pd/C催化剂有显著提高。Co的添加及焙烧过程改变了Pd/C催化剂的表面组成及结构，提高了贵金属Pd在催化剂表面的分散程度，有利于Pd的还原，使Pd-Co/C催化剂表现出良好的催化活性和选择性。     

Sonication effect on the reaction of 4-bromo-1-methylbenzene with sodium sulfide in liquid–liquid multi-site phase-transfer catalysis condition – Kinetic study

The synthesis of di-p-tolylsulfane from the reaction of 4-bromo-1-methylbenzene (BMB) with sodium sulfide was carried out using a multi-site phase-transfer catalyst (MPTC) viz., 1,4-dihexyl-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium dibromide and ultrasonic irradiation in a liquid–liquid reaction condition. The overall reaction rate is greatly enhanced when catalyzed by multi-site phase-transfer catalyst (MPTC) combined with sonication (40 kHz, 300 W) in a batch reactor than catalyzed by MPTC without sonication. Effects on the reaction due to various operating conditions, such as agitation speed, different ultrasound frequencies, different phase-transfer catalysts, different organic solvents, the amount of MPTC, temperature, amount of sodium sulfide, effect of sodium hydroxide, volume of n-hexane and the concentration of 4-bromo-1-methylbenzene. The reaction obeys a pseudo first-order rate law and a suitable mechanism was proposed based on the experimental observation.     

Effect of Calcination Temperature on La-Modified Al2O3 Catalysts for Vapor Phase Hydrofluorination of Acetylene to Vinyl Fluoride

利用沉积沉淀法制备出了La改性Al₂O₃催化剂,研究不同焙烧温度对La改性Al₂O₃催化剂用于乙炔气相氢氟化合成氟乙烯反应性能的影响．利用NH₃-TPD、Pyridine-FTIR、XRD和Raman等技术对不同温度焙烧的催化剂进行表征,发现焙烧过程能改变催化剂结构的同时也能调变催化剂表面的酸量．经400 °C焙烧的催化剂显示出最高的乙炔转化率(94.6%)、最高的氟乙烯选择性(83.4%)和较低的积炭选择性(0.72%)．催化剂的高活性与其表面的高酸量有关,同时积炭的选择性也与其表面的酸中心数量有关．