Extraction of some univalent cations into nitrobenzene by using a synergistic mixture of sodium dicarbollylcobaltate and barium ionophore I

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺ (aq) + 1·Na⁺ (nb) ⇔ 1·M⁺ (nb) + Na⁺ (aq) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = Li⁺, H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺ {\rm NH}_{4}^{ + } , Ag⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺, Cs⁺; 1 = barium ionophore I; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Furthermore, the stability constants of the 1·M⁺ complexes in water-saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of Cs⁺ < Rb⁺ < NH₄ ⁺ {\rm NH}_{4}^{ + } , K⁺ < H₃O⁺ < Na⁺ < Ag⁺, Tl⁺ < Li⁺.     

Synergistic extraction of some univalent cations into nitrobenzene by using sodium dicarbollylcobaltate and hexaethyl <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butylcalix[6]arene hexaacetate

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺ (aq) + NaL⁺ (nb) ⇔ ML⁺ (nb) + Na⁺ (aq) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = H₃O⁺, \textNH₄⁺ {\text{NH}}_{4}{}^{+} , Ag⁺, Tl⁺; L = hexaethyl p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene hexaacetate; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the following order: \textAg ⁺   <  NH₄ ⁺   <  \textH ₃ \textO ⁺   <  \textNa ⁺   <  \textTl ⁺ . {\text{Ag}}^{ + } \, < \,\hbox{NH}_{4}{}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{H}}_{ 3} {\text{O}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Na}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Tl}}^{ + }.     

Solvent extraction of H3O+, NH4+, Ag+, K+, Rb+ and Tl+ into nitrobenzene by using cesium dicarbollylcobaltate in the presence of a hexaarylbenzene-based receptor

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq) + 1·Cs⁺(nb) \rightleftarrows \rightleftarrows 1·M⁺(nb) + Cs⁺(aq) taking part in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (1 = hexaarylbenzene-based receptor; M⁺ = H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ag⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complex species in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of Rb⁺ < K⁺ < Ag⁺, Tl⁺ < H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺.     

Solvent extraction of univalent cations into nitrobenzene using sodium dicarbollylcobaltate and tetraphenyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraketone

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the equilibrium M ⁺(aq) + 1 · Na⁺ (nb) ⇄ 1 · M ⁺ (nb) + Na⁺ (aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M ⁺ = Li⁺, H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ag⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺, Cs⁺; 1 = tetraphenyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraketone; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Moreover, the stability constants of the 1 · M ⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the order Cs⁺ < Rb⁺ < Tl⁺ < K⁺ < NH₄ ⁺ < Ag⁺ < H₃O⁺ < Li⁺. Correspondence: Emanuel Makrlík, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic.     

Synergistic extraction of some univalent cations into nitrobenzene by using cesium dicarbollylcobaltate and dibenzo-30-crown-10

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq) + 1·Cs⁺(nb) ? 1·M⁺(nb) + Cs⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = Li⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ag⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺; 1 = dibenzo-30-crown-10; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Furthermore, the stability constants of the 1·M⁺ complexes in water-saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of Cs⁺ < H⁺, Ag⁺ < NH₄ ⁺ < Na⁺ < Rb⁺ < Li⁺ < K⁺, Tl⁺.     

Synergistic extraction of some univalent cations into nitrobenzene by using cesium dicarbollylcobaltate and calix[4]arene-bis(t-octylbenzo-18-crown-6)

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺ (aq) + CsL⁺ (nb) ? ML⁺ (nb) + Cs⁺ (aq) taking place in the two–phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = K⁺, Rb⁺, $ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } $ , Ag⁺, Tl⁺; L = calix[4]arene-bis(t-octylbenzo-18-crown-6); aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the following cation order: $ {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } $  < K⁺ < Ag⁺ < Rb⁺ < Tl⁺.     

Extraction of NH4 +, K+, Rb+ and Tl+ into nitrobenzene using cesium dicarbollylcobaltate in the presence of dibenzo-21-crown-7

Summary From extraction experiments and g-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq) + CsL⁺(nb) ? ML⁺(nb) + Cs⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = NH, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺; L = dibenzo-21-crown-7; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Further, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the order Cs⁺<K⁺ = Rb⁺?NH<Tl⁺.     

Extraction of some univalent cations into phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone by using sodium dicarbollylcobaltate in the presence of benzo-18-crown-6

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺ (aq) + 1·Na⁺ (org) $ \Leftrightarrow $ 1·M⁺ (org) + Na⁺ (aq) taking place in the two-phase water–phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone (abbrev. FS 13) system (M⁺ = Li⁺, H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺; 1 = benzo-18-crown-6; aq = aqueous phase, org = FS 13 phase) were evaluated. Further, the stability constants of the 1·M⁺ complexes in FS 13 saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of $ {\text{Cs}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Rb}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{H}}_{ 3} {\text{O}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Ag}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Li}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{K}}^{ + } \, < \,{\text{Tl}}^{ + } $ .     

On the complexation of some univalent cations with beauvericin in nitrobenzene saturated with water

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)?+?1·Cs⁺(nb) ? 1·M⁺(nb)?+?Cs⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺?=?Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, H₃O⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Tl⁺; 1?=?beauvericin; aq?=?aqueous phase, nb?=?nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Moreover, the stability constants of the 1·M⁺ complexes in water-saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of Rb^+?<?Na⁺, H₃O^+?<?Tl^+?<?NH ₄ ^+? <?K^+?<?Li⁺.     

Development of multiple prompt gamma-ray analysis

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+NaL⁺(nb)⇔ML⁺(nb)+Na⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system [M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺; L = p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetrakis (N, N-dimethylthioacetamide); aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase] were evaluated. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the cation order Cs⁺<Rb⁺<K⁺<Li⁺<Na⁺.     

Contribution to the thermodynamics of complexes of alkali metal cations with hexaethyl p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene hexaacetate in the water—nitrobenzene extraction system

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+CsL⁺(nb)⇔ML⁺(nb)+Cs⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺; L = hexaethyl p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene hexaacetate; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Moreover, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the cation order Rb⁺<Cs⁺<K⁺<Na⁺<Li⁺.     

On the complexation of some univalent cations with 1,3-alternate-25,27-bis(1-octyloxy)calix[4]arene-crown-6 in nitrobenzene saturated with water

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺ (aq) + 1·Cs⁺ (nb) ? 1·M⁺ (nb) + Cs⁺ (aq) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = Ag⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Tl⁺; 1 = 1,3-alternate-25,27-bis(1-octyloxy)calix[4]arene-crown-6; aq is aqueous phase, nb is nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Moreover, the stability constants of the 1·M⁺ complexes in water-saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of K⁺ < Rb⁺ < Ag⁺ < Tl⁺.     

Stability of complexes of alkali metal cations with dibenzo-24-crown-8 in water saturated nitrobenzene

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+NaL⁺(nb)⇄ML⁺(nb)+Na⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺; L=dibenzo-24-crown-8; aq=aqueous phase, nb=nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Further, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the Cs⁺Rb⁺L⁺Na⁺ order.     

Contribution to the thermodynamics of complexes of alkali metal cations with 18-crown-6 in the water—nitrobenzene extraction system

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+NaL⁺(nb)⇄ML⁺(nb)+Na⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺; L=18-crown-6; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. The stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they are found to increase in the cation order Cs⁺Li⁺Na⁺Rb⁺K⁺. Further, the individual extraction constants for the NaL⁺, KL⁺, RbL⁺ and CsL⁺ complex species in the wate-nitrobenzene system were determined; their values increase in the series Na⁺Rb⁺Cs⁺K⁺.     

Extraction of H+, NH4 +, Ag+ and Tl+ into nitrobenzene by using sodium dicarbollylcobaltate in the presence of tetramethyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraketone

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+NaL⁺(nb)⇔ML⁺(nb)+Na⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = H⁺, NH₄⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺; L = tetramethyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraketone; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Moreover, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the order Tl⁺<NH₄⁺<Ag⁺ <H⁺ <Na⁺.     

Stability constants of complexes of Li+, H3O+, NH 4+ and Ag+ with hexaethyl calix[6]arene hexaacetate in nitrobenzene saturated with water

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium M⁺(aq)+NaL⁺(nb)⇔ML⁺(nb)+Na⁺(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M⁺ = Li⁺, H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺, Ag⁺; L = hexaethyl calix[6]arene hexaacetate; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were determined. Furthermore, the stability constants of the ML⁺ complexes in water saturated nitrobenzene were calculated; they were found to increase in the cation order H₃O⁺<NH₄⁺<Li⁺<Ag⁺.     

Individual extraction constants of some divalent metal cations in the two-phase water-phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone system

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium \textM ²⁺ ( \textaq ) + \textSr ²⁺ ( \textorg ) ? \textM ²⁺ ( \textorg ) + \text Sr ²⁺ ( \textaq ) {\text{M}}^{ 2+ } \left( {\text{aq}} \right) + {\text{Sr}}^{ 2+ } \left( {\text{org}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {\text{M}}^{ 2+ } \left( {\text{org}} \right) + {\text{ Sr}}^{ 2+ } \left( {\text{aq}} \right) taking place in the two-phase water–phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone (abbrev. FS 13) system (M²⁺ = Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, \textUO₂^{2 +} {\text{UO}}_{2}^{2 + } , Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺; aq = aqueous phase, org = FS 13 phase) were evaluated. Furthermore, the individual extraction constants of the M²⁺ cations in this two-phase system were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of Mg²⁺, \textUO₂^{2 +} {\text{UO}}_{2}^{2 + }  < Ca²⁺, Co²⁺ < Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ < Zn²⁺ < Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺ < Pb²⁺ < Ba²⁺.     

A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Complexation of Ag<Superscript>+</Superscript> with a Hexaarylbenzene-Based Receptor

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium Ag⁺(aq) + 1⋅Cs⁺(nb) ⇆ 1⋅Ag⁺(nb) + Cs⁺(aq) taking part in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (where 1 = hexaarylbenzene-based receptor; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated to be log ₁₀ K _ex(Ag⁺, 1⋅Cs⁺) = −1.0±0.1. Further, the stability constant of the hexaarylbenzene-based receptor⋅Ag⁺ complex (abbreviation 1⋅Ag⁺) in nitrobenzene saturated with water, was calculated at a temperature of 25 °C: log ₁₀ β _nb(1⋅Ag⁺) = 5.5±0.2. By using quantum mechanical DFT calculations, the most probable structure of the 1⋅Ag⁺ complex species was solved. In this complex having C₃ symmetry, the cation Ag⁺ synergistically interacts with the polar ethereal oxygen fence and with the central hydrophobic benzene ring via cation–π interaction.     

Stability Constants of Some Univalent Cation Complexes of 2,3-Naphtho-15-crown-5 in Nitrobenzene Saturated with Water

The extraction of micro amounts of cesium by nitrobenzene solutions of sodium, potassium and rubidium dicarbollylcobaltates (M⁺B⁻;M⁺=Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺) has been investigated in the presence of 2,3-naphtho-15-crown-5 (N15C5, L). The equilibrium data were explained by assuming that ML⁺ and ML₂⁺ complexes (M⁺=Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺, Cs⁺; L=N15C5) were present in the organic phase. The stability constants of the complex species ML⁺ and ML₂⁺ have been determined in nitrobenzene saturated with water. It was found that the stability of the complex cation ML⁺ (where M⁺=Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺, Cs⁺; L=N15C5) in water-saturated nitrobenzene solutions increases along the series Cs⁺<Rb⁺<K⁺<Na⁺, whereas that of the species ML₂⁺ in the same medium increases in the order Cs⁺<Rb⁺<Na⁺<K⁺.     

Extraction and DFT study on the complexation of the cesium cation with dibenzo-21-crown-7

From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium \textCs ⁺ ( \textaq ) + \textA ^- ( \textaq ) + 1( \textnb )\underset \rightleftharpoons 1·\textCs ⁺ ( \textnb ) + \textA ^- ( \textnb ) {\text{Cs}}^{ + } \left( {\text{aq}} \right) + {\text{A}}^{ - } \left( {\text{aq}} \right) + {\mathbf{1}}\left( {\text{nb}} \right)\underset {} \rightleftharpoons {\mathbf{1}}\cdot{\text{Cs}}^{ + } \left( {\text{nb}} \right) + {\text{A}}^{ - } \left( {\text{nb}} \right) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (A⁻ = picrate, 1 = dibenzo-21-crown-7; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated as log K _ex (1·Cs⁺, A⁻) = 4.4 ± 0.1. Further, the stability constant of the 1·Cs⁺ complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water was calculated for a temperature of 25 °C: log β_nb (1·Cs⁺) = 6.3 ± 0.1. Finally, by using quantum mechanical DFT calculations, the most probable structure of the resulting cationic complex species 1·Cs⁺ was solved.