镓改性ZSM-5沸石中镓活性中心的形成与表征

采用脉冲微反体系研究了经不同程度还原和不同镓含量的GaZSM-5沸石的芳构化性能与吡啶吸附红外光谱特征谱带吸收度的关联，证实了1458 cm~(-1)吸收带的用于表征与Ga物种有关的活性中心，并研究了沸石的硅铝比对Ga中心形成和Ga的价态对芳构化性能的影响。结果表明，对Ga含量相同的样品来说，硅铝比愈低，起始Ga中心生成量愈多，高价态与低价态的Ga中心对丙烷芳构化反应都有促进作用。     

Structures of active sites for alkane transformations over the Pt/HZSM-5 and Pt/NaZSM-5 catalysts

The structure and reactivity of Pt₆ particles in the sodium and hydrogen forms of the ZSM-5 zeolite were investigated by the DFT method. Upon adsorption on the sodium form, the interaction energy is 15 kcal mol⁻¹ and a negative charge appears on the metal cluster. In channels of the hydrogen form, the adsorption energy of the metal particle increases to 45 kcal mol⁻¹ and the oxidized states of platinum are formed. The formation of an active site in the H-form of the zeolite involves the interaction of the platinum particle with the acid site resulting in the suppression of the acidity of the support. An alternative mechanism of alkane transformations avoiding acid site participation was proposed. A possibility to envisage the direction of the transformation of alkanes adsorbed on the metal particles was shown. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1139–1144, June, 2008.     

Pt／ZSM—5吸附与催化性能的研究

本文研究了氨和正已烷在Ｐｔ／ＺＳＭ－５上的吸附性能并考察了Ｐｔ含量和焙烧温度对正已烷芳构化性能的影响。结果表明，Ｐｔ含量和焙烧温度对吸附和催化性能有影响。Ｐｔ与分子筛的酸中心对芳构化均有作用。     

V2O5纳米片固载Pt纳米粒子催化剂的构建及其增强催化空气氧化脱硫性能

以铂系金属为代表的贵金属催化剂在工业反应中通常表现出优异的催化性能,这是因为其具有独特的d带电子结构和较高的价电子比.近年来,由于大气排放法规愈发严苛,铂系贵金属催化剂在催化空气氧化燃油脱硫方面的研究引起了广泛关注.在该催化反应中,铂系金属纳米粒子可以有效活化空气中的氧气,产生的活性氧物种可以将油品中的噻吩类硫化物氧化为其对应的强极性砜类物质,从而可以将其从非极性的油品中分离出来,有效实现油品中硫化物的深度氧化脱除.然而,在反应过程中铂系贵金属纳米粒子易发生流失和烧结,从而导致催化剂的失活.因此,急需寻找一类可以有效固载铂系贵金属纳米粒子的载体.在目前已报道的众多载体中,以ZrO₂、TiO₂、CeO₂、ZnO等为代表的过渡金属氧化物引起了广泛的关注.通常认为,铂系贵金属纳米粒子的d轨道电子和过渡金属氧化物之间可形成金属-载体强相互作用.然而,目前所使用的过渡金属氧化物载体的比表面积较小,从而导致铂系贵金属纳米粒子难以有效且均匀地分散于其表面.本文采用热膨胀气相剥离法制备了超薄V2O5纳米片,并通过超声辅助沉积法将Pt纳米粒子固载于其表面,从而得到一系列可高效活化空气氧化脱硫的催化剂(Pt NPs-n/V₂O₅纳米片).通过电感耦合等离子体光谱、高倍透射电镜、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和氮气吸附脱附等方法对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征.结果表明,尺寸为4-5 nm的Pt纳米粒子可有效均匀分散于层数约为6层的V2O5纳米片表面;在空气氧化脱硫反应中,当催化剂中Pt理论负载量为2 wt%时,反应5 h后,油品的脱硫率可达99.1%,实现了硫化物的深度氧化脱除.该反应体系对不同硫浓度、不同含硫底物的油品均有较好的脱除效果,但对含有烯烃、芳烃的油品脱除效果较差.此外,催化剂循环使用7次后,其脱硫活性仍无明显下降,表现出优异的重复使用性能.对反应后的催化剂进行表征,发现Pt几乎不发生流失,这可能是由于Pt纳米粒子和V₂O₅纳米片之间形成了金属-载体强相互作用.该结果为其他空气氧化反应的有效进行提供了新思路.     

The effect of the nature of a modifying additive (Pt,Zn, Ga) on the activity of oxide and zeolite catalysts in ethane dehydrogenation and aromatization

The catalytic properties of Pt, Zn, and Ga deposited on supports of various natures (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, NaZSM, and HZSM) in the dehydrogenation and aromatization of ethane were investigated. Pt-containing catalysts are the most active in the conversion of ethane: the selectivity with respect to ethylene is 25–87 % depending on the nature of the support. In the presence of Zn- and Ga-containing catalysts the yield of ethylene is 2–3 times lower than with Pt-catalysts. With HZSM modified by Pt, Zn, or Ga aromatic hydrocarbons (ArH) and methane are the main products of ethane transformation. Ga/HZSM is the most efficient catalyst of the aromatization of ethane under the conditions studied (550 °C, 120 h^–1).Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 606–609, April, 1994.     

Comparison ofn-decane hydroconversion with Pt/SAPO-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts

The product distributions from bifunctional conversion ofn-decane over Pt/SAPO-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts are compared in detail. Selectivities in decane reaction vary largely with the catalyst employed: Pt/SAPO-11 produces high yields of feed isomers, whereas Pt/SAPO-5 gives high yields of cracked products and only under mild reaction conditions are isodecanes the main products obtained. These selectivities seem to be determined by the structure of the catalyst.     

Propane formation by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol over Pt/H-ZSM5 catalysts

Solid acid supports such as H-ZSM5, H-Mordenite, γ-Al₂O₃, USY and Beta catalysts were modified with Pt. These Pt/oxide catalysts were found to be active for propane formation through aqueous reforming of glycerol in the presence of hydrogen. The reforming reactions, possibly, proceeded through reaction cycles of dehydration on acid sites and hydrogenation on Pt sites over the catalysts.     

金属助剂对Pt/SAPO-11催化剂物化及异构性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,分步浸渍法制备了LaPt/SAPO-11、CePt/SAPO-11和SnPt/SAPO-11双金属催化剂。通过X射线衍射、低温氮物理吸附、氨程序升温脱附、氢气化学吸附和吡啶吸附红外等手段对所得样品进行了表征。实验结果表明,助剂的引入导致了催化剂的比表面积和微孔孔容降低,B酸量减少而L酸量增加,总酸量有所下降,Pt组分的分散度提高。在360℃时,对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应中,Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率为65.14%,C7异构体收率为61.67%;当分别加入La和Ce,Pt/SAPO-11的正庚烷转化率提高至77.40%和78.12%,C7异构体收率分别提高至69.72%和68.48%;而加入Sn后,Pt/SAPO-11的正庚烷转化率和C7异构体收率分别降至63.22%和59.09%。     

Recent Advances on Gallium-Modified ZSM-5 for Conversion of Light Hydrocarbons

Light olefins are key components of modern chemical industry and are feedstocks for the production of many commodity chemicals widely used in our daily life. It would be of great economic significance to convert light alkanes, produced during the refining of crude oil or extracted during the processing of natural gas selectively to value-added products, such as light alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., through catalytic dehydrogenation. Among various catalysts developed, Ga-modified ZSM-5-based catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance and stability in dehydrogenation of light alkanes. In this mini review, we summarize the progress on synthesis and application of Ga-modified ZSM-5 as catalysts in dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins, and the dehydroaromatization to aromatics in the past two decades, as well as the discussions on in-situ formation and evolution of reactive Ga species as catalytic centers and the reaction mechanisms.     

Hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols over Pt- and Co-containing ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Summary Some of the chlorinated organic compounds are widely used commercially because of their advantageous chemical/physical properties or being toxic to pestiferous living substances. We have prepared and applied monometallic Co-, Pt- and bimetallic Co,Pt-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts for hydrotreating 2- and 4-chlorophenols in the temperature range of 300-400 oC using a fixed-bed laboratory reactor system equipped with a gas chromatograph for analysis. In the reaction over the Pt-containing catalyst high initial conversion can be observed, the compounds transform to cyclohexanone, however, the activity of the catalyst decreases even during the 2 h reaction time. In the presence of Co-ZSM-5, the main reaction is simple hydrodechlorination resulting in phenol as the main product, and this catalyst is stable, and the activity does not change. The bimetallic catalyst combines the advantages (and disadvantages) of the monometallic samples. The hydroconversion of chlorophenols resulted in the formation of cyclohexanone with high initial selectivity. However, because of the relatively short catalyst lifetime further optimization is necessary before practical application.</o:p>     

H-ZSM-5分子筛上环己烯芳构化反应历程的理论研究

基于76T簇模型,采用量子力学和分子力学联合的ONIOM2(B3LYP/6-31G(d,p):UFF)方法研究了H-ZSM-5分子筛上环己烯芳构化反应历程.结果表明,环己烯首先吸附在分子筛酸性位上,与酸性质子共同脱除一个H2分子后,在分子筛骨架氧上生成烷氧配合物中间体;然后再脱质子得到环己二烯,同时酸性位复原;再经历脱氢和脱质子历程,最后得到产物苯,并吸附在复原的分子筛酸性位上.计算得到脱氢的活化能依次为279.64和260.21kJ/mol,脱质子的活化能依次为74.64和59.14kJ/mol.所有脱氢反应都是吸热过程,生成表面烷氧活性中间体,随后的脱质子反应能垒较低,而且是放热过程.此外,比较了环己烯在分子筛酸性位上的三个竞争反应,即脱氢、质子化和氢交换反应的活化能垒,证明环己烯优先发生脱氢反应.     

铝基类水滑石和复合氧化物负载Pt催化剂的制备及对甲基苯酚加氢脱氧反应的催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了多种铝基类水滑石,焙烧后得到对应的复合氧化物;以水滑石或复合氧化物为载体,制备了系列Pt基催化剂,研究了该催化剂对甲基苯酚加氢脱氧反应的催化性能。结果表明,Pt基催化剂的性能与载体的组分组成和结构相关;当以不经焙烧的类水滑石做载体时,所制备的Pt基催化剂具有较高的活性。其中,Pt-Ni-Al-H催化剂的加氢脱氧活性最高,对甲基苯酚转化率达到99.8%,甲苯选择性为1.4%,而Pt-Zn-Al-H催化剂的直接脱氧活性最高,在275℃和氢压2MPa下反应1h后,甲苯选择性达到84.1%。研究发现,反应过程中所生成的甲基环己烷可进一步发生脱氢反应转化为甲苯,说明所制备的Pt基催化剂具有较好的脱氢活性,可节省脱氧过程中的氢气消耗量。     

ZSM-5催化丙烯芳构化反应构效关系及反应特性

甲醇两步制芳烃反应中低碳烯烃芳构化反应稳定性优异,为分析其内在机制,制备了不同硅铝比(n_SiO2/n_Al2O3)及Zn负载量的ZSM-5催化剂,以丙烯芳构化为模型反应,分析ZSM-5表面酸性对低碳烯烃芳构化反应性能的影响规律,并探究反应微观特性。发现当硅铝比由150降至75时,增加的酸密度促进了烯烃氢转移芳构化过程,使芳烃选择性由31.0%增至34.4%,但丙烯直接参与的氢转移过程也被强化,使丙烷产物选择性由28.2%增至36.0%。引入Zn助剂可将部分Br?nsted酸转变为ZnLewis酸,强化烯烃脱氢芳构化过程,使芳烃选择性进一步显著增加到62.4%。丙烯芳构化过程中芳烃烷基化深度比甲醇芳构化过程低,提升总芳烃选择性的同时,也明显抑制了难溶性积碳的形成,使反应稳定性明显提升。由此得出,甲醇两步制芳烃过程中甲醇制低碳烯烃过程对甲醇的预先消耗,抑制了低碳烯烃芳构化反应芳烃产物的深度烷基化,是该反应表现出优异稳定性的重要原因。     

Transformation of n-hexane on Al2O3and SiO2supported Pt, Pt+Ga and Ir+Pt+Ga catalysts prepared by anchoring methods

Summary Transformation of n-hexane over Al₂O₃and SiO₂supported Pt, Pt+Ga and Ir+Pt+Ga catalysts was studied in a continuous-flow reactor operated under slug-pulse mode at 520°C. Bimetallic catalysts were prepared by introducing first Ga(OEt)₃and then diallylplatinum as precursor compounds. Iridium was then introduced viadecomposition of Ir₄(CO)₁₂adsorbed onto Pt+Ga catalysts. The addition of Ga to Pt/SiO₂catalyst decreased hydrogenation, aromatization and hydrogenolysis selectivity. Over Pt/Al₂O₃catalyst Ga increased hydrogenolysis selectivity and decreased isomerization and C₅-cyclization. The main effect of Ir was to increase hydrogenolysis selectivity and the stability of catalysts.</o:p>     

含骨架铁ZSM-5的合成及其负载Pt催化剂在正十二烷脱氢反应中的催化性能

采用水热合成法使铁进入分子筛MFI骨架结构,成功合成出含骨架铁的分子筛Na-[Fe]-ZSM-5,并通过离子交换法负载Pt制备脱氢催化剂Pt/Na-[Fe]-ZSM-5。通过正十二烷脱氢反应,研究了该催化剂对长链烷烃脱氢制单烯烃反应的催化性能。采用N2吸附-脱附测试、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶吸附的红外光谱(Py-IR)、CO化学吸附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等不同方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,通过控制骨架铁含量可调控催化剂表面酸性;含骨架铁的ZSM-5分子筛载体具有抑制负载金属晶粒长大,保持金属高分散度的作用;其负载铂催化剂Pt/Na-[Fe]ZSM-5-50具有表面弱酸中心(0.69 mmol·g^-1)和高分散Pt中心,因而具有良好的长链烷烃脱氢活性、稳定性和单烯烃选择;在转化率稳定在~20%时,TOF为4.56 s^-1,单烯烃选择性为92.7%;在实验范围内,Pt/Na-[Fe]ZSM-5催化剂表面弱酸量和脱氢反应的本征活性(TOF)均随催化剂铁含量的增加而增加。     

NiO增强Pt/C催化剂催化氧化甲醇活性的研究

本文基于NiO作为Pt催化甲醇助催化剂的思路,通过Pt纳米颗粒担载在NiO修饰的碳材料载体上制备了Pt/NiO-C催化剂,系统地研究了不同的NiO/C热处理温度对Pt粒径的影响,并重点探讨了Pt对NiO的质量比对催化氧化甲醇的影响。X射线衍射分析结果显示NiO和Pt均为立方晶系,且NiO的加入有利于主催化剂Pt形成较小的粒径,且经400℃热处理NiO修饰的C材料作为载体有利于Pt的有效分散。所获得的Pt/NiO-C催化剂的电化学活性在甲醇酸性溶液中通过循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CA)进行性能测试。CV测试结果显示以Pt/NiO重量比为4∶1的催化剂其电氧化甲醇活性最大,其峰值氧化电流密度达806 mA/mgPt,是Pt/C催化剂的1.64倍。CA测试结果显示Pt/NiO-C比Pt/C具有更好的抗CO中毒性能和稳定性。     

MoO3和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上短链烷烃燃烧反应的不同促进作用

贵金属Pt催化剂具有高活性和热稳定性,广泛应用于催化挥发性有机物的完全氧化反应(燃烧反应).短链烷烃(甲烷、乙烷、丙烷等)化学性质稳定,是最难氧化的一类有机物,常用作考察燃烧反应催化剂性能的模型反应物.然而,目前报道的研究工作通常仅限于针对某一种烷烃底物的催化燃烧,系统考察催化剂以及助剂对不同短链烷烃的催化燃烧活性鲜有报道.在短链烷烃中,甲烷只有C–H键;而其它烷烃除了C–H键;还有C–C键.因此,研究催化剂对甲烷、乙烷和丙烷燃烧反应催化性能的差异性,对于认识催化剂上C–H键和C–C键的活化具有非常重要的意义.本文制备了MoO3或Nb2O5修饰的Pt/ZrO2催化剂并用于短链烷烃的燃烧反应.研究发现,MoO3助剂对甲烷燃烧有明显的抑制作用,但对乙烷,丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应具有促进作用,促进作用随着烷烃碳链的增长逐渐增加;Nb2O5助剂对甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应均具有促进作用,然而促进作用随着碳链的增长而逐渐减弱.MoO3和Nb2O5助剂的不同促进作用与助剂影响催化剂表面酸性以及Pt物种的氧化或还原态有关.NH3-TPD结果表明,MoO3助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面强酸位点数量,而Nb2O5助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面中强酸位点数量.HTEM结果表明,两种助剂的添加都不会明显改变Pt物种的颗粒尺寸.在Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上,MoO3覆盖部分Pt物种形成丰富的Pt-MoO3界面,促进了金属Pt物种和强表面酸性位点的生成,提高了丙烷燃烧反应活性;Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上载体表面的部分Nb2O5被Pt物种包覆,使得生成的表面Pt-Nb2O5界面低于Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂,但由于催化剂表面酸性位的提升,也促进了丙烷燃烧反应活性的提高.XPS结果表明,在甲烷燃烧反应中,Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种能够更加稳定地存在,这可能是Nb2O5助剂提高Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上甲烷燃烧活性的关键.而Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种在甲烷反应中可以更容易地被还原,并且由于MoO3的包裹导致暴露的Pt位点数量降低,使催化剂催化甲烷燃烧的活性受到抑制.可见,MoO3助剂更有利于C–C键活化,而Nb2O5助剂更有利于高键能的C–H键活化.综上,本文系统性地研究MoO3助剂和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上不同短链烷烃的燃烧反应的影响,证实了两种助剂的促进作用与碳链长度的关系是截然不同的.     

Ga改性ZSM-5分子筛催化丙烷芳构化性能研究

用离子交换法制备Ga改性ZSM-5双功能催化剂,并结合XRD、SEM、BET、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR及ICP、XPS等多种技术进行表征,考察分子筛硅铝比(Si/Al)和催化剂氧化还原预处理条件对分子筛的酸性质、Ga物种的存在状态及其丙烷芳构化催化性能的影响。研究表明,硅铝比不仅可以改变分子筛的酸性,也会影响分子筛中非骨架Ga物种与分子筛表面的相互作用程度,进而影响含Ga分子筛的丙烷芳构化性能。在质量空速1.0 h^-1、反应温度550℃ 下,Si/Al比为30的Ga-HZSM-5分子筛丙烷转化率和芳烃收率最高。Ga物种的引入可以提高丙烷的转化率和芳烃的选择性,并抑制烷烃、烯烃的裂解。H₂还原处理,将分子筛表面Ga₂O₃还原为低价的Ga⁺和GaH⁺₂物种,促进了Ga物种向分子筛微孔迁移;还原-氧化处理后,Ga⁺和GaH⁺₂物种氧化成GaO⁺,占据分子筛孔道离子交换位,显著提高了催化剂的芳构化活性。