羊肉挥发性盐基氮的高光谱图像快速检测研究

挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)通常被作为评价羊肉新鲜度的理化参考指标。为了揭示高光谱图像技术(HSI)快速检测羊肉新鲜度的可行性,采集了71个新鲜度具有代表性的羊肉样品的漫反射高光谱图像(400～1 000 nm),并利用半微量定氮法测定了其挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的化学值。选择感兴趣区域(ROIs)提取样品的代表性光谱,采用含量梯度法划分校正集和预测集,比较不同的光谱预处理方法,比较逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)、偏最小二乘(PLSR)和主成分分析(PCR)建模方法,建立并验证了TVB-N的校正模型。结果表明,利用多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑及中心化处理结合的预处理方法,PLSR和PCR模型都可以实现对羊肉TVB-N的定量检测。对于建立的PLSR模型,采用的预处理方法为MSC、15点2次S-G平滑、1阶导数和中心化相结合的方法,选择的潜变量因子数为11,获得的校正集的相关系数(R)和校正均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.92和3.00 mg·(100 g)-1,预测集的相关系数(r)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)分别为0.92,3.46 mg·(100 g)-1和2.35。研究表明,高光谱图像技术可用于准确快速地检测分析羊肉中新鲜度关键指标TVB-N的含量。该研究为采用高光谱图像技术进一步分析羊肉新鲜度其他指标、改善TVB-N的建模效果及在实际生产中应用该技术提供了基础。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定黄芩中总黄酮及黄芩苷的含量

文章建立了近红外漫反射光谱技术快速测定中药黄芩中主要活性成分黄芩苷和总黄酮含量的方法.对黄芩苷含量在12.24%～21.34%,总黄酮含量在16.08%～26.52%范围内的61个不同产地的黄芩,选择在8 000～4 000 cm-1范围内的近红外吸收光谱,采用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)比较不同光谱预处理方法建市的校正模型,结果表明一阶导数和最小最大归一化的数据预处理方法分别为黄芩苷和总黄酮最优预处理建模方法.黄芩苷校正集相关系数(r)为0.902 4,校正集标准偏差(SEC)为1.01,预测集标准偏差(SEP)为0.876 4;总黄酮校正集相关系数(r)为0.952 7,校正集标准偏差(SEC)为0.785,预测集标准偏差(SEP)为0.521 1,该方法快速简便,适合于黄芩中主要活性成分的快速分析.     

近红外光谱的河蟹新鲜度快速检测研究

河蟹的新鲜度是大多数消费者在购买时所考虑的最重要的因素,挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)是当前国际通用的评价肉类新鲜度的指标,但其检测工序繁琐、耗费时间长,无法满足当前市场对河蟹新鲜度评价的迫切需求。因此,建立一种快速检测河蟹新鲜度的方法是当前急需解决的一大难题。将购于水产市场的河蟹,采用聚乙烯充氧袋快速运至实验室,样本数共126只。在洁净的工作台上处理后,将螃蟹分为42个实验样品,每个样品3只鲜活螃蟹;42个实验样品放在低温4℃的恒温生化培养箱中贮藏,每天从培养箱中按时取出6个螃蟹样品进行光谱数据采集及新鲜度指标TVB-N的测定,历时7 d。采用近红外光谱(NIRS)对贮藏在不同时间下的河蟹新鲜度进行评价,使用挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)作为评价河蟹新鲜度的指标,首先通过比较经五折交叉验证(5-fold CrossValidation)算法、 kennard-stone(KS)算法、光谱-理化值共生距离(SPXY)算法三种样本划分方法处理后所建模型的预测效果确定最优样本划分方法,最终采用五折交叉验证(5-fold CrossValidation)算法对样本进行划分。其中的32个样品被划分为训练集进行模型构建,其余的10个样品被划分为测试集用于模型检验。然后在经过五折交叉验证法对样本进行划分的基础上,分别采用小波变换(WT)、 Savitzky-Golay平滑、一阶导数法(Db1)、二阶导数法(Db2)这4种单一算法以及小波变换(WT)与Savitzky-Golay平滑相结合的算法进行预处理,通过比较预处理后所建模型的预测效果,确定了小波变换(WT)预处理为最优光谱预处理方法,从而消除了光谱中的无用信息并提高了信噪比。再次,在WT预处理的基础上,分别采用主成分分析(PCA)法和连续投影(SPA)算法提取光谱特征波段,通过建模比较确定主成分分析(PCA)法为最优波长选择方法,以所选的16个特征波长作为模型的输入,不仅提高了模型的运行速度还可以提高模型的稳定性。最后,在经过PCA特征提取后,分别采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法和多元线性回归(MLR)算法构建TVB-N定量预测模型,通过比较两种模型的预测效果,确定了偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型为最优建模方法,最终确定的最优模型为基于WT-PCA-PLSR建立的模型,模型预测决定系数R^2为0.89,预测均方根误差RMSEP为3.00。综上所述,所建立的预测模型具有较高的精度,可以实现对河蟹新鲜度的快速检测,具有较好的市场应用前景。     

近红外光谱法快速检测猪肉中挥发性盐基氮的含量

为了实现快速无损地检测猪肉新鲜度的目的,应用近红外光谱法测定猪肉新鲜度重要指标一挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的含量.猪肉原始光谱经标准偏差归一化方法(SNV)预处理后,用联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)建立猪肉预处理后光谱和TVB-N含量的校正模型并与经典偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型、间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)模型作比较.试验结果表明,利用联合区间偏最小二乘法所建的预测模型最佳,其校正集相关系数(Rc)和交瓦验证均方根误差(fRv)分别为0.8332和3.75,预测集的相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(fRP)分别为0.8238和4.17.研究结果表明利用近红外光谱和联合区间偏最小二乘法可以快速地测定猪肉中挥发性盐基氮的含量.     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定麦冬的多糖含量

采用近红外光谱分析技术对麦冬多糖进行定量分析.对麦冬的原始漫反射光谱采用了一阶导数、二阶导数、平滑、散射校正等多种光谱解析手段,初步选择了建模波段,并结合偏最小二乘回归法对麦冬多糖进行了定标建模分析.结果表明,光谱经过一阶导数+标准乘性散射校正(MSC)+SG平滑处理,选取4 000～4 900,5 100～6 900,7 050～10 000 cm-1波段建模得到的定标模型效果最佳,分析结果精度较高,R2,RMSEC,R2CV,RMSECV,主因子数分别为0.996,0.237,0.973,0.583,6.模型经过验证样品集检验,预测相关系数达到0.968 8.     

基于优选波长的多光谱检测系统快速检测猪肉中挥发性盐基氮的含量

挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量是评价猪肉新鲜度的重要理化指标。为了实现快速、无损检测猪肉的新鲜度,优选出与猪肉中TVB-N含量相关的特征波长,将包含特征波长的发光二极管(LED)光源用于多光谱检测系统,测定了猪肉中TVB-N的含量。首先利用可见-近红外(VIS-NIR)高光谱系统对猪肉进行检测,获取高光谱反射率数据,并采用一阶导数(FD)法、标准正态变量变换(SNV)以及其他预处理方法建立猪肉中TVB-N含量的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型;然后分别利用逐步回归算法(SWA)、连续投影算法(SPA)、基因遗传算法(GA)筛选出与TVB-N含量相关的特征波长,利用筛选出的特征波长分别建立PLSR模型与多元线性回归(MLR)模型,比较模型结果后进一步优选特征波长;最后,将含有特征波长的LED光源用于多光谱检测系统,并建立PLSR模型与MLR模型,从而完成对猪肉中TVB-N含量的测定。实验结果表明:利用SWA、SPA、GA这3种算法筛选出的特征波长能够很好地反映全光谱的信息,建立的模型效果较好,变量数大大减少;包含优选特征波长的LED光源在多光谱检测系统中能很好地检测猪肉中的TVB-N含量;MLR模型结果好于PLSR模型结果,MLR模型的校正集相关系数和校正集均方根误差分别为0.9050和3.63×10-5,预测集相关系数和预测集均方根误差分别为0.9040和3.81×10-5。     

近红外光谱定量分析土壤全氮含量预处理方法探讨

提高土壤全氮含量检测的精确性对于精准农业具有非常重要的意义。本文基于近红外光谱技术,对光谱数据预处理方法进行研究。以土壤全氮含量为检测对象,采用平滑+一阶导数、基线校正+归一化、一阶导数+归一化等方法对采集样品的光谱数据进行预处理方法干预,并运用PLS算法分别建立土壤全氮含量的预测模型,分析不同种预处理方法对于近红外光谱建模精度的影响。实验结果表明应用基线校正+归一化处理后建模得到的预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.025,决定系数R~2为0.98,预测精度最佳。     

基于BP-ANN和PLS的近红外光谱无损检测李果实品质的研究

可溶性固形物(SSC)和可滴定总酸(TA)含量是影响李果实品质的重要指标,经典的破坏性检测方法不适用于果实按品质分级,近红外光谱(NIRS)检测方法具有速度快、操作简便、可无损检测果实品质。为实现NIRS无损快速检测安哥诺李果实可溶性固形物和可滴定总酸含量,利用NIRS采集李果实的漫反射光谱,同时采用糖度计测定安哥诺李果实的SSC,采用滴定法测定了李果实TA含量,使用杠杆值和F概率值剔除异常样品,采用软件优化结合人工筛选光谱波段,使用了消除常数偏移量、减去一条直线、矢量归一化(SNV)、最大-最小归一化、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶和二阶导数结合平滑处理、一阶导数结合减去一条直线和平滑处理、以及一阶导数结合SNV或MSC校正等光谱预处理方法,分别采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和主成分分析结合反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)建立李果实SSC、 TA的定量分析模型。结果表明,李果实SSC和TA的最佳PLS建模效果波段范围分别为4 000～8 852和4 605～6 523 cm^-1。SSC的PLS模型的最佳光谱预处理方法为MSC校正,最佳模型校正相关系数(R_...     

可见光/近红外光谱技术快速测定橙汁柠檬酸含量

为了快速无损测定橙汁的柠檬酸含量,提出了一种用可见光/近红外光谱技术进行检测的新方法。选用高效液相色谱法作为光谱柠檬酸测定的标定方法。采用平滑点数为5的移动平滑法对原始光谱进行预处理消除噪声。由于采集的光谱数据量非常大,为了减少建模时间,建模之前采用小波变换对经过预处理的大量光谱数据进行降维压缩,并在Matlab7.01中通过自编程序实现此变换。利用光谱专用分析软件Unscrambler 9.5,对压缩后的新变量进行分析,建立偏最小二乘(PLS)校正模型。考虑到不同小波基及分解尺度对数据压缩的影响,采用预测平方和PRESS值最小的评价标准,选择最佳的小波基Db4及分解尺度5。用于本实验的样本总数为40,其中30个样本进行建模,10个用于预测。用校正集相关系数(r)和标准偏差(SEC)作为校正模型的评价指标,预测结果采用预测相关系数(r)和预测标准偏差(SEP)来评定。文章将基于小波变换的PLS模型与直接建立的PLS模型进行了比较,偏最小二乘法结合小波变换的模型预测相关系数为r=0.901, 预测标准偏差SEP=0.937;而由PLS建立的模型其预测相关系数r=0.849,预测标准偏差SEP=1.662。由此可见,由偏最小二乘法结合小波变换所得模型效果优于单独使用偏最小二乘法的结果。     

近红外光谱技术用于豆浆粉品牌与假冒豆浆粉的鉴别

采用近红外光谱分析技术结合化学计量学方法研究对不同品牌的豆浆粉以及假冒的豆浆粉鉴别的可行性。采集不同品牌豆浆粉以及假冒豆浆粉在12 500～4 000 cm-1范围内光谱,并进行不同的预处理。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)对不同预处理的光谱进行建模比较,去趋势算法(De-trending)预处理光谱与多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)结合De-trending(MSC+De-trending)预处理光谱的PLS-DA模型预测集判别正确率最高, 均为100%。采用x-loading weights方法分别基于De-trending和MSC-De-trending预处理光谱选择了6个和7个特征波数,并以特征波数分别建立了线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)和误差反向传播神经网络(back-propagation neural network, BPNN)的判别分析模型。结果表明,以所选出的不同的特征波数建立的BPNN判别分析模型取得了最佳的判别效果,建模集和预测集的判别正确率均为100%。采用近红外光谱分析技术可以准确的判别豆浆粉品牌以及假冒豆浆粉产品。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.