原子转移自由基细乳液聚合*

本文从正向、反向、同时正向/反向、电子转移活化剂等不同原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）细乳液引发体系的角度,综述了近年来国内外关于ATRP细乳液聚合的研究进展。在细乳液体系中进行正向ATRP,聚合可控性不理想,反向ATRP相对适合于细乳液体系,其缺点是表面活性剂用量较大。同时正向/反向引发体系的ATRP中催化剂用量大为减少,并且聚合具有良好的可控性;电子转移活化剂（AGET）ATRP是通过电子转移反应来还原过渡金属的氧化态,克服了同时正向/反向ATRP中需要引入自由基引发剂的缺点。     

原子转移自由基聚合引发体系的最新研究进展

本文介绍了关于原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）引发-活化-失活过程的最新研究情况,包括RATRP、SR&NI ATRP、AGET ATRP、ARGET ATRP以及ICAR ATRP等新型ATRP引发体系。这些新型ATRP体系逐渐克服了通常ATRP体系的局限性,尤其是后两种体系仅需微量（1～50 ppm）价态稳定的过渡金属络合物调控聚合,大大简化了ATRP方法的工业化生产程序;本文同时介绍了杂化及双金属ATRP催化体系,这两种新型催化体系具有较高的催化活性和对聚合反应的调控能力,而且通过简单地过滤或沉降就可从聚合产物当中脱除。     

Recent Developments in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP): Methods to Reduce Metal Catalyst Concentrations

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was initially developed in the mid‐1990s, and with continued refinement and use has led to significant discoveries in new materials. However, metal contamination of the polymer product is an issue that has proven detrimental to widespread industrial application of ATRP. The laboratories of K. Matyjaszewski have made significant progress towards removing this impediment, leading the development of “activators regenerated by electron transfer” ATRP (ARGET ATRP) and electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) technologies. These variants of ATRP allow polymers to be produced with great molecular weight and functionality control but at significantly reduced catalyst concentrations, typically at parts per million levels. This Concept examines these polymerizations in terms of their mechanism and outcomes, and is aimed at giving the reader an overview of recent developments in the field of ATRP.     

Structure-reactivity correlation in atom transfer radical polymerization

Kinetics of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with the special emphasis on dynamics of activation and deactivation is discussed. Various mechanistic features of ATRP related to electron transfer processes are presented. Elementary reactions of ATRP process are analyzed.     

Atom transfer radical addition and polymerization reactions catalyzed by ppm amounts of copper complexes

Over the past decade, copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has had a tremendous impact on the synthesis of polymeric materials with well defined compositions, architectures and functionalities. Apart from synthetic aspects of ATRP, considerable effort has also been devoted to structural and mechanistic understanding of copper complexes involved in ATRP, as well as development of methodologies to decrease the amount of catalyst needed in these systems. This tutorial review reports on recent advances in the area of catalyst regeneration in ATRP and mechanistically similar atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) using environmentally benign reducing agents. The outlined processes termed ARGET (activators regenerated by electron transfer) and ICAR (initiators for continuous activator regeneration) ATRP enable the synthesis of well-defined (co)polymers and single addition adducts using very low concentrations of copper catalysts (1-100 ppm). Recent developments in this area could have profound industrial implications on the synthesis of well-defined polymeric materials and small organic molecules.     

Physico-chemical control over the single- or double-wall structure of aluminogermanate imogolite-like nanotubes

It is known that silicon can be successfully replaced by germanium atoms in the synthesis of imogolite nanotubes, leading to shorter and larger AlGe nanotubes. Beside the change in morphology, two characteristics of the AlGe nanotube synthesis were recently discovered. AlGe imogolite nanotubes can be synthesized at much higher concentrations than AlSi imogolite. AlGe imogolite exists in the form of both single-walled (SW) and double-walled (DW) nanotubes, whereas DW AlSi imogolites have never been observed. In this article, we give details on the physicochemical control over the SW or DW AlGe imogolite structure. For some conditions, an almost 100% yield of SW or DW nanotubes is demonstrated. We propose a model for the formation of SW or DW AlGe imogolite, which also explains why DW AlSi imogolites or higher wall numbers for AlGe imogolite are not likely to be formed.     

利用原子转移自由基聚合方法制备一种新型聚合物整体柱固相萃取材料初探

利用两步原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法,初步建立了新型聚合物整体柱固相萃取(SPE)材料制备的新方法。首先利用ATRP方法,以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯（EDMA）为交联剂,在室温条件下,在滤头中原位快速聚合制备得到负载有聚合物整体柱的萃取装置;然后采用表面诱导的电子转移活化再生原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)方法进行表面修饰,得到了聚(二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)(PDMAEMA)修饰的柱体;进一步将此整体柱用作萃取材料,实现了对激素类药物的富集分析。本研究表明:ATRP有望作为一种简单、有效及反应条件温和的聚合方法用于整体柱的制备,且该方法有潜力实现固相萃取材料在不同装置中的制备。     

Preparation of homopolymers and block copolymers in miniemulsion by ATRP using activators generated by electron transfer (AGET)

A new initiating/catalytic system for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported. This system starts with alkyl halides as initiators and transition metal complexes in their oxidatively stable state (e.g., Cu(II)Br2/ligand) as catalysts. The activators are generated by electron transfer (AGET) without involvement of initiating organic radicals. AGET ATRP has a significant advantage over simultaneous reverse and normal initiation (SR&NI) ATRP, because it provides a simple route for synthesizing pure polymers with complex architectures such as star copolymers, block copolymers, etc. Furthermore, AGET ATRP can be also successfully carried out in miniemulsion. Homopolymers and pure block copolymers were successfully synthesized via ATRP in miniemulsion using AGET ATRP. The final products were analyzed via two-dimensional chromatography, which combines high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The resulting chromatograms showed that pure linear block copolymers and star block copolymers were prepared without the presence of any homopolymers.     

原子转移自由基聚合法制备超大孔聚合物微球

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为单体(GMA)、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,采用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)制备了PGMA-EDMA大孔聚合物微球,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及压汞法对PGMA-EDMA微球进行了表征.研究结果表明,原子转移自由基聚合法制备的PGMA-EDMA微球的孔径尺寸及比表面积均大于普通自由基聚合法(CFRP)制备的PGMA-EDMA;ATRP法制备的PGMAEDMA微球的颗粒尺寸(100~400 nm)明显小于CFRP法制备的PGMA-EDMA微球的颗粒尺寸(1000 nm).PGMA-EDMA(ATRP)的微球粒径尺寸分布优于PGMA-EDMA(CFRP).因此PGMA-EDMA(APRP)微球在快速蛋白分离纯化方面有潜在的应用前景.     

原子转移自由基聚合方法在纤维素及其衍生物改性方面的应用Ⅱ

原子转移自由基聚合反应(atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)是纤维素及其衍生物进行修饰改性的一种有效途径。通过ATRP对纤维素及其衍生物进行改性,可以得到不包含相应均聚物的纯接枝产物,且接枝链的长度及分子量分布均可控。通过ATRP不仅可对纤维素进行本体改性,还可对其进行表面改性。原子转移自由基聚合方法在纤维素及其衍生物改性方面的应用Ⅰ″一文介绍了通过ATRP对纤维素及其衍生物进行本体改性的研究进展。本文概述了通过ATRP对纤维素及其衍生物进行表面改性的研究进展。     

原子转移自由基聚合反应及其进展

活性自由基聚合是目前高分子科学中最为活跃的研究领域之一,原子转移自由基聚合反应是实现活性聚合的一种颇为有效的途径,可实现众多单体的活性可控自由基聚合。此文综述有关原子转移自由基聚合反应及其最新进展。     

Copolymerization of (Meth)acrylates with Olefins Using Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ARGET ATRP)

Summary: Controlled copolymerization of polar (meth)acrylates with non-polar olefin monomers (1-octene, norbornene, vinylcyclohexane) was studied by ARGET (activators regenerated by electron transfer) ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization). When a normal ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (nBA) and 1-octene was conducted, the polymerization resulted in relatively low conversion, limited control over the polymerization process and high polydispersity (PDI > 1.6). This was due to formation of a dormant species, by reaction of 1-octene radicals with Cu(II) deactivator, that could not be reactivated. However, in ARGET ATRP with 10 ppm amounts of Cu-based catalyst, higher yields and a better controlled copolymerization was obtained (PDI < 1.4), because the low concentration of Cu(II) deactivator reduced the formation of the non-reactive dormant species. The influence of the amount of Cu catalyst, ligand structure, initiators with different halogens, the reaction temperature, and monomer feed ratio were also investigated for ARGET ATRP. In copolymerization of (meth)acrylates with non-polar alkenes, the level of control and the total conversion in ARGET ATRP were higher than those for normal ATRP.     

Imine-based covalent organic framework as photocatalyst for visible-light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization

Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an economical and environment-friendly method for synthesizing polymers with pre-designable structures and precise molecular weight. Although significant progress for copper-mediated photoinduced ATRP has been achieved, several drawbacks still remain, such as poor electron transfer capability and absorption bands of photocatalysts near UV region. Herein, imine-based covalent organic framework, TAPPy-TPA-COF , has been synthesized as potential heterogeneous photocatalyst for photoinduced ATRP. The “living” feature of polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be well controlled by efficiency maintain the balance between activation and inactivation of Cu^I and Cu^II. The chain extension experiments have further demonstrated the chain-end fidelity of polymers. Meanwhile, the catalyst recycle experiments have revealed stability of TAPPy-TPA-COF toward ATRP processes. These results support the feasibility of using COFs as heterogeneous photocatalysts for copper-mediated ATRP under visible light irradiation.     

Electrochemical approaches for better understanding of atom transfer radical polymerization

Electrochemistry strongly contributed to deepen the understanding and predictability of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) outcomes. Several electrochemical tools have been used to determine thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that are hardly accessible by other techniques. The electrochemical methods presented in this brief review were applied to systems with extremely different ATRP reactivity, providing a rational database of primary reference for further developments of ATRP.     

原子转移自由基聚合与高分子构筑

活性聚合反应是目前高分子合成研究最为活跃的领域之一，原子转移自由基聚合反应（ATRP）是实现活性聚合的一种有效途径，可实现多种单体的活性聚合和可控自由基聚合。本文介绍了原子转移自由基聚合反应机理，重点综述了原子转移自由基聚合在高分子合成中的应用。     

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)在星形聚合物合成中的应用

综述了近10 年来采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP) 法合成星形聚合物的研究进展。从聚合单体、引发剂、聚合方法和反应条件以及聚合物性质等方面讨论了原子转移自由基聚合在星形聚合物合成中的应用,并根据聚合方法和引发剂对各种反应进行了分类。对原子转移自由基聚合技术在合成功能性复杂星形聚合物中的应用进行了展望。     

基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合

综述了近年来基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合的最新进展.其中,基于环糊精合成化学的原子转移自由基聚合主要表现在:一方面,通过原子转移自由基聚合反应实现环糊精母体的共价键修饰;另一方面,利用该反应参与构筑非共价键的环糊精自组装体系.而通过原子转移自由基聚合反应获得的这些新型环糊精衍生物和自组装体系还可以被进一步应用到有机合成化学、复杂“智能型”超分子自组装体系的构筑、药物输运与控缓释工具、蛋白识别以及手性分离等领域.     

Determination of equilibrium constants for atom transfer radical polymerization

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) equilibrium constants (K(ATRP)) were determined using modified Fischer's equations for the persistent radical effect. The original Fischer's equations could be used only for low conversion of Cu(I) to X-Cu(II) and consequently for relatively low values of K(ATRP). At higher conversion to X-Cu(II) (>10%) and for larger values of K(ATRP) (>10(-)(7)), modified equations that take into account the changes in catalyst and initiator concentrations should be used. The validity of new equations was confirmed by detailed kinetic simulations. UV-vis spectrometric and GC measurements were used to follow the evolution of X-Cu(II) species and the initiator concentration, respectively, and to successfully determine values of K(ATRP) for several catalysts and alkyl halides. The effect of structure on reactivities of ATRP components is presented.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media

During the last decade, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) received significant attention due to its exceptional capability of synthesizing polymers with pre-determined molecular weight, well-defined molecular architectures and various functionalities. It is economically and environmentally attractive to adopt ATRP to aqueous dispersed media, although the process is challenging. This review summarizes recent developments of conducting ATRP in aqueous dispersed media. The issues related to retaining “controlled/living” character as well as colloidal stability during the polymerization have to be considered. Better understanding the ATRP mechanism and development of new initiation techniques, such as activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) significantly facilitated ATRP in aqueous systems. This review covers the most important progress of ATRP in dispersed media from 1998 to 2009, including miniemulsion, microemulsion, emulsion, suspension and dispersed polymerization.