中国数字人体男性数学模型建立及外辐射模拟

基于中国数字人男一号高分辨人体结构数据集,通过最小包围盒方法获取中国数字人体男性体素模型各器官空间位置和尺寸信息,建立了中国数字人体男性数学模型,并通过变形实现了不同身高模型的构建。采用蒙特卡罗方法进行了不同能量下光子中子的外部辐射模拟。通过结果对比发现,数学模型与体素模型模拟结果趋势一致,但器官位置和质量对剂量影响较大,低能级下尤为明显。对于不同身高模型,小型个体剂量大于大型个体,深层器官剂量较浅层器官对器官尺寸更为敏感。数学模型定义简单,存储空间小,有利于人体辐射剂量的快速计算。     

空间辐射环境及人体剂量蒙特卡罗模拟

针对空间辐射环境进行了理论分析,并使用蒙特卡罗方法,对银河宇宙射线及典型太阳质子事件进行了模拟。通过分析常规屏蔽对空间辐射场及人体剂量的影响、屏蔽下的次级粒子产额等,验证了蒙特卡罗工具包Geant4应用于空间辐射防护研究的准确性。模拟发现：在常规屏蔽厚度的情况下,对于太阳质子事件,由于其能量主要分布在低能量段(100 MeV以下),屏蔽效果随屏蔽厚度的增加明显增大,1 g/cm2 Al等效厚度屏蔽皮肤剂量可降低至其初始剂量值的8%左右,10 g/cm2 Al等效厚度的屏蔽可降低至初始剂量值的048%左右;而对于银河宇宙射线,由于其平均能量较高,屏蔽层的屏蔽作用并不明显,在浅层组织剂量甚至有所增加。     

一个模拟光子照射人体的蒙特卡罗程序

本文分绍了一个用于辐射防护和医疗目的的蒙特卡罗程序。它能计算出受到光子照射时人体20种器官(组织)的吸收剂量和人体有效剂量当量。程序中使用了一种特殊的方法以加快计算结果的收敛。本文所介绍的方法也可用于其他复杂几何系统的剂量计算。     

中国锦屏地下实验室缪子辐射环境蒙特卡罗方法模拟

用蒙特卡罗方法对中国锦屏地下实验室（CJPL）的缪子辐射本底进行了模拟。在对宇宙线缪子进行模拟时,依据海平面缪子流强Gaisser公式建立模型,并利用MUSIC程序,模拟了CJPL实验室的剩余缪子归一化能谱,进一步利用FLUKA程序模拟得到了缪致光子、中子的产额和平均能量。结果表明：剩余缪子的平均能量369 GeV,通量3.1710-6 m-2s-1,次级光子总的注量率约1.5710-4 m-2s-1,次级中子总的注量率约8.3710-7 m-2s-1。通过与世界上其他地下实验室本底水平的对比,表明CJPL的缪子辐射环境低于世界上大多数地下实验室。     

面向个人剂量计校准的小尺度伽玛参考辐射模拟研究

针对伽玛射线个人剂量计基于标准伽玛参考辐射进行校准时检定效率低、校准工作复杂和需要远程送检的关键技术问题,建构了1 Ci ¹³⁷Cs放射源小尺度参考辐射场物理模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法,研究了小尺度参考辐射场内的剂量分布、装置结构和待检剂量计变化导致散射射线对剂量场的影响,获得了待检剂量计形状、数量、类型和装置结构产生的散射伽玛射线对小尺度参考辐射量值定度的影响结果。研究结果表明,1 Ci ¹³⁷Cs可以为小尺度参考辐射辐射场检验点提供1.5 mSv/h的伽玛遂行剂量率,辐照个人剂量计载台直径30 cm束斑上的剂量率相对标准偏差约为0.48%。当载台厚度为20 mm时,散射射线对小尺度参考辐射检验点处剂量率值的影响率为3.27%,高于剂量计尺寸（1.62%）和剂量计数量（0.56%）的影响。     

超强激光场中氢原子辐射高次谐波蒙特卡罗模拟

运用蒙特卡罗方法，模拟和计算出在超强激光场中，氢原子在相对论领域的电离几率和辐射出的高次谐波，并且讨论了氢原子的电离几率和辐射出的高次谐波与激光场的电场和磁场的关系。     

蒙特卡罗方法及应用

介绍蒙特卡罗方法的基本原理及其在计算物理中的应用。     

定量中子数字成像散射校正的蒙特卡罗模拟

 中子数字成像过程中,散射中子可降低像质致使提取样品的定量信息变得困难。针对该情况,分析了中子微光成像系统图像散射降质的原理,采用点扩展函数的叠加来表征散射中子引起图像降质的过程,借助于蒙特卡罗方法（MC）对点扩展函数进行模拟和建模,将点扩展函数描述为样品厚度以及样品到探测器距离为参量的解析函数,研究了点扩展函数的计算方法。研究结果表明,借助于MC方法构建系统的点扩展函数之解析函数,并利用该函数对中子图像进行散射校正,是一种行之有效的定量中子数字成像散射校正方法。     

高空核爆炸瞬发辐射电离效应的数值模拟

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了高空核爆炸瞬发辐射中子、γ射线、X射线电离大气的过程,给出了几种爆炸场景下瞬发辐射产生的附加电离电子密度空间分布.针对大气密度随高度非均匀连续变化的特性,采用质量距离抽样方法取代常用的步长抽样方法,无需根据大气密度随高度的变化进行分层处理,提高了计算效率.结果表明:对于不同的爆高,瞬发辐射电离分布存在显著的差异;随着爆高的增加,瞬发辐射附加电离区范围增大,但电子密度的峰值减小. 关键词： 高空核爆炸 瞬发辐射 大气电离 蒙特卡罗方法     

基于切伦科夫辐射的核素治疗剂量测量可行性分析

针对现有核素治疗中内照射剂量测量缺乏简单、高效方法的问题,基于内照射剂量与切伦科夫辐射之间的关系,提出一种基于切伦科夫辐射的核素治疗内照射剂量测量的新方法。利用蒙特卡罗计算程序Geant4,模拟放射性核素131I在水体模型和甲状腺模型中产生切伦科夫辐射与剂量沉积的分布情况,并定量分析切伦科夫光子数与剂量之间的关系。计算结果表明：在水体模的半径方向上切伦科夫光子数与剂量之间有着相同的变化趋势,且两者有着相同的二维分布规律;核素131I在介质中产生的切伦科夫光子数与剂量两者之间存在一定的线性关系,且这种线性关系与核素的分布情况无关。研究结果证实,将这种放射性核素在介质中产生的切伦科夫辐射应用于内照射剂量学具有非常大的研究潜力和价值。     

蒙特卡罗技术在放射诊断剂量快速计算中的应用

采用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术研究放射性核素131I的放疗特性。给出了131I衰变过程的MC抽样表达式,实现了含电子和光子的混合抽样模拟。对水客体中131I衰变的MC模拟结果表明:131I能够有效地治疗甲状腺肿瘤而几乎不影响正常组织。变密度客体的MC模拟结果表明:沉积能量与面密度之间的关系与密度无关,满足卷积核自适应的要求;并且MC模拟能够提供剂量卷积核函数,为快速剂量计算提供数据。     

蒙特卡罗技术在放射诊断剂量快速计算中的应用

采用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术研究放射性核素131I的放疗特性。给出了131I衰变过程的MC抽样表达式,实现了含电子和光子的混合抽样模拟。对水客体中131I衰变的MC模拟结果表明：131I能够有效地治疗甲状腺肿瘤而几乎不影响正常组织。变密度客体的MC模拟结果表明：沉积能量与面密度之间的关系与密度无关,满足卷积核自适应的要求;并且MC模拟能够提供剂量卷积核函数,为快速剂量计算提供数据。     

Benchmarking and validation of a Geant4–SHADOW Monte Carlo simulation for dose calculations in microbeam radiation therapy

Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a synchrotron‐based radiotherapy modality that uses high‐intensity beams of spatially fractionated radiation to treat tumours. The rapid evolution of MRT towards clinical trials demands accurate treatment planning systems (TPS), as well as independent tools for the verification of TPS calculated dose distributions in order to ensure patient safety and treatment efficacy. Monte Carlo computer simulation represents the most accurate method of dose calculation in patient geometries and is best suited for the purpose of TPS verification. A Monte Carlo model of the ID17 biomedical beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been developed, including recent modifications, using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit interfaced with the SHADOW X‐ray optics and ray‐tracing libraries. The code was benchmarked by simulating dose profiles in water‐equivalent phantoms subject to irradiation by broad‐beam (without spatial fractionation) and microbeam (with spatial fractionation) fields, and comparing against those calculated with a previous model of the beamline developed using the PENELOPE code. Validation against additional experimental dose profiles in water‐equivalent phantoms subject to broad‐beam irradiation was also performed. Good agreement between codes was observed, with the exception of out‐of‐field doses and toward the field edge for larger field sizes. Microbeam results showed good agreement between both codes and experimental results within uncertainties. Results of the experimental validation showed agreement for different beamline configurations. The asymmetry in the out‐of‐field dose profiles due to polarization effects was also investigated, yielding important information for the treatment planning process in MRT. This work represents an important step in the development of a Monte Carlo‐based independent verification tool for treatment planning in MRT.     

An efficient numerical tool for dose deposition prediction applied to synchrotron medical imaging and radiation therapy

Medical imaging and radiation therapy are widely used synchrotron‐based techniques which have one thing in common: a significant dose delivery to typically biological samples. Among the ways to provide the experimenters with image guidance techniques indicating optimization strategies, Monte Carlo simulation has become the gold standard for accurately predicting radiation dose levels under specific irradiation conditions. A highly important hampering factor of this method is, however, its slow statistical convergence. A track length estimator (TLE) module has been coded and implemented for the first time in the open‐source Monte Carlo code GATE/Geant4. Results obtained with the module and the procedures used to validate them are presented. A database of energy‐absorption coefficients was also generated, which is used by the TLE calculations and is now also included in GATE/Geant4. The validation was carried out by comparing the TLE‐simulated doses with experimental data in a synchrotron radiation computed tomography experiment. The TLE technique shows good agreement versus both experimental measurements and the results of a classical Monte Carlo simulation. Compared with the latter, it is possible to reach a pre‐defined statistical uncertainty in about two to three orders of magnitude less time for complex geometries without loss of accuracy.     

Monte Carlo calculations of the magnetocaloric effect in gadolinium

In this work we discuss the magnetocaloric effect in metallic gadolinium. We use a model Hamiltonian of interacting 4f spins and treat the 4f spin–spin interaction both in the mean field approximation and in the Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations show that the mean field approximation yields reasonable results for the magnetocaloric potentials ΔS$\mathrm{\Delta }S$ and Δ_Tad$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{ad}}$ but it fails in explaining the experimental data of specific heat at the magnetic ordering temperature. On the other hand, our theoretical results show that the Monte Carlo calculation describes well not only the magnetocaloric potentials ΔS$\mathrm{\Delta }S$ and Δ_Tad$\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{\mathrm{ad}}$ but also the specific heat capacity.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的6 MV Truebeam剂量计算

使用蒙特卡罗方法快速准确地模拟6 MV Varian Truebeam医用电子直线加速器射野剂量特性,探究厂家提供相位空间源的可用性及模拟方法的准确性。以Varian公司提供的出束窗口位置处相位空间文件作为Beamnrc/EGSnrc输入源,模拟射野形成结构并计算10 cm10 cm射野下的均匀水体模中的剂量分布,将计算结果与相同条件下的实验测量数据进行比较。同一计算机模拟时,传统完整机头模拟方法需4~5 h,文中所述方法模拟时间可缩减至48 min,剂量计算结果与相同条件下所得实际测量数据可较好地吻合,两者的百分深度剂量差异低于3%,且建成区吻合良好;不同深度处80%等剂量线所包含的射野区域内百分离轴剂量比差异均低于3%,且半影区效果好。使用厂家提供相位空间文件作为EGSnrc入射源,能快速模拟治疗头,得到剂量计算结果与实际测量值的差异满足剂量计算精度要求。     

基于临床实例的影响蒙特卡罗程序MCNP计算精度和速度的若干参数模拟研究

蒙特卡罗方法是目前最精确的剂量计算方法,但其较长的模拟时间阻碍了它在临床治疗中的应用。基于蒙特卡罗程序MCNP4c,针对一临床头部病例,探讨了记数方法、电子和光子截断能、光子产生次级电子参数ENUM对计算速度和精度的影响,给出了在保证一定精度前提下的最佳计算模式,以获得计算速度的有效提升。Monte its long simulation and photons, and investigated based Carlo method is regarded as the most accurate method for dose calculation at present, whereas time hinders its clinic application. The effects of the tally method, the cut-off energy of electrons the secondary electron number parameter ENUM on precision and speed of MCNP4c have been on a clinical case to seek for a relatively optimum calculation mode.