The Influence of Stochastic Layers of Magnetic Field Lines on Transport Barrier Formation in a Stellarator System

The results of local measurements of RF discharge plasma parameters in the process of internal transport barriers (ITB) formation in the vicinity of rational magnetic surfaces in the Uragan-3M torsatron are presented. The following phenomena were observed in the process of ITB formation: widening of the radial density distribution, formation of plateaus on radial density and electron temperature distributions, formation of regions with high shear of poloidal plasma rotation velocity and radial electric field in the vicinity of stochastic layers of magnetic field lines, decrease of density fluctuations and their radial correlation length, decorrelation of density fluctuations, and increase of the bootstrap current.After the ITB formation, the transition to the improved plasma confinement regime takes place. The transition moves to the beginning of the discharge with the increase of heating power. The possible mechanism of ITB formation near rational surfaces is discussed.     

Theoretical study of the effects of vacancy and oxygen impurity on Ti_2GaC

This paper presents the mono-vacancy formation and migration energies of each element Ti, Ga, and C in the MAX phase Ti2GaC, which are obtained by first principles calculations. We also calculate the formation energies of oxygen substituting for Ti, Ga, and C and two formation energies of oxygen interstitial in different sites. The results show that the formation energy of oxygen substituting for Ti is the highest, and the formation energies of the O substitution for Ga atoms decrease as the oxygen concentration increases. The two different formation energies of one oxygen interstitial show that the stable site for the oxygen interstitial is at the center of the triangle composed by three Ga atoms. The effects of vacancy,oxygen substitution, and the interstitial on the electronic properties of Ti2GaC are also discussed in light of the density of states and the electron charge density.     

Comparison of the Parameters of the Exergoeconomic Environmental Analysis of Two Combined Cycles of Three Pressure Levels with and without Postcombustion

Nowadays, in Mexico, most of the installed electricity generation capacity corresponds to combined cycles, representing 37.1%. For this reason, it is important to maintain these cycles in good operating conditions, with the least environmental impacts. An exergoeconomic and environmental analysis is realized to compare the operation of the combined cycle, with and without postcombustion, with the comparison of exergoeconomic and environmental indicators. With the productive structure of the energy system, the process of formation of the final products and the residues are identified, and an allocation criterion is also used to impute the formation cost of residue to the productive components related to its formation. This criterion considers the irreversibilities generated in each productive component that participates in the formation of a residue. The compositions of pollutant gases emitted are obtained, and their environmental impact is determined. The unit exergoeconomic cost of the power output in the gas turbine is lower in the combined cycle with postcombustion, indicating greater efficiency in the process of obtaining this energy stream, and the environmental indicators of global warming, smog formation and acid rain formation are higher in the combined cycle with postcombustion, these differences being 5.22%, 5.53% and 5.30%, respectively.     

XRF法在四川盆地须家河组沉积相研究中的应用

X射线荧光光谱仪在地质样品测定上的应用还不是很广泛,而将X射线荧光光谱法应用到沉积相的研究中则更少。将X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)应用到川中地区上三叠统须家河组二段沉积环境及古气候的识别中,针对四川盆地上三叠统须家河组二段沉积相及沉积环境有争议的问题,特别是须二段地层属于陆相沉积还是海相沉积的问题,采集了四川盆地内四个有代表性地区的须家河组样品,采用X 射线荧光光谱法分析须家河组各段沉积物的元素含量及变化特征,并根据不同相带及沉积环境的元素含量标志,定量分析须家河组沉积相带与沉积环境。研究结果表明： 须家河组二段的Sr/Ba值、Mn/Fe 值和Sr/Ca值均落在陆相沉积的范围内,且与须家河组三-四段的元素含量特征无明显差异,Sr/Cu元素比分析结果表明须家河组沉积时期为温暖—湿润的古气候环境,结果证明四川盆地上三叠统须家河组二段属于温湿气候下的陆相沉积,且与须家河组三-四段沉积环境相类似。X射线荧光光谱法与常规化学分析法实验结果相对误差小于3%,该方法简单易行,为沉积相及沉积环境的识别提供了一种简单、可行且能够定量分析的研究方法。为解决有争议地层沉积相的问题提供了一种较可行的新方法,推动了X射线荧光光谱分析法在地质上的应用。     

TATB生成焓的量子力学计算

采用Hartree-Fock方法和密度泛函 BPW91方法,对TATB分子的几何结构进行了优化,计算了其电子能量和热运动的能量.计算并讨论了TATB的生成焓.结果表明,TATB分子中的苯环离域电子结构引起TATB生成焓计算的较大的系统偏差;利用具有相似离域电子结构的苯和NO的生成焓进行修正,计算得到的TATB生成热与实验结果符合较好.?     

Effects of the formation time of parton shower on jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions

Jet quenching has successfully served as a hard probe to study the properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). As a multi-particle system, jets require time to develop from a highly virtual parton to a group of partons close to mass shells. In this study, we present a systematical analysis on the effects of this formation time on jet quenching in relativistic nuclear collisions. Jets from initial hard scatterings were simulated with Pythia, and their interactions with QGP were described using a Linear Boltzmann Transport (LBT) model that incorporates both elastic and inelastic scatterings between jet partons and the thermal medium. Three different estimations of the jet formation time were implemented and compared, including instantaneous formation, formation from single splitting, and formation from sequential splittings, before which no jet-medium interaction was assumed. We found that deferring the jet-medium interaction with a longer formation time not only affects the overall magnitude of the nuclear modification factor of jets but also its dependence on the jet transverse momentum.     

Thermochemistry of complex salts of transition metals with tetrazolyl ligands

A combined use of precise combustion calorimetry and reaction calorimetry made it possible to obtain the standard enthalpy of formation of complex salts of transition metals (nickel, zinc, and cadmium) with 2-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide ligands. The enthalpy of combustion of the ligand was determined using combustion calorimetry, based on which its standard enthalpy of formation was calculated. For measurements by reaction calorimetry, a thermochemical cycle was designed to determine the standard enthalpy of formation of complex salts. The enthalpies of solution in water and in a 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution of the ligand and complex transition metal salts were measured. Based on these data, the enthalpy of formation of the salts and the enthalpy of formation of three new complex ions were calculated.     

On the energy of formation of defects

We present a formulation of the Gibbs free energy of defect formation in crystals which is formally based on a quasi-classical thermodynamical cluster expansion of the Gibbs free energy of the defect crystal. Thus a microscopic formulation of the Gibbs free energy of formation is achieved. The related quantities like formation volume per defect and defect susceptibility functions are then derived from the formation energy. The resulting expressions depend only on the defect concentration and the bulk properties of the crystal. Finally we discuss an approximate form of the formation energy which was introduced intuitively by Varotsos and Alexopoulos. As an example for the applicability of this formulation we present an explanation of the anomaly in the conductivity and diffusion of AgBr.     

Antagonistic formation motion of cooperative agents

This paper investigates a new formation motion problem of a class of first-order multi-agent systems with antagonistic interactions.A distributed formation control algorithm is proposed for each agent to realize the antagonistic formation motion.A sufficient condition is derived to ensure that all of the agents make an antagonistic formation motion in a distributed manner.It is shown that all of the agents can be spontaneously divided into several groups and that agents in the same group collaborate while agents in different groups compete.Finally,a numerical simulation is included to demonstrate our theoretical results.     

Excited states of muonium in atomic hydrogen

Muonium formation in excited states in muon-hydrogen charge-exchange collision is investigated using a method developed in a previous paper. Differential cross-section results are found to resemble positronium formation cross-section results of positron—hydrogen charge-exchange problem. Forward differential and integrated cross-sections are computed for muon energy of 2 keV and higher. Total muonium formation cross-sections are computed using Jackson and Schiff scaling rules. Muonium formation cross-section results obtained from proton—hydrogen charge-exchange cross-section results, using velocity scaling are compared with the results of the present calculation     

In situ observations by magnetic resonance imaging for formation and dissociation of tetrahydrofuran hydrate in porous media

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate has long been used as a substitute for methane hydrate in laboratory studies. This article investigated the formation and dissociation characteristics of THF hydrate in porous media simulated by various-sized quartz glass beads. The formation and dissociation processes of THF hydrate are observed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology. The hydrate saturation during the formation is obtained based on the MRI data. The experimental result suggests that the third surface has an effect on hydrate formation. THF hydrate crystals lean to form on the glass beads and in their adjacent area as well as from the wall of the sample container firstly. Furthermore, as the pore size diminishes, or as the formation temperature decreases, the nucleation gets easier and the formation processes faster. However, the dissociation rate is mostly dependent on the dissociation temperature rather than on the pore size.     

Theoretical Studies on Defects of Kaolinite in Clays

Using the first-principles methods, we study the formation energeties and charge doping properties of the extrinsic substitutional defects in kaolinite. Especially, we choose Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn as extrinsic defects to substitute for Al atoms. By systematically calculating the impurity formation energies and transition energy levels, we find that all group-Ⅱ defects introduce the relative shallow transition energy levels in kaolinite. Among them, MgAl has the shallowest transition energy level at 0.08 eV above the valence band maximum. The transition- elemental defects FeAl, CrAl, and MnAl are found to have relative low formation energies, suggesting their easy formation in kaolinite under natural surrounding conditions. Our calculations show that the defects CuAl and ZnAl have the high formation energies and deep transition energy levels, which exclude the possibility of their formation in natural kaolinite.     

Formation of structural modifications in copper nanoclusters

The melting and crystallization of copper nanoclusters are investigated using the molecular dynamics simulation with tight-binding potentials. The formation of a cluster structure depends on the conditions used for cooling from the liquid phase. Slow cooling results predominantly in the formation of a face-centered cubic structure, whereas rapid cooling in the majority of cases leads to the formation of an icosahedral structure. Therefore, the simulation performed has demonstrated the possibility of controlling the formation of a structure of copper nanoclusters during crystallization.     

Cryopreservation of Salix species using sections from winter vegetative scions

Twigs of Salix species are candidates for cryopreservation procedures because they become tolerant of freezing temperatures during mid-winter. We examined several variables in developing a two-step cryopreservation procedure for sections from these twigs. Samples of Salix triandra cooled to -30 or -35 degree C and then transferred to the vapor phase over liquid nitrogen gave the greatest percent shoot formation. Cooling rate to -35 degree C had a major influence on shoot formation. Samples cooled at rates greater than 10 degree C/hour showed no shoot formation. The highest percent of shoot formation was achieved by cooling at 0.21 degree C/hour. Cooling rate from -35 degree C to liquid nitrogen did not influence shoot formation. Warming procedures affected shoot formation. Transferring samples from -160 degree C to either a +2 degree C cold room or to -3 degree C methanol gave similar levels of shoot formation. No shoot formation occurred either with warming in +40 degree C water or very slowly in a Styrofoam box. Eight of eleven Salix taxa tested using the established protocol had significant levels of shoot formation after cryogenic treatment.     

Transmission electron microscopy observation of a deformation twin in TWIP steel by an ex situ tensile test

The formation of deformation twins in twinning-induced plasticity steels was observed in transmission electron microscope by an ex situ tensile test. The twinning process initially includes formation of extended dislocations at primary slip plane, then cross-slip to a conjugate slip plane with dissociation of the leading partial into a stair-rod dislocation and an emitted partial, and finally un-faulting of the original faults and formation of Frank partials. Repetition of the operation of the process on successive conjugate planes results in the formation of deformation twins. The formation mechanism of deformation twins can thus be explained by improving the stair-rod cross-slip model.     

Initiation of the formation of chiral strings: Dimension of formation domain,microstructure, and nucleation mechanism

The initiation of the formation of strings in low-concentration chiral solutions was experimentally studied. The domains of initiation were classified according to dimensions: (0–3)D. The dipole-dipole mechanism of the formation of anisotropic nucleation in a mesophase was considered. The role of dispersion interactions in the assembly of supramolecular stacks was estimated at ～0.3–0.4 eV. The threshold values of string formation in chiral mixtures were determined. A phenomenon of the formation of paired strings was established and characterized.     

Size effect on alloying ability and phase stability of immiscible bimetallic nanoparticles

In the present paper, the surface and size effects on the alloying ability and phase stability of immiscible alloy nanoparticles have been studied with calculating the heats of formation of Au-Pt alloy nanoparticles from the single element nanoparticles of their constituents (Au and Pt) with a simple thermodynamic model and an analytic embedded atom method. The results indicated that, besides the similar compositional dependence of heat of formation as in bulk alloys, the heat of formation of alloy nanoparticles exhibits notable size-dependence, and there exists a competition between size effect and compositional effect on the heat of formation of immiscible system. Contrary to the positive heat of formation for bulk-immiscible alloys, a negative heat of formation may be obtained for the alloy nanoparticles with a small size or dilute solute component, which implies a promotion of the alloying ability and phase stability of immiscible system on a nanoscale. The surface segregation results in an extension of the size range of particles with a negative heat of formation. The molecular dynamics simulations have indicated that the structurally and compositionally homogeneous AuPt nanoparticles tend to form a core-shell structure with temperature increasing.     

倾斜地层下的井孔声场分析及声速校正图版制作

理解声波在倾斜井孔下的传播规律,对于准确获得目的层真速度有着至关重要的作用。通过有限差分和几何声学分析方法对比了倾斜地层下纵横波首波速度的变化规律,旨在建立倾斜地层下的声速校正图版。研究结果表明,当倾斜地层速度"上低下高"时,从全波中得到的声波速度不再是地层的真实速度,均大于目的层真速度。尤其是当地层界面倾角大于45°时,即便是源距超过了4 m,仍对首波速度有影响,必须对其校正。相反,当倾斜地层速度"上高下低"时,任何源距和地层倾角下的视速度值都接近目的层真速度,可以不予校正。根据以上分析,建立了倾斜地层下的声速校正图版,并指出下层速度的变化对于校正图版有着较大影响,源距的变化对于图版影响很小,在不同源距下可以使用同一个图版。      

NMR研究甲烷水合物在中孔SBA-15内的生成

利用自行研制的高压釜和原位高压核磁共振研究了甲烷水合物在具有孔径均一的中孔SBA-15中的形成过程. 结果发现在静止的状态下,甲烷在中孔SBA-15内与水也能生成甲烷水合物,但其形成所需要的诱导时间比在纯水的条件下要短,SBA-15可促进甲烷水合物的形成;原位高压¹H和¹³C NMR研究表明即使甲烷过量,在一定压力下,SBA-15孔道内的水也不能完全形成甲烷水合物.