土壤中17种有机氯农药残留量的毛细管气相色谱测定法

采用专用索氏提取器、正己烷萃取、Elite-5MS弹性石英毛细柱分离、GC-ECD测定了土壤中17种有机氯农药残留量.方法的检出限为0.4×10-10～2.0×10-10 g,回收率范围在76.0%～108.9%之间,相对标准偏差为0.66%～9.10%.该方法适用于土壤有机氯农药残留量的分析.     

敌百虫在棉花和土壤中的残留研究

建立了敌百虫在棉花和土壤中残留量的高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI/MS)测定方法.该方法最小检出量为1.5×10-11 g,最小检出浓度在植株和土壤中均为0.05 mg/kg,加样回收率为植株71%～76%、土壤96%～103%、棉籽74%～79%,相对标准偏差分别为3.2%～16%、5.2%～12%、4.8%～6.5%.本法快速、灵敏、准确,可以用于敌百虫的残留分析.降解动态和最终残留研究结果表明,敌百虫在植株和土壤中的半衰期(T50)分别为0.4～0.6 d和0.5～1.2 d;以推荐剂量施药2～3次,或以2倍推荐剂量施药2～3次,采收间隔21 d,棉籽和土壤中敌百虫残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg.     

土壤与沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的气相色谱-质谱法快速分析

建立了土壤和沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的快速分析方法.样品经加速溶剂萃取,Bond ElutPCB SPE小柱净化后,采用气相色谱-质谱测定多氯联苯的总量,方法的平均回收率为84% ～106%,相对标准偏差为4.2% ～8.4%,多氯联苯总量的方法检出限为2.25 ng/g.该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于大部分土壤及沉积物样品中多氯联苯总量的快速筛查分析.     

超声辅助提取-QuEChERS/GC-MS法快速测定土壤中六六六和滴滴涕

基于QuEChERS技术并辅助快速超声提取,建立了土壤中HCH,DDT快速检测方法。土壤样品经正己烷:丙酮=1:1(V/V)辅助超声提取、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)与C_(18)混合分散剂净化,利用GC-MS外标法定量分析。6种目标农药线性范围均超过3个数量级; 3种添加水平(2. 0,20,80. 0μg/kg)下,土壤中8种农药平均回收率为82. 2%～102. 4%,相对标准偏差均小于12. 5%;方法检出限(LOD)为0. 06～0. 27μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0. 21～0. 89μg/kg,均低于农田土壤HCH,DDT的风险筛查值(GB 15618-2018)。方法可满足实际土壤批量、快速检测需求。     

超声提取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中乙酰甲胺磷与甲胺磷的研究

建立了超声提取/超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定土壤中乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的方法。10. 0 g土壤样品采用20. 0 m L甲醇超声萃取30 min,取上清液过0. 22μm滤膜后进行UPLC-MS/MS分析,外标法定量。结果表明:乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷在0. 002～20. 0μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好(r~2 0. 999),方法检出限分别为0. 004 9μg/kg和0. 003 4μg/kg。在0. 400、4. 00、40. 00μg/kg加标水平下,土壤样品中乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的平均回收率分别为83. 0%～91. 5%和88. 0%～94. 8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为2. 3%～4. 8%和1. 8%～4. 2%。该方法前处理简单快捷、灵敏度高、定性定量准确,可用于土壤样品中乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷含量的快速检测。     

速收除草剂在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

 采用 Zorbax SIL色谱柱、以二氯甲烷 -甲醇为流动相的高效液相色谱法 ,测定了速收除草剂在大豆田土壤和大豆上的残留动态 ,建立了样品前处理方法和分析方法。速收在土壤、青豆和大豆籽粒的添加回收率分别为84.82 %～ 85 .63 % ,88.79%～ 94.0 0 %和 93 .70 %～ 94.48%。速收在土壤中的半衰期 (t1 / 2 )为 1 0 .0～ 1 0 .5 d,降解速度较慢 ,但在收获期的土壤、青豆 (用药后 80～ 85 d)和大豆籽粒中均未检出 ,说明其残留污染性很小 ,可以在大豆田安全使用。     

新型除草剂双甲胺草磷(H-9201)在胡萝卜和土壤中的残留动态研究

建立了新型除草剂双甲胺草磷(H-9201)残留GC FPD检测方法,并对其在胡萝卜田的残留动态进行了研究.结果表明:植物样本的平均添加回收率为89.2%～101.8%,变异系数为:4.3%～5.0%,土壤中的平均添加回收率为90.8%～95.1%,变异系数为:3.0%～16.4%.本方法对双甲胺磷的检出限为:胡萝卜中为0.01 mg/kg,土壤中为0.005 mg/kg.残留动态研究表明:双甲胺草磷土壤中的半衰期为27.8 d,胡萝卜中的最终残留量＜0.02 mg/kg,土壤中的最终残留量＜0.4 mg/kg.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中钴

土壤样品经硝酸、盐酸和氢氟酸(5+3+2)混合溶液微波消解后,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其钴含量.对消解体系、消解时间和消解温度的选择等进行了试验并予以优化.方法用于测定土壤样品中钴含量,加标回收率在96%～106%之间.与电热板消解法相比,经t检验,在置信水平α=0.05时,测定环境土壤标准样品,两方法无显著性差异.     

高效液相色谱法测定土壤中有机酸

通过对10种有机酸的色谱条件试验、样品处理试验(以4℃和-20℃作为样品运输和储存条件)以及加标回收率试验,建立并优化了土壤中10种有机酸的测定方法。方法添加回收率在74%-92%,变异系数CV≤4.1%,方法的最低检测限为0.2~50μg.kg-1,应用该方法测定了土壤及根际区域土壤样品中的有机酸,结果表明该方法能够满足测量田间环境条件下土壤和根际区域土壤样品中mg.kg-1痕量级有机酸含量要求。     

苹果及土壤中的螺螨酯残留分析方法

研究并建立了用乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土净化,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测苹果和土壤中螺螨酯残留的分析方法.螺螨酯在苹果和土壤中的添加回收率分别为82.11%～100.36%和79.27%～94.55%,相对标准偏差分别为0.92%～6.84%和1.89%～8.57%.该方法的准确度、精确度以及灵敏度均达到农药残留分析的要求.     

Rapid Analysis of PCBs in Soil by Enzyme Immunoassay

Abstract

A commercially available kit has been applied successfully to screening for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in soil samples. The kit uses a competitive inhibition Enzyme ImmunoAssay (EIA) for recognition of the PCB structure. Test specificity is restricted to PCB's, primarily Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260. Soil sample preparation and analysis can be performed in the field or lab using disposable kit components. Screening of unidentified Aroclors at 4 levels from 1 to 50 μg/g in soil is possible using the calibrators in the kit. This screening use has been reviewed by the USEPA Office of Solid Waste and will be proposed for inclusion in the 4000 series of screening methods in the next SW846 update. Conventional analysis (Soxhlet/GC-ECD) and the EIA kit were compared by Manitoba Hydro using 112 field samples over one year. EIA technology was found to be an effective screening tool for determining PCB concentration at contaminated sites. Routine use of these kits in conjunction with conventional Soxhlet extraction procedures has increased the lab's testing capability and reduced the amount of samples requiring conventional testing, providing substantial savings to the corporation.     

Complete PCB congener distributions for 17 aroclor mixtures determined by 3 HRGC systems optimized for comprehensive,quantitative, congener-specific analysis

Three HRGC systems (1: 30m DB-XLB capillary with MS-SIM detection; 2: 60m DB-XLB capillary with full-scan, ion-trap MS detection; and 3: Parallel dual-column DB-17 and series-coupled HP5/HT5 with ECD detection) were used to completely characterize multiple lots of 8 different-numbered Aroclor mixtures by quantitative calibration against 9 solutions containing primary standards of all 209 PCB congeners. Despite lower absolute sensitivity and more Aroclor congener coelutions than the dual-column ECD system, the MS systems enabled measurement of more congeners per Aroclor since their greater linear response range did not require dilution of samples and standards. Pairs of different lots of Aroclors 1248 and 1254 displayed markedly different proportions of congeners, and the 1254 pair displayed strong differences in the extent of ortho-chlorine substitution. The tables of congener weight percent distributions among Aroclors are more comprehensive and quantitatively precise than those of prior publications. However, the limitations of single-level calibration precluded measurement of all congeners to the ±10% accuracy desirable for establishing these Aroclors as secondary standards for comprehensive, quantitative congener-specific PCB analysis.     

Application of chemometrics in homolog-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls

A principal components multivariable statistical method based on SIMCA 3B (Soft Independent Method of Class Analogy) algorithms was evaluated and applied to interpretation of homolog-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by high resolution gas chromatography. High resolution gas chromatograms can be evaluated in high resolution separations of individual PCB isomers and grouped into the homologous series. The chromatograms show distinct differences between PCB compositions with different contents of chlorine atoms in technical mixtures (Aroclors). The objective of utilizing SIMCA 3B was its evaluation for a possible identification, classification, and categorization of Aroclors in environmental samples.     

A routine accredited method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls,organochlorine pesticides,chlorobenzenes and screening of other halogenated organics in soil,sediment and sludge by GCxGC-μECD

The analysis of persistent organic pollutants is a real challenge due to the large number of compounds with varying chemical and physical properties. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection or mass spectrometry has been the method of choice for the past 50 years. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) coupled with micro-electron capture detector (μECD) is a new method that can analyze polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and chlorobenzenes (CBz) in a single analytical run with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity over single column methods and can also be used to screen for other halogenated organics in environmental samples. An accredited routine method using commercially available LECO GCxGC-μECD and a column combination DB-1 × Rtx-PCB has been developed to analyse PCBs/OCs/CBz in soils, sediments and sludges. The method provides quantification of Aroclors and Aroclor mixtures to within 15% of target values and sub-nanogrammes per gramme detection limits.     

A collaborative study of 209 PCB congeners and 6 Aroclors on 20 different HRGC columns 2. Semi-quantitative Aroclor congener distributions

Weight percents of PCB congeners in Aroclors 1221, 1016, 1242, 1254, 1260, and 1262 were determined by separately averaging resolved peaks quantified against standards of all 209 congeners in 9 HRGC-ECD and 9 HRGC-MS systems. A separate pair of systems provided nearly complete profiles of Aroclors 1232 and 1248. The tabulated values lack sufficient accuracy to qualify the Aroclors as secondary standards for comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analyses, but they provide more complete and accurate semi-quantitative characterizations of congener distributions for a larger number of Aroclors than prior publications.     

High-speed liquid chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyls and related compounds.

High-speed liquid chromatography in the system silica gel-dry n-hexane has been used to characterize the behaviour of a series of commercially available mixtures of chlorinated biphenyls, viz., Aroclor 1221-1268. An attempt has been made to assign a large number of peaks in the chromatograms of the Aroclors to the individual constituents. To this end, retention times and UV spectra were recorded for 47 polychlorinated biphenyls. The dependence of retention and spectral characteristics on the chlorine content of the substituted biphenyls is discussed     

The determination of organochlorine compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons in a seaweed sample: results of a world-wide intercomparison exercise

A seaweed sample (Fucus sp.) was prepared, homogenised and distributed to laboratories worldwide as the IAEA-140 intercomparison material for the analysis of organochlorine compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons. A total of 80 laboratories from 51 countries reported results for this sample. The data sets reported by laboratories were evaluated statistically and the mean concentration values could be computed with 95% confidence limits for a large number of analytes. The accuracy of the analytical performance of each laboratory has been introduced by using Z-scores. The spread of results reported generally indicates that the accurate determination of many persistent organic pollutants, such as hexachlorobenzene, lindane, Aroclors or fluoranthene, is still difficult for many laboratories. The final results of this intercomparison exercise enable individual participants to assess their performance and, where necessary, to introduce appropriate modifications in their analytical procedures. Furthermore, as a series of statistical criteria was fulfilled for a number of compounds, the sample IAEA-140 can now be used as a reference material for quality control in the determination of chlorinated compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental samples.     

Improved Procedure for Single DB-XLB Column GC-MS-SIM Quantitation of PCB Congener Distributions and Characterization of Two Different Preparations Sold as “Aroclor 1254”

Complete PCB congener distributions in a panel of Aroclor mixtures were previously obtained by combining data from several HRGC systems. In that study quantitation of minor components may have been unreliable due to single level calibration against high levels of individual congener standards. Two lots of Aroclor 1254 had markedly different congener distributions. In this study, the design and performance of a congener-specific PCB analysis method employing GC-MS-SIM detection of congeners separated on a DB-XLB capillary column are discussed. Quantitation is carried out against a 6-level inclusive standard curve of a mixture of 144 congeners found in Aroclors. A separate procedure to measure trace levels of PCB 126 in Aroclors using the same system, combined with levels initially acquired for other congeners, facilitates estimation of TEQ values (Toxic Equivalencies of the PCB mixtures to 2,3,7,8-TCDD). PCB congener profiles of 15 Aroclor 1254 mixtures are presented. These profiles show that the less common, high TEQ variety of Aroclor 1254 was manufactured by an atypical, two-stage chlorination process that was apparently used during the final 1% of Aroclor 1254 production (ca. 1974–1976).     

Application of solid phase microextraction for the determination of soil fumigants in water and soil samples

The potential of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of the soil fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in environmental samples such as soil and water samples has been investigated. Direct immersion SPME followed by GC/ECD/NPD analysis allowed the rapid determination of the two fumigants in water samples, with very little sample manipulation, giving an LOD of 0.5 microg L(-1). Precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicates at three concentration levels, was found to be lower than 20% at the concentration levels tested. For the analysis of soil samples, headspace (HS)-SPME combined with GC/ECD/NPD analysis has been applied. Quantification using matrix-matched calibration curves allowed determination of both analytes (MITC and 1-3-DCP) with a LOD of 0.1 microg kg(-1) (RSD < 10%) for the two concentration levels assayed (0.02 and 0.2 mg kg(-1)). The HS-SPME procedure developed in this paper was applied to soil samples from experimental green house plots treated with metham-Na, a soil disinfestation agent that decomposes in soil to MITC. The absence of sample manipulation as well as the low solvent consumption in SPME methodology are among the main advantages of this analytical approach.     

Development of a wide bore flow through microwave digestion device for the determination of trace metals in soil

A flow through microwave digestion device has been developed for the determination of Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb in soil by aqua regia extraction. This device differs from existing commercially available devices as it uses a double pumping action to replace the back pressure regulator traditionally used to achieve internal pressurisation. An acid front has also been included to overcome problems associated with the dilution of acid in samples due to dispersion. Recoveries between 95 and 105% of certified values were achieved with standard deviations of less than 4% for certified reference soil (BCR 143R). A sample throughput of 6 samples per hour was achieved in the optimised system. The performance of the device was tested by digesting real soil samples ground through a 250 microns sieve and slurried without the use of surfactants. A comparison of analytical performance for analysing real samples was made between the microwave flow method and a thermal method.