常见毒品的毛细管电泳分析

系统地研究了毛细管电泳分析中各种因素对常见毒品混合物分析的影响，用均匀设计确定了适用几类毒品分离分析的最佳电泳条件。并采用固相提取技术、毛细管区带电泳检测方法对血和尿生物检材中的冰毒、吗啡、单乙酰吗啡、可待因、海洛因等毒品进行了测定。通过对各种提取剂回收率的测定，认为ＧＤＸ３０１和反相Ｃ１８提取效果较好；并考察了几种毒品的线性关系、最小检测量等，为体内毒品分析提供了一些可借鉴的数据     

近红外光谱法非破坏性同时测定海洛因、O6单乙酰吗啡、乙酰可待因

提出了近红外漫反射光谱快速无损测定缴获白粉中海洛因、O6单乙酰吗啡、乙酰可待因含量新方法。采用GC-MS分析了缴获88份白粉中这3组分的质量百分含量范围分别为12.15%~79.54%,0.4%~18.56%,0.23%~9.11%。以交叉验证误差均方根(RMSECV)为指标,确定各组分用于建模的最优近红外波段和光谱预处理方法,采用偏最小二乘算法建立近红外光谱与这三组分GC-MS分析值之间的校正模型,并以此预测了35个白粉样本。δ代表预测样本NIR值/GC-MS值,海洛因、O6单乙酰吗啡、乙酰可待因δ值的均值为100.63%,100.35%和98.71%,RSD分别为3.96%,7.02%,8.54%。该方法快速无损,结果可靠。     

Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Common Illicit Drugs

系统地研究了毛细管电泳分析中各种因素对常见毒品混合物分析的影响,用均匀设计确定了适用几类毒品分离分析的最佳电泳条件。 并采用固相提取技术、毛细管区带电泳检测方法对血和尿生物检材中的冰毒、 吗啡、 单乙酰吗啡、 可待因、 海洛因等毒品进行了测定。 通过对各种提取剂回收率的测定, 认为GDX301和反相C18提取效果较好; 并考察了几种毒品的线性关系、 最小检测量等, 为体内毒品分析提供了一些可借鉴的数据。     

高效毛细管电泳法测定罂粟壳中生物碱的含量

采用高效毛细管电泳法测定罂粟壳中可待因、吗啡和罂粟碱的含量,结果表明可待因的加样回收率为９６．６１％,吗啡为９５．９０％,罂粟碱为９５．３７％。方法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为生物碱的质量控制方法。     

吗啡和海洛因等生物碱的高效液相色谱化学发光测定

研究了吗啡、可待因、Ｏ＾３单乙酰吗啡和海洛因等生物碱在多聚磷酸介质中与高锰酸钾的发光行为和光谱现象。建立了反相 高效液相色谱化学发光检测吸毒者尿液和雅片中吗啡、可待因等物质的方法。     

毛细管电泳用β-环糊精作改性剂分离血清中吗啡和可待因

建立了血清中吗啡和可待因的毛细管电泳分离分析方法。讨论了电泳分离模式、缓冲液pH,β-环糊精（β-CD）浓度对分离的影响。吗啡和可待因检测限均为0．1μg/mL，不同浓度的萃取回收率分别大于92％和93％，迁移时间的相对标准偏差分别小于0．44％和0．39％，峰面积的相对标准偏差分别小于3．2％和4．1％。     

毛细管区带电泳电化学检测法测定药物及果汁中芦丁和L— …

用毛细管区带电泳－电化学检支同时测定复方芦丁片及果汁中芦丁和Ｌ－抗坏血酸的含量。研究了电极电位、电解液浓度和酸度、电泳电压及进样时间等对电泳的影响,得到了较为优化的测定条件。以直径为３００ｕｍ的碳圆盘电极为检测电极,电极电位为１．０Ｖ（υｓ．ＳＣＥ）,在２５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硼砂－５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４（ｐＨ ８．０）运行缓冲液中,上述两组分在１２ｍｉｎ内完全分离。芦丁和Ｌ－抗坏血酸浓度分别     

气相色谱法同时测定大麻、海洛因和鸦片中的8种组分

研究了可待因、吗啡、罂粟碱、那可汀、大麻酚、大麻二酚、四氢大麻酚和二乙酰吗啡在大口径毛细管柱上的色谱行为。采用程序升温，直接进样，在HP-1色谱柱上，使所测8种组分及内标物均获得良好的分离。据此建立了大口径毛细管气相色谱法同时对大麻、鸦片和海洛因毒品中多组分的快速测定方法。经样品测定，其平均回收率为95％-102．4％；最低检测限为0．10-0．50mg／L；相对标准偏差为0．9％-2．6％。     

血液中吗啡类毒品硅烷化气相色谱-质谱分析

建立和确证了血液中吗啡类毒品(吗啡、 6-单乙酰吗啡、可待因)的液相萃取-硅烷化-GC/MS-SIM检测的方法.以乙基吗啡为内标,以V(CHCl3)∶V(异丙醇)∶V(正庚烷)＝50∶17∶33混合溶剂为萃取溶剂,以MSTFA 为硅烷化试剂,采用GC/MS-SIM检测方式,吗啡、6-单乙酰吗啡、可待因的线性相关系数均大于0.99,最低血液检测浓度可达到5 ng/mL;定量范围10～1000 ng/mL;日内重复性小于15%.该方法可用于海洛因吸食者血液中的毒品及其代谢物的检验.     

小体积液相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定唾液中鸦片类毒品的含量

提出了小体积液相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定唾液中鸦片类毒品含量的方法。在pH9的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,1 mL的唾液试样(其中加入乙基吗啡为内标)用150μL的氯仿进行超声提取10min,使吗啡、6-单乙酰吗啡和可待因进入有机相,离心分离,取上清液80μL加入N-甲基-双-三氟乙酰胺试剂进行衍生化,所得衍生化产物的溶液做气相色谱-质谱法检测。唾液中吗啡、6-单乙酰吗啡、可待因的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.005,0.003,0.002mg·L~(-1),标准曲线线性范围均为0.01～1.0mg·L~(-1)。在唾液试样中添加0.01,0.10,1.00mg·L~(-1)L混合标准溶液,测得平均回收率:吗啡为38.1%～50.0%,6-单乙酰吗啡为81.5%～88.8%,可待因为89.9%～109.8%,相对标准偏差(n=5)在6.7%～18.4%之间。     

In-channel amperometric detection for microchip electrophoresis using a wireless isolated potentiostat

The combination of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection leads to a number of analytical challenges that are associated with isolating the detector from the high voltages used for the separation. While methods such as end-channel alignment and the use of decouplers have been employed, they have limitations. A less common method has been to utilize an electrically isolated potentiostat. This approach allows placement of the working electrode directly in the separation channel without using a decoupler. This paper explores the use of microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection with an electrically isolated potentiostat for the separation and in-channel detection of several biologically important anions. The separation employed negative polarity voltages and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (as a buffer modifier) for the separation of nitrite (NO??), glutathione, ascorbic acid, and tyrosine. A half-wave potential shift of approximately negative 500 mV was observed for NO?? and H?O? standards in the in-channel configuration compared to end-channel. Higher separation efficiencies were observed for both NO?? and H?O? with the in-channel detection configuration. The limits of detection were approximately two-fold lower and the sensitivity was approximately two-fold higher for in-channel detection of nitrite when compared to end-channel. The application of this microfluidic device for the separation and detection of biomarkers related to oxidative stress is described.     

Microchannel-electrode alignment and separation parameters comparison in microchip capillary electrophoresis by scanning electrochemical microscopy

The end of separation channel in a microchip was electrochemically mapped using the feedback imaging mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This method provides a convenient way for microchannel-electrode alignment in microchip capillary electrophoresis. Influence of electrode-to-channel positions on separation parameters in this capillary electrophoresis-electrochemical detection (CE-ED) was then investigated. For the trapezoid shaped microchannel, detection in the central area resulted in the best apparent separation efficiency and peak shape. In the electrode-to-channel distance ranging from 65 to 15mum, the limiting peak currents of dopamine increased with the decrease of the detection distance due to the limited diffusion and convection of the sample band. Results showed that radial position and axial distance of the detection electrode to microchannel was important for the improvement of separation parameters in CE amperometric detection.     

Pulsed amperometric detection with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchips for the determination of EPA priority pollutants

A miniaturized analytical system for separation and detection of three EPA priority phenolic pollutants, based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchip and pulsed amperometric detection is described. The approach offers a rapid (less than 2 min), simultaneous measurement of three phenolic pollutants: phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol. The highly stable response (RSD = 6.1%) observed for repetitive injections (n > 100) reflects the effectiveness of Au working electrode cleaned by pulsed amperometric detection. The effect of solution conditions, separation potential and detection waveform were optimized for both the separation and detection of phenols. Under the optimum conditions (5.0 mM phosphate buffer pH = 12.4, detection potential: 0.7 V, separation potential: 1200 V, injection time: 10 s) the baseline separation of the three selected compounds was achieved. Limits of detection of 2.2 microM (2.8 fmol), 0.9 microM (1.1 fmol), and 1.3 microM (1.6 fmol) were achieved for phenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and pentachlorophenol, respectively. A local city water sample and two over-the-counter sore-throat medicines were analyzed in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed technique to face real applications.     

Separation of arsenic species by capillary electrophoresis with sample-stacking techniques

A simple capillary zone electrophoresis procedure was developed for the separation of arsenic species (AsO(2)(2-), AsO(4)(2-), and dimethylarsinic acid, DMA). Both counter-electroosmotic and co-electroosmotic (EOF) modes were investigated for the separation of arsenic species with direct UV detection at 185 nm using 20 mmol L(-1) sodium phosphate as the electrolyte. The separation selectivity mainly depends on the separation modes and electrolyte pH. Inorganic anions (Cl(-), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-)) presented in real samples did not interfere with arsenic speciation in either separation mode. To improve the detection limits, sample-stacking techniques, including large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) and field-amplified sample injection (FASI), were investigated for the preconcentration of As species in co-CZE mode. Less than 1 micromol L(-1) of detection limits for As species were achieved using FASI. The proposed method was demonstrated for the separation and detection of As species in water.     

Liquid Column Chromatography with Chemical Derivatizations after Separation. [New analytical methods (15)]

Modern liquid column chromatography (high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) has evolved in the last few years into a highly efficient and versatile separation technique. The selectivity of an analytical process that depends upon a previous separation step can in many cases be increased considerably by chemical derivatizations after the separation. In addition, lower detection limits can be achieved in this way than in detection without derivatization. The physicochemical principles of these combined processes involving chromatographic separation and chemical derivatization prior to detection (coupling of HPLC and a reaction detector) are presented and discussed. The state of development is outlined, with a survey of the more important applications so far described in the literature.     

Automatic detecting and counting magnetic beads‐labeled target cells from a suspension in a microfluidic chip

A novel microfluidic method of continually detecting and counting beads‐labeled cells from a cell mixture without fluorescence labeling was presented in this paper. The detection system is composed of a microfluidic chip (with a permanent magnet inserted along the channel), a signal amplification circuit, and a LabView® based data acquisition device. The microfluidic chip can be functionally divided into separation zone and detection zone. By flowing the pre‐labeled sample solution, the target cells will be sequentially separated at the separation zone by the permanent magnet and detected and counted at the detection zone by a microfluidic resistive pulse sensor. Experiments of positive separation and detection of T‐lymphocytes and negative separation and detection of cancer cells from the whole blood samples were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The methodology of utilizing size difference between magnetic beads and cell‐magnetic beads complex for beads‐labeled cell detection is simple, automatic, and particularly suitable for beads‐based immunoassay without using fluorescence labeling.     

Indirect ultraviolet detection of alkaline earth metal ions using an imidazolium ionic liquid as an ultraviolet absorption reagent in ion chromatography

A convenient and versatile method was developed for the separation and detection of alkaline earth metal ions by ion chromatography with indirect UV detection. The chromatographic separation of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sr²⁺ was performed on a carboxylic acid base cation exchange column using imidazolium ionic liquid/acid as the mobile phase, in which the imidazolium ionic liquid acted as an UV‐absorption reagent. The effects of imidazolium ionic liquids, detection wavelength, acids in the mobile phase, and column temperature on the retention of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sr²⁺ were investigated. The main factors influencing the separation and detection were the background UV absorption reagent and the concentration of hydrogen ion in ion chromatography with indirect UV detection. The successful separation and detection of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sr²⁺ within 14 min were achieved using the selected chromatographic conditions, and the detection limits (S /N = 3) were 0.06, 0.12, and 0.23 mg/L, respectively. A new separation and detection method of alkaline earth metal ions by ion chromatography with indirect UV detection was developed, and the application range of ionic liquids was expanded.     

Rapid separations of nile blue stained microorganisms as cationic charged species by chip-CE with LIF

Rapid detection of microorganisms by alternative methods is desirable. Electromigration separation methods have the capability to separate microorganisms according to their charge and size and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection have single-cell detection capability. In this work, a new combined separation and detection scheme was introduced using chip-based capillary electrophoresis (chip-CE) platform with LIF detection. Three microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were selected as representatives of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. While their cells carry an overall negative charge in neutral to alkaline pH, staining them with nile blue (NB) provided highly sensitive LIF detection with excitation and emission wavelengths at 635 nm and 685 nm, respectively, and at the same time, the overall charge was converted to positive. Electrolyte pH and concentration of polyethylene oxide (PEO) significantly affected the resolution of the microorganisms. Their optimal separation in the 14 mm separation channel was achieved in less than 30 s (R(s) > 5.3) in an electrolyte consisting of 3.94 mM Tris, 0.56 mM boric acid, 0.013 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (pH 10.5), and 0.025% PEO, with injection/separation voltages of +1000/+1000 V. The separation mechanism is likely employing contributions to the overall cationic charge from both the prevalently anionic membrane proteins and the cationic NB. Importantly, the resulting cationic NB-stained cells exhibited excellent separation selectivity and efficiency of ～38000 theoretical plates for rapid separations within 30-40 s. The results indicate the potential of chip-CE for microbial analysis, which offers separations of a wide range of species with high efficiency, sensitivity, and throughput.     

On-column conductivity detection in capillary-chip electrophoresis

On-column conductivity detection in capillary-chip electrophoresis was achieved by actively coupling the high electric field with two sensing electrodes connected to the main capillary channel through two side detection channels. The principle of this concept was demonstrated by using a glass chip with a separation channel incorporating two double-Ts. One double-T was used for sample introduction, and the other for detection. The two electrophoresis electrodes apply the high voltage and provide the current, and the two sensing electrodes connected to the separation channel through the second double-T and probe a potential difference. This potential difference is directly related to the local resistance or the conductivity of the solution defined by the two side channels on the main separation channel. A detection limit of 15 microM (600 ppb or 900 fg) was achieved for potassium ion in a 2 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.7) with a linear range of 2 orders of magnitude without any stacking. The proposed detection method avoids integrating the sensing electrodes directly within the separation channel and prevents any direct contact of the electrodes with the sample. The baseline signal can also be used for online monitoring of the electric field strength and electroosmosis mobility characterization in the separation channel.     

Separation of perfluorocarboxylic acids using capillary electrophoresis with UV detection

A capillary electrophoretic method with UV detection for separation and quantitation of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) from C6-PFCA to C12-PFCA has been developed. The optimization of measurement conditions included the choice of the most appropriate type and concentration of buffer in the background electrolyte (BGE), as well as the type and the content of an organic modifier. The optimal separation of investigated PFCAs was achieved with 50 mM phosphate buffer and 40% isopropanol in the BGE using direct UV detection. The optimum wavelength for direct UV detection was optimized at 190 nm. For indirect detection, several chromophores were studied. Five mM 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-DNBA) in 20 mM phosphate buffer BGE and indirect UV detection at 280 nm gave the optimal detection and separation performance for the investigated PFCAs. The possibility of on-line preconcentration of solutes by stacking has been examined for indirect detection. The detection limits (LODs) determined for direct UV detection ranged from 2 microg/mL for C6-PFCA to 33 microg/mL for C12-PFCA. The LODs obtained for indirect UV detection were comparable to those obtained for direct UV detection.