气冷电流引线气流不均衡分配条件下运行参数研究

气冷电流引线被广泛的应用于许多大型超导磁体及其它一些超导装置中.由于引线实际制作过程中的差异或者超导装置本身的一些问题,正负两个引线之间或者同一引线的不同流道之间都存在着冷却气流分配上的不均衡.超导装置中除电流引线外的其他低温热源也可能使流经引线的冷却气流处于非正常状态.所有这些都会使电流引线的实际工作状况偏离最优化设计.本文用数值模拟的方法对非最优化冷却气流条件下的电流引线运行状况进行了研究,分析了冷却气流偏离最优化程度与引线实际运行参数之间的影响关系.     

EAST装置15kA高温超导电流引线研发

低温超导磁体采用高温超导电流引线能显著降低制冷系统的造价和运行费用．正在建造中的大型超导托卡马克核聚变试验装置（EAST）需要一对16kA和12对15kA电流引线．所研发的电流引线采用美国超导（AMSC）公司提供的Bi-2223／Ag-Au带材，每5条超导带组成单元叠，与不锈钢支撑圆筒表面50个槽软钎焊成超导段．支撑筒两端铜接头，温端与铜电流引线段丝扣连接并低温钎焊;冷端与100根NbTi／Cu超导线直接锡铅钎焊．冷端采用4K超临界氮流冷却;温端正常运行温度为78K，用液氮冷却．设计要求在此冷却条件下的临界电流大于16kA.78-290K铜电流引线采用3头螺旋槽换热器，冷氮气冷却．为提高电流引线的安全性，在高温超导段温端贮存适量液氮作为热沉，大大增加电流引线被烧毁的时间常数．     

高温超导电流引线在EAST装置工程调试中投运

EAST全超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置有一对纵场磁体电流引线和12对极向场线圈电流引线,额定电流为14.5～16.3 kA,在第二轮装置工程调试中5对高温超导电流引线投入运行.这些电流引线的高温超导段系传导冷却,上端用79K液氮冷却,下端由4.5K超临界氦流迫冷;铜电流引线段采用氮蒸汽冷却.运行参数表明高温超导电流引线具显著的节冷效益.本文介绍这些电流引线的运行工况和安装前的接收试验结果.     

超导装置电流引线的研究进展

电流引线是连接室温端电源和低温端超导装置的重要部件,也是超导装置热损耗的主要热源之一。选择合适的电流引线形式,并进行引线结构优化设计,可以提高超导装置的可靠性和经济性。概述了电流引线的优化设计目标和分类形式,介绍了全金属电流引线、高温超导电流引线和珀尔帖电流引线的研究进展,分析比较了三类电流引线的工作特点和适用场景,可为超导装置的电流引线选型和优化设计提供参考。     

气冷变截面电流引线优化设计与实验研究

电流引线是连接超导低温装置室温电源与超导单元的桥梁,其漏热直接关系到低温系统的运行稳定与运行成本.本文对传统的气冷电流引线分段计算方法做了一定的改进,提出了气冷变截面电流引线优化设计方法.应用此方法为一个YBCO高温超导带材临界电流特性测试装置设计了变截面电流引线.通过对电流引线的温度场分布进行实验测量,并与设计值进行比较,结果吻合较好,证明了气冷变截面电流引线设计方法的有效性和实际优化效果.本文的设计方法及相关实验研究为变截面电流引线在超导低温装置中的实际应用提供了一定的参考.     

超临界氦迫流冷却超导装置电流引线的最佳化

对超导装置电流引线的一种新型冷却方式——超临界氦迫流冷却作了研究。发现对于一定的运行电流,存在着一种最佳工况,此时冷却超导装置制冷机的室温功耗最低。对于残余电阻比rrr=89的铜引线和温度T=5.2K,压强p=8×10~5Pa的超临界氦冷介质,最佳工况参数与运行电流间的函数关系已被求得并为实验证实。     

气冷变截面电流引线优化计算方法

超导低温装置中的电流引线连接室温中的电源与超导单元,其漏热直接关系到低温系统的运行稳定与运行成本.本文对传统的气冷电流引线分段计算方法做了一定的改进,形成了气冷变截面电流引线优化设计方法.使用此方法为一个YBCO HTS带材临界电流测试装置设计了变截面电流引线.本文的设计方法为变截面电流引线的实际应用提供了一定的参考.     

EAST 装置新超导馈线系统冷却回路设计

EAST 装置电流馈线系统由13 对NbTi 材料CICC 超导母线组成,连接超导磁体系统和高温超导电流引线,为磁体系统的运行提供馈电通道和失超状态下能量的释放通道。馈线系统中超导母线由液氦制冷机通过低温分配阀箱提供的4.5K 超临界氦冷却,冷却通道进口压力为0.45MPa,出口压力不小于0.25MPa。通过对超导母线和接头内流道中的迫流氦的压降计算确定了冷却流程方案为1 对TF 超导母线单独串联组成1 个冷却通道, 12 对PF 超导母线分为6 个冷却通道,每个通道由2 对PF 超导母线串联组成。     

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EAST 装置电流馈线系统由13 对NbTi 材料CICC 超导母线组成,连接超导磁体系统和高温超导电流引线,为磁体系统的运行提供馈电通道和失超状态下能量的释放通道。馈线系统中超导母线由液氦制冷机通过低温分配阀箱提供的4.5K 超临界氦冷却,冷却通道进口压力为0.45MPa,出口压力不小于0.25MPa。通过对超导母线和接头内流道中的迫流氦的压降计算确定了冷却流程方案为1 对TF 超导母线单独串联组成1 个冷却通道, 12 对PF 超导母线分为6 个冷却通道,每个通道由2 对PF 超导母线串联组成。     

EAST装置15kA高温超导电流引线研发

低温超导磁体采用高温超导电流引线能显著降低制冷系统的造价和运行费用.正在建造中的大型超导托卡马克核聚变试验装置(EAST)需要一对16kA和12对15kA电流引线.所研发的电流引线采用美国超导(AMSC)公司提供的Bi-2223/Ag-Au带材, 每5条超导带组成单元叠,与不锈钢支撑圆筒表面50个槽软钎焊成超导段.支撑筒两端铜接头,温端与铜电流引线段丝扣连接并低温钎焊;冷端与100根NbTi/Cu超导线直接锡铅钎焊.冷端采用4K超临界氦流冷却;温端正常运行温度为78K,用液氮冷却.设计要求在此冷却条件下的临界电流大于16kA.78～290K铜电流引线采用3头螺旋槽换热器,冷氮气冷却.为提高电流引线的安全性,在高温超导段温端贮存适量液氮作为热沉,大大增加电流引线被烧毁的时间常数.     

Pressure effects on 2p5 3p - 2p5 3d transitions in neon

The collisional broadening and shift of four spectral lines of neon (747.2, 748.8, 753.5, 754.4 nm) arising from 2p⁵ 3p - 2p⁵ 3d transitions, emitted from a low-pressure glow discharge in pure neon and neon-helium mixtures have been measured using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The values of pressure broadening and shift coefficients are determined and analyzed in terms of the impact theory.     

Resonant raman effect of hematoporphyrin IX in the α, β absorption band of the Q(π→π*) electronic transition

Summary Resonant Raman spectra of hematoporphyrin IX have been obtained in methanol, acetone and acetic acid. Excitation RR profiles show that intensity enhancements, due to the vibronic excitation process, are active for some normal vibrations of the macrocycle and for motions of the lateral groups. Line-width-lifetime correlations and molecular-association processes are discussed.

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Riassunto Gli spettri di risonanza Raman di ematoporfirina IX sono stati ottenuti in soluzioni di metanolo, acetone e acido acetico. I profili di eccitazione di risonanza Raman mostrano che aumenti d'intensità, dovuti al processo di eccitazione degli stati vibronici, sono osservabili per alcuni modi normali del ?macrociclo? e per alcune vibrazioni di gruppi appartenenti ai sostituenti laterali nel macrociclo. Le correlazioni tra ampiezza di riga e tempo di vita dello stato vibronico, nonché i processi di associazione molecolare, sono discussi nel presente lavoro.

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Резюме Получаются резонансные рамановские спектры для гематопорфирина IX в метаноле, ацетоне и уксусной кислоте. Профили резонансного рамановского возбуждения обнаруживают, что увеличение интенсивности, обусловленные процессами вибрационного возбуждения, являются наблюдаемыми для некоторых нормальных мод ?макроцикла? и для движений поперечных групп. Обсуждаются корреляции между шириной линии и временем жизни и процессы объединения молекул.

     

Coherent hyper-raman scattering: An application to amorphous materials

Summary Coherent Hyper-Raman scattering from hot polaritons gives conspicuous advantages with respect to thermal Hyper-Raman scattering. It allows a precise study of polar modes in liquids and amorphous materials, where they are forbidden in Raman scattering. We give a classical theory for this nonlinear process and the results are applied to the study of the polariton at 1065 cm⁻¹ in amorphous quartz. The experimental data, having a precision two orders of magnitude better than in previous studies, show that the polaritons propagate in the glass with a well-defined wave vector. The dispersion curve of the polariton and its width in the wave vector space can be described by means of a multioscillator model taking into account the inhomogenous width of the levels originated from disorder.

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Riassunto La diffusione Hyper-Raman coerente da polaritoni eccitati mediante assorbimento di un impulso laser infrarosso offre notevoli vantaggi rispetto alla diffusione Hyper-Raman termica. Essa consente uno studio preciso dei modi polari negli amorfi e nei liquidi dove risultano proibiti nelle transizioni Raman. Viene formulata una teoria classica per questo tipo di diffusione coerente ed i risultati vengono applicati allo studio sperimentale del polaritone a 1065 cm⁻¹ nel quarzo amorfo. I dati sperimentali, con una precisione di due ordini di grandezza migliore che nei precedenti studi, mostrano che il polaritone si propaga nel vetro con un ben definito vettore d’onda. La curva di dispersione del polaritone e la sua larghezza nello spazio dei vettori d’onda può essere descritta mediante un modello a più oscillatori, tenendo conto dell’allargamento inomogeneo dei livelli derivante dal disordine.

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Резюме Когерентное гипер-рамановское рассеяние на горячих поляритонах дает явные преимущества по сравнению с тепловым гиперрамановских рассеянием. Этот подход поэволяет исследовать полярные моды в жидкостях и аморфных материалах, где они эапрешены при рамановском рассеянии. Мы раэвиваем классическую теорию для этого нелинейного процесса и полученные реэультаты применяются к иоследованию псляритона при 1065 cm⁻¹ в амопфном кварце. Эксперименталвные данные, имеюшие точносты на два порядка лучше предыдуших реэультатов, покаэывают, что поляритоны распространяются в стекле с хорошо определенным волновым вектором. Дисперсионная кривая поляритона и ее шириина в пространстве волновых векторов может быты олисана с помощью многоосцилляторной модели, которая учитывает неоднородную ширину уровней, воэникющую иэ-эа неупорядоченности.

     

The atmosphere of Titan and the Huygens atmospheric structure instrument

Summary The Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) is a multisensor package which has been designed to measure the physical quantities characterizing the atmosphere of Titan. After a short summary of the available information on Titan's atmosphere, the HASI is described as well as its capabilities to improve our knowledge of the larger Saturnian satellite. Paper presented at the V Cosmic Physics National Conference, S. Miniato, November 27–30, 1990.     

ROSETTA and FIRST: Two cornerstone missions of ESA long-term space science programme

Summary The paper reviews the objectives and status of definition of ROSETTA (Comet Nucleus Sample Return) and FIRST (Far Infrared Space Telescope), which are two cornerstone missions of the ESA long-term scientific programme. ROSETTA is a joint ESA/NASA programme and it will address problems centered on the origin of planetary material and the pre-biotic evolution of organic matter. The ROSETTA spacecraft will be launched in 2001; it will land into the nucleus of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, take about 10 kg of cometary samples (ice, dust, organics) and will return the Earth in 2008. FIRST will explore the 10 μm to 1 mm region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where a large number of very important atomic and molecular spectral lines are hosted. The major scientific objectives are the physics of the interstellar medium of the star formation and cosmological studies. The mission is based on a 4.5 to 8 m telescope equipped with imaging spectrometers and operating as a near-real-time observatory from a high elliptical orbit of 24 h period. Low operating temperatures for the payload will be achieved by using a combination of mechanical coolers and a liquid helium cryostat. To speed up publication, the proofs were not sent to the authors and were supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

FEL gain in the pulsed regime: a comparison between numerical and analytical results

Summary In this paper we present simple and general formulae for the FEL gain in the pulsed regime including both the longitudinal mode coupling and the lethargy effect. Such relations, obtained from a numerical integration of the pulse propagation equations, are then compared to similar expressions obtained analitycally in the limiting case of the long bunch approximation and the agreement is shown to be excellent.

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Riassunto In questo lavoro vengono derivate formule semplici e generali relative al guadagno FEL in regime impulsato. Tali formule tengono conto dell'accoppiamento tra i modi longitudinali e dell'effetto di letargia. Le relazioni di cui sopra sono ottenute nell'ambito di una trattazione numerica delle equazioni di propagazione degli impulsi e sono poi comparate ad analoghe espressioni ottenute per via analitica nel caso limite di pacchetto di elettroni lungo. Si dimostra come l'accordo sia particolarmente buono.

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Резюме В зтой статье мы приводим простые и общие формулы для усиления для лазера на свободных злектронах в импульсном режиме, учитывая связь продольных мод и зффект летаргии. Зти соотношения, полченные с помощью численного интегрирования уравнений распространения импульса, затем сравниваются с аналогичными выражениями, полученными аналитически в предельном случае приближения длинного сгустка, и получается хорошее согласие.

     

Decrease in frequency of maximum far-infra-red power absorption of polar fluids with temperature

Summary It is shown how the inherent nonlinearity of the equations of motion of coupled dipoles qualitatively explains a number of features of the observed far-infra-red spectrum of polar fluids. These include the almost linear increasing temperature and the temperature independence of the band width.

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Riassunto Si mostra come l'inerente non linearità delle equazioni di moto di dipoli accoppiati spiega qualitativamente un numero di comportamenti dello spettro osservato nel lontano infrarosso di fluidi polari. Questi includono il decremento quasi lineare della posizione del picco del coefficiente di assorbimento di potenza FIR con l'aumento della temperatura e l'indipendenza della temperatura dell'ampiezza di banda.

     

Raman scattering in defect chalcopyrite crystals

Summary Raman-scattering measurements on the defect chalcopyrite compounds CdGa₂Se₄, CdGa₂S₄, ZnGa₂S₄ are reported. The phonon picture is consistent with the space group. A comparison between corresponding phonons suggests a simple model for the vibrational dynamics. Preliminary Raman results in the mixed compound Cd _x Zn_1−x Ga₂S₄ and in resonance conditions in CdGa₂Se₄ are presented. Paper presented at the ?V International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds?, held in Cagliari, September 14–16, 1982.     

A simple method for the optogalvanic detection of argon ion transitions in hollow-cathode lamps

Summary We describe a simple method for the observation of argon ion transitions in hollow-cathode lamps, using the optogalvanic effect, and report the first optogalvanic detection of the six ArII transitions: 457.9 nm, 476.5 nm, 488.0 nm, 496.5 nm, 501.7 nm and 514.5 nm. We also study the optogalvanic signal as a function of the incident laser power and the lamp current. Partial financial support of CNPq and FINEP (Brazil).     

Raman scattering by hot and thermal polaritons in crystal quartz

Summary Nonlinear mixing of IR and visible radiation,i.e. coherent Raman scattering by polaritons driven by a CO₂ laser, has been used to obtain the dispersion curve and its width inq-space of the polariton associated to theE-phonon at 1065 cm⁻¹ in crystal quartz. It is shown in this paper that a direct method to determine indipendently, with high precision, the refractive index and absorbance of a crystal can be obtained in this way. The results are compared with accurate data obtained from Raman scattering by polaritions in thermal equilibrium and very good agreement is found between the two measurements. It is finally shown that nonlinear-mixing techniques turn out to be completely consistent with the simple picture of scattering of light by hot polaritons. This work was supported by the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione.