铁氨基黏土-葡萄糖氧化酶纳米复合催化剂的构筑及多酶级联反应研究

以铁氨基黏土(FeAC)为载体, 通过共价交联固定葡萄糖氧化酶(GO_x), 构筑了铁氨基黏土-葡萄糖氧化酶纳米复合催化剂(FeAC-GO_x). 利用FeAC的过氧化物酶活性, 与GO_x结合进行级联反应, 可催化葡萄糖转化为过氧化氢并产生显色反应; 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对FeAC-GO_x进行了形貌和结构表征, 并评价了其酶动力学参数、 催化稳定性和重复使用性等. 结果表明, GO_x的固定化率可达到76.4%, 所构筑的纳米结构酶复合体系具有高效的级联催化能力. 与天然酶体系相比, FeAC-GO_x具有更优异的温度和pH耐受性, 且在重复使用6次后, 酶催化活性无明显降低. 该体系不仅为新型葡萄糖传感器的开发奠定了基础, 还为多酶级联纳米结构酶的构筑提供了新思路.     

基于WS2量子点材料固定葡萄糖氧化酶的直接电化学及其生物传感研究

采用水热法制备水溶性WS₂量子点（WS₂ QDs）材料,并将该材料进一步用于葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）的有效固定,构建GOx/W₂ QDs/GCE传感界面. 采用透射电镜、紫外-可见光谱和电化学等方法对材料的形貌、GOx的固定化过程,以及传感器的直接电化学和电催化性能进行了表征. 结果表明,WS₂ QDs材料能够有效促进GOx与电极之间的直接电子转移. 并且,基于该传感器对葡萄糖良好的电催化作用,该方法有效实现了对葡萄糖的高灵敏检测,其线性范围为25 ~ 100 μmol·L^-1和100 ~ 600 μmol·L^-1,检测限为5.0 μmol·L^-1（S/N=3）. 该传感器具有良好的选择性、重现性和稳定性,可用于实际样品血糖的分析测定.     

CeO2的形貌特征对Ni/CeO2催化剂CO甲烷化性能的影响

通过改变制备方法合成了不同形貌的CeO_2载体(包括球状CeO_2-S、花苞状CeO_2-F和多面体状CeO_2-P),并用氨水配位浸渍法制备了Ni/CeO_2催化剂。研究了CeO_2载体结构与Ni/CeO_2催化剂上CO甲烷化反应性能的关系。结果表明,CeO_2-S、CeO_2-F和CeO_2-P载体暴露的晶面和氧空位不同,对Ni/CeO_2催化剂催化活性影响也不相同。CeO_2-S氧空位最多,Ni/CeO_2-S在350℃下CO转化率和CH4选择性分别达到99.19%和88.88%。10 h热稳定性测试结果表明,Ni/CeO_2-S催化剂上的积炭量最少(2.5%),CH4选择性一直保持在80%左右,分别是Ni/CeO_2-F的1.3倍和Ni/CeO_2-P的17.6倍。这主要归因于CeO_2-S载体比表面积较大,主要暴露[111]晶面,且表面氧空位含量较多,使Ni/CeO_2-S催化剂的载体与活性中心的相互作用增强,从而呈现出优异的抗积炭性能。     

M/(MgO)y(CeO2)1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂的催化甲烷燃烧性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了M/(MgO)_y(CeO2)_1－y(M=Ni、Co、Cu)催化剂. 研究了催化剂Ni/(MgO)y(CeO₂)_1－y催化活性与Ce含量的关系, 当y＝0.9时, 催化剂的活性和稳定性最好. 对比研究了(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1为载体, 负载Ni、Co、Cu活性组分的催化剂催化甲烷燃烧性能. 结果表明, 负载Cu的催化剂活性最好, 但二次评价后催化剂已烧结；负载Ni的催化剂活性与负载Cu的催化剂相差不大, 且稳定性最好, 经1000 ℃焙烧的Ni/(MgO)_0.9(CeO2)_0.1催化剂比表面仍有14.32 m₂•g^－1, 具有较高的催化活性和很好的热稳定性；负载Co的催化剂活性不如前两者, 稳定性居中, 但比表面降低得最少, 抗烧结能力强.     

在负载铼催化剂上由CO2/H2合成甲醇的研究

CO加H₂合成甲醇的工作已应用于工业化生产,其中多采用锌、铬、铜基催化剂。而CO₂加H₂合成甲醇研究工作尚不很多,其催化剂多数是在CO/H₂制甲醇催化剂基础上发展而来。     

酶法合成的葡萄糖氧化酶-纳米金复合物的直接电化学与生物传感

将NaAuCl₄、葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）和葡萄糖混合,借一步酶促反应制得吸附GOx的金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）,再通过滴干修饰法研制了Nafion/GOx-AuNPs修饰的玻碳（GC）电极,并考察了该酶电极上GOx的直接电化学和生物传感性能. 这种酶法合成的GOx-AuNPs复合物有良好的酶直接电化学活性,也保持了GOx的生物活性,似可归因于酶法合成的纳米金更接近酶氧化还原活性中心的缘故. 该酶电极在-0.4 V（vs. SCE）电位下,其稳态电流下降与葡萄糖浓度（0.5 4 mmol·L^-1）成正比,检测下限0.2 mol·L^-1.     

非晶态CeO_2@TiO_2催化剂的结构、性质及其选择催化还原脱硝性能

采用自发沉积法制备了非晶态Ce O_2@Ti O_2催化剂,通过XRD、Raman光谱、TEM、N_2吸附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD及FTIR等手段表征了催化剂结构和表面性质,研究了Ce O_2@Ti O_2在选择催化还原脱NO反应中的催化性能。结果表明,非晶态Ce O_2@Ti O_2催化剂中Ce与Ti间存在很强的相互作用,能够在原子水平上相互结合,表现出与晶态结构截然不同的还原特性,具备更强的氧化还原能力。同时,与浸渍法制备的Ce O_2/Ti O_2相比,Ce O_2@Ti O_2还具有更大的比表面积和更强的表面酸性,因而具有更加优异的脱硝性能。在175℃下NO转化率即达到80%以上,在200-400℃脱硝率稳定在96.0%-99.4%;同时,H_2O和SO_2的阶跃应答实验表明,Ce O_2@Ti O_2具有很强的抗水和抗SO_2毒化能力。     

低于300℃时两种氧化铈材料对稀燃阶段NOx存储性能的影响

The present work investigated the effects of two types of CeO₂ materials on the lean NO_x trap (LNT) performance over NO_x storage reduction (NSR) catalysts below 300 ℃. These materials were obtained by mechanical mixing of 2% (w) Pt/Al₂O₃ (PA) with CeO₂-X (X=S, I). X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the physical structures of the catalysts, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) were employed to identify and quantify the surface Ce³⁺ concentrations and the amounts of surface-active oxygen. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (In-situ DRIFTS) was applied to analyze the surface adsorbed NO_x species. Compared with CeO₂-I, CeO₂-S presented superior physico-chemical properties, including higher surface area, richer porous texture, stronger aging-resistance, and higher surface Ce³⁺ concentration. As a result, the PA+CeO₂-S sample also exhibited outstanding NO_x trapping capacity. Furthermore, interaction between Pt and CeO₂ was observed in the PA+CeO₂-X mixtures, which facilitates NO oxidation and the NO_x trapping process owing to the accompanying increase in the activity of surface active oxygen on the CeO₂. This interaction was stronger in the case of the PA+CeO₂-S sample as compared with the PA+CeO₂-I. The Ce³⁺ content and presence of active oxygen species on the CeO₂ surface both play critical roles in the NO_x trapping process and hydrothermal treatment of the CeO₂ significantly decreased the NO_x trapping capacity of both PA+CeO₂ samples. It was also determined that the interaction between Pt and aged CeO₂ is weakened and that the NO_x trapping capacity of aged CeO₂ is enhanced after loading a small amount of Pt, which is attributed to the promotion of nitrate formation by increased surface oxygen activity.     

SO_2和H_2O对CeO_2/TiO_2/堇青石催化剂选择催化还原NO_x性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了以堇青石为基底、氧化铈为活性组分的整体式脱硝催化剂CeO2/TiO2/堇青石催化剂。通过与商业钒基催化剂(V2O5-WO3/TiO2/堇青石)的对比研究发现,CeO2/TiO2/堇青石催化剂表现出了优良的抗硫抗水性能,经过30 h抗硫抗水实验,CeO2/TiO2/堇青石催化剂的氮氧化物转化率仍能保持在70%以上,仅下降了5%。BET、XRD、FT-IR和TG表征结果表明,在含硫含水气氛中反应时,CeO2/TiO2/堇青石和V2O5-WO3/TiO2/堇青石催化剂表面均有硫酸铵盐的生成,且前者的生成量明显低于后者。NH3-DRIFT分析结果表明,在含硫含水气氛中两种催化剂表面Brnsted酸性都被增强,而Lewis酸性有所减弱。进一步的XPS分析结果表明,烟气中的SO2+H2O会使催化剂表面Ce4+向Ce3+发生转化,从而导致化学吸附氧含量增加,这是CeO2/TiO2/堇青石催化剂具有优良抗硫抗水性能的重要原因。     

Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles onto covalently immobilized carbon nanotube electrode

A new amperometric biosensor for glucose was developed based on adsorption of glucose oxidase (GOx) at the gold and platinum nanoparticles-modified carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. CNTs were covalently immobilized on gold electrode via carbodiimide chemistry by forming amide linkages between carboxylic acid groups on the CNTs and amine residues of cysteamine self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The fabricated GOx/Au_nano/Pt_nano/CNT electrode was covered with a thin layer of Nafion to avoid the loss of GOx in determination and to improve the anti-interferent ability. The immobilization of CNTs on the gold electrode was characterized by quartz crystal microbalance technique. The morphologies of the CNT/gold and Pt_nano/CNT/gold electrodes have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical performance of the gold, CNT/gold, Pt_nano/gold and Pt_nano/CNT/gold electrodes has also been studied by amperometric method. In addition, effects of electrodeposition time of Pt nanoparticles, pH value, applied potential and electroactive interferents on the amperometric response of the sensor were discussed.

The enzyme electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and rapid response for glucose in the absence of a mediator. The linear range was from 0.5 to 17.5 mM with correction coefficient of 0.996. The biosensor had good reproducibility and stability for the determination of glucose.     

CeO2-MnOx催化剂形貌对低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应性能的影响

采用水热合成法制备了船形、扁球形及纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物。并运用低温N₂吸脱附、XRD、SEM、TEM、H₂-TPR、拉曼光谱、XPS等表征技术对不同形貌CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的结构与其低浓度CH₄催化燃烧反应性能之间的关系进行了关联。结果表明,CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的形貌与其催化性能密切相关。其中,扁球形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的氧空位、Ce³⁺含量及表面吸附活性氧物种最多,其CH₄催化燃烧反应活性最高,540℃时,可将CH₄完全转化;其次是船形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂,540℃时其CH₄转化率为94.05%;与前两者相比,纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂的氧空位及表面吸附活性氧物种较少,活性较差,相同反应温度下,其CH₄转化率仅为89.68%。     

Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂上CH4-CO2转化积炭性能的研究

采用脉冲微量反应技术研究了添加n型半导体氧化物CeO₂对Ni基催化剂上CH₄积炭/CO₂消炭性能的影响,用TPR,XPS和氢吸附技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,活性金属原子Ni与半导体氧化物CeO₂之间存在金属-半导体相互作用(MScI),CeO₂的添加提高了活性原子Ni⁰的d电子密度,在一定程度上抑制了CH₄分子中C-Hσ电子向d轨道的迁移,降低了CH₄裂解积炭活性;可加强Ni⁰原子d轨道向CO₂空反键π轨道的电子迁移,促进CO₂分子的活化,提高CO₂的消炭活性,使Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有较强的抗积炭性能.     

花状结构Mn/CuO-CeO2的合成及对 CO氧化反应的催化性能

通过构建CeO₂与过渡金属氧化物的复合材料提高了CeO₂的高温热稳定性并改善其催化活性. 利用溶剂热法合成了不同组成的三维花状结构Mn/CuO-CeO₂多元复合纳米材料. XRD分析结果表明, 复合材料是以萤石相CeO₂结构为主体的固溶体; SEM照片显示花状结构微球由无数纳米片组装而成, 而每个纳米片的结构单元为尺寸约10 nm的纳米颗粒. 复合材料中CuO和MnO_x的高分散性使各组分之间产生强的相互作用, 所以催化剂的催化活性按照CeO₂2<xMn/CuO-CeO₂的顺序依次升高. 随着Mn掺杂量的增加, 复合材料的催化活性先升高后降低, 在n_Ce∶n_Cu∶n_Mn=25∶5∶2时催化剂表现出最佳催化性能: 在CO氧化反应中, 173 ℃时即能实现CO的完全转化, 并且具有很好的催化稳定性.     

陈化时间对CuO/ZnO/CeO2/ZrO2甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了CuO/ZnO/CeO₂/ZrO₂甲醇水蒸气重整催化剂,探讨了陈化时间对催化剂性能的影响.结果发现,延长陈化时间能增加催化剂的表面铜原子数和改善催化剂的还原性能,但与此同时也降低了催化剂的储放氧性能.延长陈化时间,CuO/ZnO/CeO₂/ZrO₂催化剂的氢产率随表面铜原子数的增加而成线性增长.另一方面,重整尾气中的CO含量也随着储放氧能力的下降而增加.综合考虑产氢率和重整尾气中CO含量,最佳陈化时间为2h,此时,CuO/ZnO/CeO₂/ZrO₂催化剂表现出了最佳性能.     

CeO2/Co3O4氧载体的制备及其甲烷化学链燃烧性能研究

制备了系列甲烷化学链燃烧用CeO₂/Co₃O₄复合氧载体,采用XRD、H₂-TPR、甲烷程序升温和恒温反应对氧载体进行了表征与评价。研究了不同CeO₂的负载量对复合氧载体的结构、氧化还原性、产物选择性的影响。结果表明,氧化铈的添加不仅降低了氧载体的初始反应温度,还延长了有效反应时间,但铈添加量过高会降低产物CO₂选择性,使甲烷向部分氧化进行。CeO₂(30%)/Co₃O₄氧载体在650 ℃经20次循环后甲烷转化率和CO₂选择性均未明显降低,表现出较高的活性和化学链循环稳定性。     

表面活性剂模板法制备CeO_2/CuO催化剂用于富氢气氛中CO优先氧化

采用表面活性剂模板法合成了一组不同配比的CeO2/CuO催化剂,使用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2吸附脱附和程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征,并对其在富氢气氛中CO优先氧化的催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,立方相萤石结构的氧化铈颗粒粒径在4 nm左右,它们聚集成小簇后分散在块状氧化铜的表面;从粒径分布来看所制备的催化剂是逆负载型催化剂。催化性能测试结果显示,CeO2/CuO催化剂中有两种类型吸附位的存在,即由CuO提供的化学吸附位和由氧化铈提供的氧空位,而界面处两种类型吸附位的共存促进了CO的优先氧化。     

Hg在Pd掺杂的CeO_2表面吸附和脱除

基于密度泛函理论对Hg在纯CeO_2表面的吸附机理进行了理论计算,采用p(3×3)的二维超晶胞模型计算了CeO_23个不同表面上不同位点对汞的吸附能,计算结果表明,Hg在纯CeO_2表面吸附能力较弱,为物理吸附,Hg原子与CeO_2未形成有效化学键。为了进一步研究Hg在CeO_2表面的吸附机理,计算了Hg在Pd掺杂的CeO_2(Pd-CeO_2)表面的吸附机理,结果表明,Hg在Pd-CeO_2表面吸附能较强,为化学吸附,Hg原子与Pd-CeO_2之间形成有效的化学键,说明Pd的掺杂有利于提高CeO_2对汞的吸附能力。为了量化纯CeO_2和Pd-CeO_2的汞脱除效率,对Hg在纯CeO_2和Pd-CeO_2表面的脱除进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,纯CeO_2对汞的脱除效率较低,贵金属Pd的掺杂能够有效提高CeO_2的汞脱除效率,与理论计算的结果相符。     

Ce/Co比对Ag/CeO2-Co3O4催化剂低温氧化降解甲醛性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列具有不同Ce/Co比的Ag/CeO₂-Co₃O₄催化剂,对其在甲醛低温氧化降解中的催化性能进行了研究。结果发现,Ag/CeO₂-Co₃O₄催化剂具有较好的甲醛低温降解活性,而Ce/Co比是影响其催化性能的一个重要因素。XRD、氮吸附-脱附、Raman光谱、H₂-TPR和in-situ DRIFTS等表征结果表明,随着Co含量的增加,Ag/CeO₂-Co₃O₄催化剂的孔体积随之增大,而比表面积减小。CeO₂有利于Ag/CeO₂-Co₃O₄催化剂的氧化还原性能提高,促进氧空位增加,提升Co²⁺的含量,从而有利于氧分子的活化,促进甲醛降解。同时,in-situ DRIFTS结果表明,甲酸盐物种的分解是甲醛在Ag/CeO₂-Co₃O₄催化剂表面催化氧化降解的速控步骤。     

酸性质对磷钨酸改性CeO_2上NH_3选择性催化还原NO性能影响

分别制备了磷钨酸、磷酸、偏钨酸铵及磷酸+偏钨酸铵改性的CeO_2催化剂,用于NO的NH3选择性催化还原反应(NH3-SCR),对酸改性的作用进行了研究。结果表明,不同酸改性后的CeO_2催化剂均含有弱酸和中强酸位,但酸量差别明显,依次为:磷钨酸/CeO_2偏钨酸铵/CeO_2磷酸+偏钨酸铵/CeO_2磷酸/CeO_2。由于磷钨酸改性的CeO_2催化剂中P与W之间相互作用,导致磷钨酸/CeO_2催化剂表面弱酸及中强酸含量较多,Ce物种和O物种相对活跃,有利于NH3的吸附、活化和NH3-SCR反应的进行;因此,磷钨酸改性的CeO_2催化剂活性最佳,在225-450℃下NO转化率高于90%。     

CeO2担载Cu纳米粒子电催化CO2还原产乙烯：CeO2不同暴露晶面对催化性能的影响

Fossil fuels are expected to be the major source of energy for the next few decades. However, combustion of nonrenewable resources leads to the release of large quantities of CO₂, the primary greenhouse gas. Notably, the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is increasing annually at an astounding rate. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECR) to value-added fuels and chemicals using electricity from intermittent renewable energy sources is a carbon-neutral method to alleviate anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Despite the steady progress in the selective generation of C₁ products (CO and formic acid), the production of multi-carbon species still suffers from low selectivity and efficiency. As an ECR product, ethylene (C₂H₄) has a higher energy density than do C₁ species and is an important industrial feedstock in high demand. However, the conversion of CO₂ to C₂H₄ is plagued by low productivity and large overpotential, in addition to the severe competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the ECR. To address these issues, the design and development of advanced electrocatalysts are critical. Here, we demonstrate fine-tuning of ECR to C₂H₄ by taking advantage of the prominent interaction of Cu with shape-controlled CeO₂ nanocrystals, that is, cubes, rods, and octahedra predominantly covered with (100), (110), and (111) surfaces, respectively. We found that the selectivity and activity of the ECR depended strongly on the exposed crystal facets of CeO₂. The overall ECR Faradaic efficiency (FE) over Cu/CeO₂(110) (FE ≈ 56.7%) surpassed that of both Cu/CeO₂(100) (FE ≈ 51.5%) and Cu/CeO₂(111) (FE ≈ 48.4%) in 0.1 mol·L^-1 KHCO₃ solutions with an H-type cell. This was in stark contrast to the exclusive occurrence of the HER over pure carbon paper, CeO₂(100), CeO₂(110), and CeO₂(111). In particular, the FE toward C₂H₄ formation and the partial current density increased in the sequence Cu/CeO₂(111) < Cu/CeO₂(100) < Cu/CeO₂(110) within applied bias potentials from -1.00 to -1.15 V (vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode), reaching 39.1% over Cu/CeO₂(110) at a mild overpotential (1.13 V). The corresponding values for Cu/CeO₂(100) and Cu/CeO₂(111) were FE_C2H4 ≈ 31.8% and FE_C2H4 ≈ 29.6%, respectively. The C₂H₄ selectivity was comparable to that of many reported Cu-based electrocatalysts at similar overpotentials. Furthermore, the FE for C₂H₄ remained stable even after 6 h of continuous electrolysis. The superior ECR activity of Cu/CeO₂(110) to yield C₂H₄ was attributed to the metastable (110) surface, which not only promoted the effective adsorption of CO₂ but also remarkably stabilized Cu⁺, thereby boosting the ECR to produce C₂H₄. This work offers an alternative strategy to enhance the ECR efficiency by crystal facet engineering.