强碱滴定一元弱酸突跃范围的计算

针对现有教材及文献对弱酸滴定计量点附近某些不甚合理的简化处理过程以及某些值得商榷的结论,根据滴定弱酸计量点附近溶液的实际组成,推导了合理的、适用任何情况的强碱滴定一元弱酸的突跃范围计算公式,从而给出了一元弱酸被准确滴定的判据。     

一元强碱滴定二元弱酸的林邦滴定曲线方程及pH_(sp)计算

用质子条件式PBE、物料平衡式MBE、副反应系数和条件稳定常数等知识,推导出一元强碱滴定二元弱酸溶液的林邦滴定曲线方程,并用其推导出第一、第二化学计量点pH_(sp1)和pH_(sp2)的计算公式。     

一元强碱滴定一元弱酸溶液的林邦滴定曲线方程及其应用

以林邦副反应思想为基础,用质子条件式PBE、物料平衡式MBE、滴定分数和条件稳定常数等知识推导出一元强碱滴定一元弱酸溶液的林邦滴定曲线方程,并用滴定曲线方程讨论了滴定开始至化学计量点时任意一点p H的计算。     

一元强碱滴定混合一元弱酸的林邦滴定曲线方程及pHsp的计算

用物料平衡式MBE、质子条件式PBE、副反应系数和条件稳定常数等知识,推导出一元强碱滴定混合一元弱酸溶液的林邦滴定曲线方程并用其推导出第一、第二化学计量点pHsp1和pHsp2的计算公式.     

估算一元弱酸溶液pH的近似式及约束条件

利用一元二次方程估算一元弱酸溶液的[H+]是化学分析工作者经常采用的方法。酸的离解常数Ka和浓度c的数值相对大小和其乘积cKa是获得各种近似式的关键因素。本文通过实例计算归纳出了如下结论:(1)当c Ka≥10Kw时,可忽略水的离解,则[H~+]=1/2(-K_a+(K_a~2+4_cK_a)(1/2)),并首次指出了c Ka≥10Kw判据的边界条件为c≥6×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1);(2)当Ka≥19c时,弱酸可做强酸处理,通常情况下有[H+]=c,对较强弱酸的稀溶液,该近似式有重要应用价值;(3)当满足c≥105Ka时,可忽略弱酸的离解,即认为[HA]≈c,则[H~+]=(K_w+cK_a)(1/2)。实际上,c≥6×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)的弱酸溶液,都可用近似式获得令人满意的pH计算结果。     

弱酸电离常数和电离度测定方法的改进

在很多无机化学和基础化学实验讲义中,弱酸的电离度和电离常数的测定,都是使用pH计,测定几个不同浓度的弱酸溶液的pH,以酸碱滴定法测定弱酸的初始浓度,根据α=[H~+]/c_HA和K_α=cα~2/(1-α)公式求各浓度下的电离度和电离常数,操作麻烦,误差较大,且受弱酸强度的限制.有人提出通过测定弱酸及其盐构成的缓冲比为1的缓冲溶液的pH求PK_a,但配制1:1的缓冲溶液较难.有人提出作滴定曲线法求pK_a,方法较准确,但实验点太多,操作麻烦.综合以上方法,我们提出了一种不必知道弱酸及所用强碱的准确浓度,只要测定五次pH就可较准确地求出弱酸的电离常数和电离度的方法,仪器简单只需酸度计、滴定管、烧杯等,操作方便,且不受弱酸强度的限制.     

利用滴定曲线方程和Origin精确绘制滴定曲线*

滴定曲线是滴定分析原理的重要内容。它显示了滴定过程中平衡体系性质的变化,可以获知化学计量点和滴定突跃信息,从而指导准确滴定判别或指示剂的选择。滴定曲线方程是滴定过程中体系的某种性质X(例pH)与滴定分数a(或滴定剂体积V)的关系方程,解析方程可获得函数X=f(a)的表达式。对一些较复杂的体系,推导函数X=f(a)较困难,但多数情况下反函数a=g(X)的推导更容易,表达式也更简洁。本文对酸碱、配位、氧化还原和沉淀滴定曲线方程进行了系统总结,并对不同情况下的函数X=f(a)或反函数a=g(X)进行了推导,拓展了教材内容。根据函数关系,在Origin中利用其函数绘图功能可直接绘制出滴定曲线,不用先生成数据点再绘图,方便快捷。用反函数绘图时增加数据点即可获得高精度的滴定曲线,可直接从滴定曲线上查找化学计量点和滴定突跃信息。     

忽略第二级离解的判据推导和二元弱酸溶液氢离子浓度的近似计算*

为推导出忽略二元弱酸$H_{2}A$第二级离解的判据,设计了虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B并计算了酒石酸、虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B的准确氢离子浓度$[H^{+}]_{T}$和近似氢离子浓度$[H^{+}]_{AV}$。计算结果表明:忽略$H_{2}A$第二级离解的判据与$\frac{K_{a1}}{K_{a2}}$比值相关。从极端二元酸($K_{a1}=K_{a2}$)得到的判据为$\frac{2K_{a2}}{[H^{+}]_{AV}}为推导出忽略二元弱酸H_2A第二级离解的判据,设计了虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B并计算了酒石酸、虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B的准确氢离子浓度[H~+]_T和近似氢离子浓度[H~+]_(AV)。计算结果表明:忽略H_2A第二级离解的判据与■比值相关。从极端二元酸(K_(a1)=K_(a2))得到的判据为■,其中[H~+]_(AV)=■。■≤0.11判据具有广泛的普适性,可以用于所有二元弱酸溶液。新判据除了保证溶液氢离子浓度近似值[H~+]_(AV)的准确度外(误差SymbolqB@5%以内),同时还具有覆盖浓度区间宽的显著优点。     

聚苯胺修饰电极酸碱示波电位滴定法——Ⅰ.水溶液中的酸碱滴定

示波电位滴定具有终点直观、仪器便宜、操作简便、快速、准确等特点。本文将对氢离子响应敏锐、使用寿命长、制备简单的聚苯胺修饰电极(PAME)^[4,5]应用于酸碱示波电位滴定中,使电位突跃更加明显,化学计量点更易判断(与双铂电极体系比较),可滴定多元弱酸、弱碱、混合酸和混合碱.与pH玻璃电极比较,具有阻抗低,响应灵敏、迅速,终点电位突跃大,不易损坏,不需预处理,制备简单等特点.     

关于一元弱酸盐及弱酸溶液几个问题的系统论证

系统论证了等物质的量浓度或等pH的一元弱酸盐或一元弱酸溶液, 在加水稀释或加强酸过程中溶液pH变化情况与相应K之间的关系, 最终得出一个简单而统一的结论。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。