土壤样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,因其粒径小、难以降解、本身含有多种污染物、且易吸附疏水性有机污染物和重金属等产生复合污染,已成为国内外学者研究的热点问题.微塑料广泛存在于土壤环境中,进入土壤中的微塑料会影响土壤理化性质,同时影响土壤动物生长、植物生长和微生物活动等,并且,微塑料会在土壤中发生迁移或沿食物链传递从而对人类健康构...     

环境中微塑料的分析技术研究进展

土壤、水体、大气等自然环境中的微塑料,通过食物链在生物体中累积传递,最终影响到人体,微塑料的分析检测对于污染防治意义重大。为快速准确分析微塑料成分,需要高效的微塑料采集和检测技术。本文综述了环境中微塑料采集和检测分析等技术的最新研究成果,着重介绍了采集技术中的新技术和新装置及其优点。微塑料采集技术分为消解和分离。分离技术包括密度浮选法、油提法、泡沫浮选法,以及吸附分离法、磁性分离法和微流控分离法等新型技术及装置。这些新技术大幅提升了分离效率、操作简易性和集成度。检测技术包括扫描电子显微镜法、光谱法和热分析法等。本文讨论了不同采集和检测技术的优缺点及适用场景,并展望了这些采集技术及装置的发展方向,为今后多元环境样品中标准化微塑料采集分离技术和装置的开发以及分析技术的研究提供参考。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理

摘要：探讨钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理方法。采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量时,水体中的泥沙对测定结果影响很大,正确采集样品及去除浊度十分重要。分别针对枯水期和丰水期水样,研究了自然沉降、过筛、离心或抽滤（20 μm或0.45 μm 滤膜）5种采样方式和直接消解测定、浊度-色度补偿、消解后抽滤测定3种预处理方式对地表水总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明：自然沉降是最合理的采样方式,枯水期样品可直接消解测定,丰水期样品可消解抽滤后测定。     

环境样品中微塑料分析技术研究进展

微塑料一般是指直径小于5mm的塑料纤维、碎片或颗粒。环境中的微塑料来源广泛,性质稳定,是疏水性有机污染物和重金属的理想载体。微塑料易被浮游生物、鱼类及低等生物误食,并在食物网各营养级之间发生转移和富集,对食品安全存在潜在风险。开展微塑料分析技术研究是研究微塑料在环境中的分布、迁移、转化、归趋和生态毒理效应的基础。该文综述了国内外环境样品中微塑料的采集、分离提取、定性鉴别技术的研究进展,并探讨了各方法的优缺点。最后针对现阶段微塑料分析方法存在的问题和不足,展望了环境中微塑料分析技术的发展趋势。     

基于显微光谱法的双壳类海洋生物中微塑料的检测方法研究

建立准确、高效的微塑料分析方法是研究微塑料在环境中的迁移、转化、归趋和生态毒理效应的前提.该研究系统优化了4种消解条件和滤膜种类,建立了用显微红外和拉曼光谱检测海产品中微塑料的方法,确定使用氢氧化钾在40℃下消解36 h,并用混合纤维素滤膜过滤的前处理方法.结果显示,大颗粒微塑料可使用显微红外全反射(ATR)、成像模式...     

地质环境样品中挥发酚分析现状与进展

挥发酚被列为环境优先控制的有机污染物,已成为评价环境污染的重要指标之一。该文简述了挥发酚的化学性质及地质环境来源,概括了国内外挥发酚测定的相关标准方法,从样品预处理技术和检测技术两方面综述了近年来地质环境样品中挥发酚分析的研究现状。重点对溶剂萃取、蒸馏、固相萃取、固相微萃取和吹扫捕集等样品预处理技术,以及4-氨基安替比林分光光度法、紫外和荧光分光光度法、溴化容量法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法和酚生物传感器法等技术在地质环境样品中挥发酚分析上的应用进行了较为全面的总结,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望,为进一步研究挥发酚的分析技术及其环境应用提供参考。     

纳米塑料分析方法研究进展

摘要： 对近十年纳米塑料的分析方法进行综述。分别总结了样品消解、滤膜过滤、浊点萃取、加压流体萃取等纳 米塑料的预处理方法,介绍了热解 -气相色谱 -质谱联用、热吸附解析 -气相色谱 -质谱、热脱附 -质子转移反应 -质谱、液相色谱 -质谱/质谱联用、热重分析 -质谱等分析方法,并对方法的优缺点进行分析。展望了未来纳米塑料 分析方法的发展,该研究为纳米塑料污染的进一步研究提供参考。     

矿物油样品采集及计算公式的探讨

针对矿物油在水体中特殊的存在形态,结合实践,从采集矿物油样品的目的,装置及分析结果表达式三个方面,就如何统一,规范地采集具有代表性的矿物油样品,以及合理地进行分析,提出了初步的看法。     

微塑料:生物效应、分析和降解方法综述

微塑料(MPs)的出现引起了全球的广泛关注,它们遍布海洋和陆地的各个环境介质中,造成了严重的环境污染。微塑料通常被定义为粒径小于5 mm的塑料纤维、颗粒或者薄膜,可被生物吸收积累,产生生态风险和健康风险。实际上很多微塑料可达微米乃至纳米级别,肉眼是不可见的,因此也被形象地比作海洋中的“PM2.5”。作为目前学术界和社会各界争论的热点问题,本篇综述旨在系统地介绍环境中微塑料的来源与分布、生物效应以及分析鉴定方法,并重点介绍了微塑料污染的降解策略和研究成果,为今后微塑料降解方法的研究提供了参考。     

浅析环境空气样品采集的影响因素

环境空气质量中的气态污染物的监测监测结果的准确可靠,除了实验测试条件的掌控、测试人员的技术水平外,还与样品的采集过程有关.作为常规例行监测的项目,空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮的监测已进行多年.作者在实际工作中发现,样品采集的影响因素对监测结果产生直接的影响,但这些因素往往被忽视.本文将从最常见、常常被人忽视而对监测结果直接产生影响的环境温度、采样瓶阻力和动力系统等方面进行分析.     

Determination of phosphorus in natural waters: A historical review

The aim of this paper is to introduce a virtual special issue that reviews the development of analytical approaches to the determination of phosphorus species in natural waters. The focus is on sampling and sample treatment, analytical methods and quality assurance of the data. The export of phosphorus from anthropogenic activities (from diffuse and point sources) can result in increased primary production and eutrophication, and potentially the seasonal development of toxic algal blooms, which can significantly impact on water quality. Therefore the quantification of phosphorus species in natural waters provides important baseline data for studying aquatic phosphorus biogeochemistry, assessing ecosystem health and monitoring compliance with legislation.     

Separation and Identification of Microplastics in Digestive System of Bivalves

A pretreatment method was established for separating microplastics from digestive system of bivalve sample. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics was carried out by micro-Fourier transformed infrared (μ-FT-IR) spectroscope and Stereo microscope. The method was applied to analyze the microplastics in the digestive system in Chlamys farreri and Mytilus galloprovincialis. The results showed that the digestion system of using 10% KOH had high digestion efficiency. With this digestion system, the recoveries of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ranged from 96.7% to 98.6%, with relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) of ≤ 3.19%. We collected Chlamys farreri from local markets (n = 50) and Mytilus galloprovincialis from both local markets (n = 50) and wild environments (n = 15) in Qingdao, China. The results showed that microplastics were found in over 80% of the individuals purchased from the market and 40% of the wild collected individuals. The average abundance of microplastics in Chlamys farreri purchased from different markets varied between 5.2 and 19.4 items/individual or between 3.2 and 7.1 items g^?1 (wet weight of digestive system), while in Mytilus galloprovincialis, the numbers varied between 1.9 and 9.6 items/individual or between 2.0 and 12.8 items g^?1. Farmed mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) contained more microplastics (average 1.9 items per individual, 3.17 items g^?1) than wild mussels (average 0.53 items individual, 2.0 items g^?1). Three shapes of microplastics, including fibers, fragments and granules were separated from the samples above. Among which, fibrous microplastics, being the most dominant ones, took up 84.11% of total microplastics. The average size of fibrous microplastics ((0.66 ± 0.70) mm) was larger than that of the other two shapes of microplastics. The number of microplastics decreased with increasing microplastic sizes. Microplastics of less than 500 μm coming from different markets were in the range of 26% to 84%. And it was found that the most common polymer component in the samples was cellophane (CP), followed by polypropylene (PP). The method has some advantages such as simplicity, high efficiency, and low damage to the microplastics in the sample, and can be used to detect and analyze microplastics in seafood.     

A review of analytical techniques for determination of Sudan I–IV dyes in food matrixes

Sudan dyes are a family of lipophilic azo dyes, extensively used in industrial and scientific applications but banned for use as food colorants due to their carcinogenicity. Due to the continuing illicit use of Sudan dyes as food colorants their determination in different food matrices – especially in different chilli and tomato sauces and related products – has during the recent years received increasing attention all over the world. This paper critically reviews the published determination methods of Sudan I–IV dyes. LC–UV–vis and LC–MS are the dominating methods for analysis of Sudan I–IV dyes. Sudan dyes are usually found in food at mg kg⁻¹ levels at which it may be necessary to use a preconcentration step in order to attain the desired detection limits. Liquid–solid extraction is the dominating sample preparation procedure. In recent years it has been supplemented by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and pressurized liquid extraction. Various solid phase extraction types have been used for sample cleanup. The large majority of works use conventional C18 columns and conventional LC eluents. Traditionally the UV–vis absorbance detection has been the most frequently used. In the recent years MS detection is applied more and more often as it offers more reliable identification possibilities.     

我国环境中有机污染物分析方法及痕量富集技术的进展

对有机污染物分析在近年进展作了评述。其主要内容涉及试样的预处理技术（如顶空法,吹扫-捕集法,固相萃取,半透膜等技术）,各化合物的适用及有效的分析方法或仪器（如GC,HPLC及GC／MS等）以及各种技术及方法的联用技术等（引述文献37篇）。     

Development of miniaturized sample preparation with fibrous extraction media

Introducing fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium, a miniaturized sample preparation technique for micro-column liquid chromatography (micro-LC) has been developed along with the investigation of a reproducible preparation scheme of the extraction capillary. The polymeric filaments were packed longitudinally into either a fused-silica capillary or a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) capillary of appropriate dimensions, and the extraction capillary was installed to the injection valve in micro-LC system. The number of packed filaments should be precisely counted before the packing process to make sure the reproducible preparation of the extraction capillary. With conventional stationary phase materials for open-tubular gas chromatography, polymeric coating to the surface of the filaments was also studied in order to further enhance the extraction performance and selectivity. Coated with the polymeric material suitable for the extraction of particular analyte, a dramatic improvement on the extraction power was obtained. The results suggest that the future possibility of novel tailored fibrous extraction medium with an appropriate coating on it, especially for the analysis of complex sample matrices.     

Positive lists of cosmetic ingredients: Analytical methodology for regulatory and safety controls – A review

Cosmetic products placed on the market and their ingredients, must be safe under reasonable conditions of use, in accordance to the current legislation. Therefore, regulated and allowed chemical substances must meet the regulatory criteria to be used as ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and adequate analytical methodology is needed to evaluate the degree of compliance. This article reviews the most recent methods (2005–2015) used for the extraction and the analytical determination of the ingredients included in the positive lists of the European Regulation of Cosmetic Products (EC 1223/2009): comprising colorants, preservatives and UV filters. It summarizes the analytical properties of the most relevant analytical methods along with the possibilities of fulfilment of the current regulatory issues. The cosmetic legislation is frequently being updated; consequently, the analytical methodology must be constantly revised and improved to meet safety requirements. The article highlights the most important advances in analytical methodology for cosmetics control, both in relation to the sample pretreatment and extraction and the different instrumental approaches developed to solve this challenge.