煤灰在不同耐火砖表面的润湿性与侵蚀性研究

通过观察煤灰柱在耐火材料表面随温度升高的形态变化和接触角的变化,来判断煤灰在耐火材料表面的润湿性;用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等方法对煅烧煤灰过程中煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀和渗透进行了观察测试,就渣样的形貌、耐火材料横断面的扫描图像及其元素变化进行了分析。结果表明,温度是影响煤灰在耐火材料表面润湿性和侵蚀性的重要因素;不同耐火材料的抗煤灰侵蚀不同,主要取决于耐火材料的组成和结构,其中结构致密度尤其重要;煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀其实就是煤灰与耐火材料中各矿物元素互相侵蚀与渗透的结果,在侵蚀过程中还伴随着各种化学反应来抑制或促进侵蚀;煤灰在耐火材料表面的润湿性与煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀性基本上表现出一致性。     

基于燃烧实验的卫燃带结渣特性分析

将两种结渣倾向对比明显的煤粉送入均匀布置有三种卫燃带耐火材料板的煤粉炉内进行燃烧,待燃烧完成后观察不同煤种在不同卫燃带耐火材料板表面的结渣特性,并对卫燃带耐火材料板横断面进行能谱分析,得出不同条件下煤灰对卫燃带耐火材料板的侵蚀程度。实验结果表明,随炉内温度的升高,卫燃带耐火材料板表面的结渣程度以及煤灰对卫燃带耐火材料板的渗透、侵蚀程度均随之增大,特别是当炉温高于煤灰熔融温度时,卫燃带耐火材料板表面结渣程度将急剧增大;锅炉实际运行中,若可保证卫燃带表面温度在锅炉最高负荷时不超过所燃煤种的煤灰熔融温度,便可有效减少卫燃带表面结渣的可能性;碳化硅质卫燃带相对于刚玉质卫燃带具有优越的抗结渣性能。     

添加硼砂助熔剂煤灰熔融性的量子化学与实验研究

将硼砂按不同比例分别掺入四种高灰熔点煤灰中,对混合灰样熔融特性进行实验研究。 采用密度泛函理论对熔融过程中作为反应物的莫来石反应活性进行计算。莫来石属于正交晶系Pbam空间群。计算结果表明,莫来石很容易与电子接受体结合,不容易与电子给予体结合。当莫来石与电子给予体结合时,Si原子的活性高于Al。因此,向莫来石中加入助熔剂硼砂时,硼砂中的Na＋作为电子接受体,非常容易进入莫来石的晶格中,促使莫来石转变为霞石,降低了灰熔融温度。在还原性气氛下,煤灰熔融特性实验证实了理论计算结果。     

配煤对高熔点煤灰熔融特性影响的研究

采用灰熔点较低的襄阳煤和灰熔点较高的晋城无烟煤组成的混合煤样,利用XRF、SEM、DSC、XRD、三元相图等分析方法,探究了襄阳煤对晋城无烟煤煤灰熔融温度的影响。结果表明,配煤能有效降低高熔点煤灰的熔融温度,当襄阳煤的加入量小于24%时,混合煤灰熔融温度显著降低;襄阳煤的加入量在24%-40%时,混合煤灰熔融温度变化平缓且流动温度低于1 400℃。混合煤灰中的成分在1 000-1 200℃发生一系列的化学反应,主要包括SiO_2与Al_2O_3结合产生高熔点物质莫来石以及Fe_2O_3、CaO与莫来石反应转化形成铁尖晶石、钙长石等新物质,由此造成了煤灰熔融温度的变化。基于BP神经网络对实验数据建立预测模型,其预测效果优于前人总结的经验公式,平均准确度高于99%。利用热力学软件HSC 5.0分析了CaO、Fe_2O_3对降低煤灰熔融温度的影响,分析表明,CaO对莫来石的转化作用优于Fe_2O_3。     

高岭土对准东高碱煤煤灰熔融特性影响的量子化学与实验研究

采用量子化学理论计算与实验表征相结合的方法,研究了高岭土对准东高碱煤煤灰熔融特性及其熔融过程中矿物质演变规律的影响,并从矿物质微观结构特性角度阐述了高岭土对改变准东煤煤灰熔融特性的影响机制。结果表明,准东高碱煤煤灰熔融温度随高岭土的添加呈现先快速升高后逐渐变缓的趋势,当高岭土添加比例大于10%时,其提高煤灰熔融温度的趋势变缓;准东高碱煤添加高岭土后,其在1 000-1200℃下的低熔融矿物钙长石、硬石膏等量明显减少,1 200-1 300℃下有一定量的莫来石生成,是其煤灰熔点升高的主要原因;高岭石分子结构中的O(26)、O(22)、Si(6)、Si(8)的反应活性较高,能够与灰中的Fe~(2+)等金属离子成键,促使高岭石的铝氧键断裂。煤中的碱金属或碱土金属(Na或Ca)氧化物中的的O2-,作为亲核试剂,与高岭石的Si(6)和Si(8)发生亲核反应,使桥氧键S-O-Si断裂。     

配煤对煤灰熔融特性影响的实验与量化研究

采用量子化学计算方法和实验研究,从微观分子结构和宏观煤灰熔融特性两个层面上,研究了高温下高、低灰熔点煤配煤降低高灰熔点煤煤灰熔融温度的熔融特性和熔融机理。实验和计算结果表明,配煤时,Ca²⁺作为电子受体进入煤灰中莫来石的晶格,使晶格发生重组,易生成熔点较低的钙长石。莫来石的分子结构较钙长石的要稳定得多,Ca²⁺进入莫来石晶格后位于由\[SiO₄\]^4-和\[AlO₄\]^5-两种四面体形成的网络之间,与O配位的Ca原子削弱了莫来石中的Si-O键,使得配煤后的混煤灰熔融温度降低。量子化学计算得到的灰中矿物质分子结构及相应的物理化学特性,如化学状态、表面化学活性及成键特性等,能够很好的从灰中矿物质分子微观结构特性解释高温下煤灰熔融过程中耐熔矿物与助熔矿物间的反应机理。     

配煤燃烧过程中煤灰熔融性研究

采用灰熔点较低的神华煤和较高的准格尔煤以及这两种煤组成的混煤在沉降炉内进行实验,模拟实际电站锅炉内结渣的形成过程。采用SEM、XRD技术对煤粉和灰渣的微观形貌和晶相成分进行分析。结果表明,准格尔煤粉中包含的大量高岭石和勃姆石为莫来石的大量生成提供了条件,神华煤中不含勃姆石,高岭石的含量也不多,莫来石的生成量很少。莫来石在高温下遇到石灰石的分解产物CaO,要与之反应生成钙长石,这是神华煤灰渣中没有检测到莫来石衍射峰的主要原因。莫来石是一种高熔点矿物（1850℃）,能显著改善煤灰的熔融温度,神华煤灰渣中不含莫来石,灰渣中缺少大量能在其熔融过程中发挥“骨架”作用的成分,这是导致神华煤灰熔融温度较低的一个重要原因。     

烷基聚葡糖苷微乳液中脂肪酶催化的酯合成反应动力学

在烷基聚葡糖苷C10G1．54／正丁醇／环己烷／磷酸盐缓冲液体系形成的油包水微乳液中,研究了在较高底物浓度下,脂肪酶催化正己酸和正丁醇的酯合成反应动力学及其影响因素。结果表明,在正己酸的初始浓度CHA^0较小时,反应初速率V0随正己酸浓度增大而增大,但随正丁醇表观浓度增大而减小;在CHA^0较大时,反应初速率V0随正丁醇表观浓度增大而增大,但随正己酸浓度增大而减小．在正己酸和正丁醇摩尔浓度之比为3．0左右反应速率最大．这些实验结果与传统的米氏反应不符,为此,从界面膜的构成,尤其是两种底物在界面膜上的分布情况人手进行了探讨．考察了C10G1.54浓度、正丁醇浓度和两者总浓度等对反应初速率V0的影响．     

铁基助熔剂对皖北刘桥二矿煤的灰熔融特性影响研究

研究了铁基助熔剂对皖北刘桥二矿煤（AQ）灰熔融特征的影响,并对AQ煤灰在添加铁基助熔剂前后不同热处理温度下的矿物组成进行了XRD和红外光谱分析。结果表明,导致AQ煤灰熔点高的主要原因是1000℃以上形成的莫来石引起的;加入铁基助熔剂可以降低AQ煤灰的熔融温度;在高温下铁基助熔剂与煤灰中其他铝硅酸盐矿物发生反应,生成铁橄榄石和铁尖晶石等低温共熔化合物,从而使煤灰熔点明显下降。     

Mg2+和Na+对高熔点煤灰熔融性的影响

以山西阳泉固庄高熔点煤灰为研究对象,通过向煤灰中添加不同量的MgO与Na₂CO₃,研究了Mg²⁺与Na⁺在高温下对煤灰熔融性的影响。研究结果表明,煤灰熔融温度随氧化镁的添加(5%~25%)单调下降;而随氧化钠添加(5%~25%)出现先降后升现象,在氧化钠添加量为15% 时,灰熔点达到最低。XRD分析表明,阳泉固庄煤灰熔融温度高(大于1 750℃)的原因是高温条件下耐熔矿物莫来石、方英石的存在。添加外加剂后,高温时外加剂与硅酸盐矿物反应,生成了更多的低共熔矿物霞石、堇青石等。同时,Mg²⁺和Na⁺的加入会使得非桥氧数量增多,高温煤灰低聚物增多,降低了煤灰的熔融温度。通过三元相图以及SEM分析,高温条件下煤灰中部分元素的富集以及团聚现象是导致Mg²⁺和Na⁺对煤灰熔融温度影响不同的原因。     

Wetting transition on hydrophobic surfaces covered by polyelectrolyte brushes

We study the wetting by water of complex "hydrophobic-hydrophilic" surfaces made of a hydrophobic substrate covered by a hydrophilic polymer brush. Polystyrene (PS) substrates covered with polystyrene- block-poly(acrylic acid) PS- b-PAA diblock copolymer layers were fabricated by Langmuir-Schaefer depositions and analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry. On bare PS substrate, we measured advancing angles theta A = 93 +/- 1 degrees and receding angles theta R = 81 +/- 1 degrees . On PS covered with poorly anchored PS- b-PAA layers, we observed large contact angle hysteresis, theta A approximately 90 degrees and theta R approximately 0 degrees , that we attributed to nanometric scale dewetting of the PS- b-PAA layers. On well-anchored PS- b-PAA layers that form homogeneous PAA brushes, a wetting transition from partial to total wetting occurs versus the amount deposited: both theta A and theta R decrease close to zero. A model is proposed, based on the Young-Dupre equation, that takes into account the interfacial pressure of the brush Pi, which was determined experimentally, and the free energy of hydration of the polyelectrolyte monomers Delta G PAA (hyd), which is the only fitting parameter. With Delta G PAA (hyd) approximately -1300 J/mol, the model renders the wetting transition for all samples and explains why the wetting transition depends mainly on the average thickness of the brush and weakly on the length of PAA chains.     

Drops sitting on a tilted plate: receding and advancing pinning

The wetting behavior of a liquid drop sitting on an inclined plane is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Using Surface Evolver, the numerical simulations are performed based on the liquid-induced defect model, in which only two thermodynamic parameters (solid-liquid interfacial tensions before and after wetting) are required. A drop with contact angle (CA) equal to θ is first placed on a horizontal plate, and then the plate is tilted. Two cases are studied: (i) θ is adjusted to the advancing CA (θ(a)) before tilting, and (ii) θ is adjusted to the receding CA (θ(r)) before tilting. In the first case, the uphill CA declines and the downhill CA remains unchanged upon inclination. When the tilted drop stays at rest, the pinning of the receding part of the contact line (receding pinning) and the depinning of the advancing part of the contact line (advancing depinning) are observed. The free energy analysis reveals that upon inclination, the reduction of the solid-liquid free energy dominates over the increment of the liquid-gas free energy associated with shape deformation. In the second case, the downhill CA grows and the uphill CA remains the same upon inclination. Advancing pinning and receding depinning are noted for the tilted drop at rest. The free energy analysis indicates that upon inclination, the decrease of the liquid-gas free energy compensates the increment of the solid-liquid free energy. The experimental results are in good agreement with those of simulations.     

Three-phase contact parameters measurements for silica-mixed cationic–anionic surfactant systems

The stability and interactions in thin wetting films between the silica surface and air bubble containing (a) straight chain C₁₀ amine and (b) cationic/anionic surfactant mixture of a straight chain C₁₀ amine with sodium C₈, C₁₀ and (straight chain) C₁₂ sulfonates, were studied using the microscopic thin wetting film method developed by Platikanov [D. Platikanov, J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 3619]. Film lifetimes, three-phase contact (TPC) expansion rate, receding contact angles and surface tension were measured. The presence of the mixed cationic/anionic surfactants was found to lessen contact angles and suppresses the thin aqueous film rupture, thus inducing longer film lifetime, as compared to the pure amine system. In the case of mixed surfactants heterocoagulation could arise through the formation of positively charged interfacial complexes. Mixed solution of cationic and anionic surfactants shows synergistic lowering in surface tension. The formation of the interfacial complex at the air/solution interface was confirmed by surface tension data. It was also shown, that the chain length compatibility between the anionic and cationic surfactants system controls the strength of the interfacial complex. The observed phenomena were discussed in terms of the electrostatic heterocoagulation theory, where the interactions can be attractive or repulsive depending on the different surface activity and charge of the respective surfactants at the two interfaces.     

Determination of line tension for systems near wetting

Contact angle measurements for three n-alkanes, heptane, octane, and nonane, on two different self-assembled surfaces (SAM) are reported as a function of drop size. These liquids all formed low contact angles (below 20 degrees ); the measurements were performed using an accurate method for systems with low contact angle, ADSA-D. The observed drop size dependence of the contact angles was interpreted using the modified Young equation. It was concluded that the observed drop size dependence of contact angles was due to line tension. The choice of systems also provided the opportunity to examine the behavior of the line tension for systems near wetting (i.e., low contact angles). It was determined that the line tension is positive and ranges from below 10(-7) to just below 10(-6) J/m for the systems studied; the observations suggested that the line tension decreases as the contact angle decreases and likely vanishes at complete wetting.     

Wetting phenomena at the CO2/water/glass interface

A novel high-pressure apparatus and technique were developed to measure CO2/water/solid contact angles (theta) in situ for pressures up to 204 bar. For two glass substrates with different hydrophilicities, theta increased significantly with CO2 pressure. As the pressure was increased, an increase in the cohesive energy density of CO2 caused the substrate/CO2 and water/CO2 interfacial tensions (gamma) to decrease, whereas the water/substrate gamma value increased. theta for the more hydrophobic substrate was predicted accurately from the experimental water/CO2 gamma value and an interfacial model that included only long-range forces. However, for the more hydrophilic substrate, short-range specific interactions due to capping of the silanol groups by physisorbed CO2 resulted in an unusually large increase in the water/substrate gamma value, which led to a much larger increase in theta than predicted by the model. A novel type of theta hysteresis was discovered in which larger theta values were observed during depressurization than during pressurization, even down to ambient pressure. Effective receding angles were observed upon pressurization, and effective advancing angles were observed upon depressurization on the basis of movement of the three-phase contact line. The greater degree of hysteresis for the more hydrophilic silica can be attributed in part to the capping of silanol groups with CO2. The large effects of CO2 on the various interfacial energies play a key role in the enhanced ability of CO2, relative to many organic solvents, to dry silica surfaces as reported previously on the basis of FTIR spectroscopy (Tripp, C. P.; Combes, J. R. Langmuir 1998, 14, 7348-7352).     

Surface energy of hydrophobic adsorbents

The adsorption of water vapor and the heat of wetting of hydrophilic hydromica and hydrophobized samples of kaolinite and Silochrom were studied. The contact angles for the wetting of the investigated materials with water were obtained. The thermodynamic characteristics of the surface of the sorbents and the interfacial region at their boundary with water were calculated from the obtained data. It was shown that the boundary water layers close to the hydrophilic surface of the hydromica are more ordered while those close to the hydrophobic surfaces of the modified samples of kaolinite, Silochrom, and the reference sample (extremely hydrophobic Teflon) are less ordered than liquid water. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 87–91, March–April, 2006.     

Silicon-Modified Carbohydrate Surfactants V: The Wetting Behaviour of Low-Molecular-Weight Siloxane,Carbosilane, Silane and Polysilane Precursors on Low-Energy Surfaces

The surface tensions, wetting tensions, contact angles and solid/liquid interfacial tensions of defined siloxanes as well as those of analogous carbosilanes, polysilanes and neopentyl substituted silanes were determined. The wetting experiments were carried out on a glass plate coated with perfluoroalkyl methacrylate (FC 722^®). The siloxanes possess the lowest surface tensions. Due to the presence of oxygen atoms in the siloxane backbone, a donor–acceptor portion (γ^+/−_lv) of the surface tension of about 1–2 mN/m was determined. The solid/liquid interfacial tension also contains a donor–acceptor portion (γ^+/−_sl). Its value is almost identical to that of γ^+/−_lv. The γ^+/−_sl differences between individual molecules of the same surface tension are responsible for contact angle differences of up to 4°. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wetting characteristics of aqueous rhamnolipids solutions

The wetting properties of surfactants on solid surfaces form the basis of many industrial and biological processes. The preferential adsorption of the surfactants from aqueous solutions onto solid surfaces alter the adhesion tension of the surface and this behavior may cause partial to complete wetting of the surfaces by the aqueous surfactant solutions. However, different types of surfactants show different wetting characteristics. To study the wetting properties of biologically produced rhamnolipids (RL), advancing contact angles of the aqueous solutions of the RL mixture of R1 and R2 in a ratio of R2/R1=1.1 were measured as a function of surfactant concentration. For a comparison of the wetting performance, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was chosen as the reference surfactant. A hydrophilic glass surface, a hydrophobic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and gold surface were used as the solid surfaces to determine the wetting characteristics of rhamnolipids. At low surfactant concentrations (RL concentration <3x10(-5)M, SDS concentration<3x10(-4)M) contact angle (Theta) varied in a certain range depending on the character of the surfactant interactions with the surface. This was followed by a decrease in contact angle. Parallel to this behavior, at low surfactant concentrations the adhesion tension decreased, then remained constant and an increase at higher surfactant concentrations was obtained on hydrophobic surfaces. On hydrophilic surfaces a steady decrease in adhesion tension was observed with both surfactant solutions.     

The influence of mixed cationic–anionic surfactants on the three-phase contact parameters in silica–solution systems

The formation of thin wetting films on silica surface from aqueous solution of (a) tetradecyltrimetilammonium bromide (C₁₄TAB) and (b) surfactant mixture of the cationic C₁₄TAB with the anionic sodium alkyl- (straight chain C₁₂–, C₁₄– and C₁₆–) sulfonates, was studied using the microscopic thin wetting film method developed by Platikanov. Film lifetimes, three-phase contact (TPC) expansion rates, receding contact angles and surface tension were measured. It was found that the mixed surfactants caused lower contact angles, lower rates of the thin aqueous film rupture and longer film lifetimes, as compared to the pure C₁₄TAB. This behavior was explained by the strong initial adsorption of interfacial complexes from the mixed surfactant system at the air/solution interface, followed by adsorption at the silica interface. The formation of the interfacial complexes at the air/solution interface was proved by means of the surface tension data. It was also shown, that the chain length compatibility between the anionic and cationic surfactants controls the strength of the interfacial complex and causes synergistic lowering in the surface tension. The film rupture mechanism was explained by the heterocoagulation mechanism between the positively charged air/solution interface and the solution/silica interface, which remained negatively charged.     

Model and experimental studies for contact angles of surfactant solutions on rough and smooth hydrophobic surfaces

Despite the practical need, no models exist to predict contact angles or wetting mode of surfactant solutions on rough hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces. Using Gibbs' adsorption equation and a literature isotherm, a new model is constructed based on the Wenzel and Cassie equations. Experimental data for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) contact angles on smooth Teflon surfaces are fit to estimate values for the adsorption coefficients in the model. Using these coefficients, model predictions for contact angles as a function of topological f (Cassie) and r (Wenzel) factors and SDS concentration are made for different intrinsic contact angles. The model is also used to design/tune surface responses. It is found that: (1) predictions compare favorably to data for SDS solutions on five superhydrophobic surfaces. Further, the model predictions can determine which wetting mode (Wenzel or Cassie) occurred in each experiment. The unpenetrated or partially penetrated Cassie mode was the most common, suggesting that surfactants inhibit the penetration of liquids into rough hydrophobic surfaces. (2) The Wenzel roughness factor, r, amplifies the effect of surfactant adsorption, leading to larger changes in contact angles and promoting total wetting. (3) The Cassie solid area fraction, f, attenuates the lowering of contact angles on rough surfaces. (4) The amplification/attenuation is understood to be due to increased/decreased solid-liquid contact-area.