城市生活垃圾灰渣的熔融和黏温特性研究

城市生活垃圾灰渣的熔融及黏温特性对其固定床熔渣气化炉的优化设计和操作具有重要指导意义。本文分析了上海老港垃圾(LG)和扬州成型垃圾(YZ)的灰成分特征,利用高温热台显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及FactSage模拟探究了垃圾灰的熔融机制,同时结合高温黏度计、扫描电镜-能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)和XRD分析晶体矿物质生成对灰渣黏度变化的影响。结果表明,两种生活垃圾灰的硅铝比均较高,但铝钙含量差异较大。YZ灰流动温度比LG灰约高150℃,与LG灰中形成易低温共熔的硅灰石,而YZ灰在高温下仍存在石英及尖晶石有关。两种灰渣的熔融均符合“熔融-溶解”机制,且随温度升高均经历收缩、熔融和扩散过程。两条黏温曲线均呈现玻璃渣的特征,但YZ灰的黏度增长较快,与其降温过程产生长条状钙长石晶体有关。以YZ为气化原料需较高的排渣温度,而LG灰的熔融特性和黏温特性均较好,应用此原料气化炉可操作温度范围大。     

煤催化气化工艺中碱金属腐蚀刚玉质耐火材料的实验研究

针对煤催化气化反应器设计中遇到的材料问题,采用碳酸钾及催化气化工况富含碱金属气化灰渣为实验原料,进行了碱金属腐蚀刚玉质耐火材料的实验研究。着重考察了有氧空气气氛和无氧还原性气氛、反应温度、反应时间、碱金属存在形态对腐蚀行为的影响,并结合SEM-EDX、XRD、核磁Al谱等表征手段,研究了反应前后碱金属和刚玉质耐火材料的成分、物相及结构变化。结果表明,碱金属对耐火材料腐蚀行为受反应的温度、气氛、时间及碱金属存在形态等因素影响较大。分析表明,有氧空气气氛下腐蚀尤为严重的原因是,原料中存在的钾与刚玉耐火材料发生化学反应生成新的钾的铝酸盐物相,且其含量随温度升高、反应时间延长而增加。     

生物质与烟煤混合灰渣黏温特性研究

以神华烟煤和玉米秸秆为实验原料,研究弱还原性气氛下生物质掺混量对神华烟煤的灰熔融特性和黏温特性的影响.利用XRD和SEM对灰渣的矿物质组成和微观形貌进行检测和表征.并利用热力学软件FactSage对不同温度下灰渣的物相及矿物质转化过程进行模拟计算.结果表明,随着玉米秸秆掺混量的增加,灰渣中高熔点的石英、钙长石和堇青石的...     

Li-KCl熔融界面上离子扩散的分子动力学研究

采用分子动力学(MD)方法研究了熔融Li(电极)-KCl(电解质)界面上离子的扩散行为。熔融界面上离子的扩散动力学通过离子质心的均方位移(MSD)和速度自相关函数(VACF)进行研究,扩散系数由MSD(t)函数线性区间的斜率和VACF(t)函数积分得到。模拟结果表明,在熔融的Li-KCl界面上,Li+离子在浓度梯度的驱动下穿过界面发生定向迁移,导致双电层的形成和外电路上电流的输出。Li+离子的扩散系数比K+和Cl-离子的大7～8倍,说明在界面上Li+离子是主要的载荷子,热电池的电荷传输机制主要与Li+离子的扩散运动有关。由Nernst-Einstein公式对电导率进行估算,由扩散到KCl层中的Li+离子产生的电导率约为0.4 S.cm-2,对应的电流密度估算值为3.27×105A.cm-2。     

农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣的理化特性研究进展

农林废弃生物质与煤共气化通过充分利用两者的相似性和互补性,实现原料转化过程的节能、低碳、清洁高效。原料灰渣的理化特性是影响共气化稳定运行的关键因素之一,成为了共气化研究关注的重点。本综述主要从农林废弃生物质灰与煤灰的共性与差异、混合灰渣熔融与黏温特性、混合灰中碱/碱土金属对共气化反应性和结渣过程烧结行为的影响等方面,梳理了世界各国农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣理化特性的研究现状。总结分析了添加农林废弃生物质对混合灰熔融流动、烧结行为的影响机制,归纳了混合灰熔融特征、黏温及结渣特性的预测模型与方法,并提出了农林废弃生物质与煤共气化灰渣的未来研究重点。     

SA耐火材料多晶结构与性能的研究

本实验采用磨具废砂和炉皮SiC废砂生产SA耐火材料，通过XRD分析和计算机处理确定各试样中的晶相（4H－SiC，33R－SiC，3C－SiC，α－Al2O3，β-石英和Al6Si2O13）及其各相的含量。通过材料性能与结构综合分析，确定较好的配方，其含量：磨具废砂50％，炉皮砂45％，结合剂5％，外加矿化剂2％。     

氧化钙含量对灰渣流体性质影响的研究

考察添加不同比例氧化钙对三种不同煤灰的熔融特性(AFT)和灰渣黏温特性的影响,特别是对不同黏度下临界黏度温度(Tcv)变化进行考察。结果表明,在一定的添加范围内灰熔融温度随着氧化钙添加比例的增加呈先减小后增加的变化趋势,这与通过FACTsage计算得到的全液相温度随氧化钙含量变化的结果相符;灰渣黏度在温度大于临界黏度温...     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数,并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明,大部分极易挥发的元素,如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在,表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右,以粗灰为主,灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多;表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同,呈现不同的富集规律。     

宁东煤灰层/熔渣界面煤焦气化反应特性原位研究

以典型宁东煤-羊场湾煤为气化原料,采用热重分析仪和高温热台显微镜原位研究了1100、1200、1300℃下煤焦颗粒及其在灰层界面和熔渣界面的气化反应。结果表明,不同气化温度下灰层界面和熔渣界面的形态变化是影响煤焦颗粒气化反应性的主要因素。气化温度为1100℃,灰层在高温下收缩并包裹在煤焦颗粒表面,阻碍气化剂与煤焦颗粒的接触,使煤焦颗粒气化反应速率降低,而熔渣界面未发生明显变化,其界面处煤焦气化反应速率不变。气化温度为1300℃,灰层界面与熔渣界面均转变为液态,在表面张力作用下煤焦颗粒破碎,有效反应面积变大,传热速率增大,进而提高了煤焦的气化反应速率。     

油页岩灰渣提取硅酸钠制备纳米二氧化硅

以油页岩灰渣提取的硅酸钠为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法并结合多种纳米粉体分散技术,制备了分散性好、粒径均一的纳米SiO2,其平均粒径约为10 nm。 制备过程中聚乙二醇（PEG）的加入能够有效的降低纳米SiO2的表面能,减少粒子的团聚, PEG的最佳浓度为3.0%;超声振荡的空化作用所释放出的巨大冲击波和微射流,能有效地击散纳米SiO2团聚体,其最佳超声时间为0.5 h;硅酸湿凝胶与正丁醇共沸蒸馏能有效脱除凝胶中的水,防止干燥过程中颗粒间硬团聚。     

煤灰在不同耐火砖表面的润湿性与侵蚀性研究

通过观察煤灰柱在耐火材料表面随温度升高的形态变化和接触角的变化,来判断煤灰在耐火材料表面的润湿性;用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等方法对煅烧煤灰过程中煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀和渗透进行了观察测试,就渣样的形貌、耐火材料横断面的扫描图像及其元素变化进行了分析。结果表明,温度是影响煤灰在耐火材料表面润湿性和侵蚀性的重要因素;不同耐火材料的抗煤灰侵蚀不同,主要取决于耐火材料的组成和结构,其中结构致密度尤其重要;煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀其实就是煤灰与耐火材料中各矿物元素互相侵蚀与渗透的结果,在侵蚀过程中还伴随着各种化学反应来抑制或促进侵蚀;煤灰在耐火材料表面的润湿性与煤灰对耐火材料的侵蚀性基本上表现出一致性。     

Carbon nanotube growth on high modulus carbon fibres: Morphological and interfacial characterization

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown directly on the surface of carbon fibres, using the catalytic chemical vapour deposition. FeCo bimetallic catalysts were deposited on carbon fibres using a simple wet impregnation method. CNTs were synthesized over the prepared catalysts by the catalytic decomposition of acetylene at 750^oC. The uniform CNT formation on the fibre surface was verified using scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy was employed to evaluate non‐destructively the CNT growth and the CNT quality. Thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were employed as destructive methods to confirm the spectroscopic data. Single CNT‐coated fibre fragmentation tests were performed to examine the interfacial shear strength (ISS) of the modified fibres. Acoustic emission was employed to monitor the fragmentation process in real time. Thus, the coated fibre structural integrity was assessed together with its stress transfer properties. Polarized optical microscopy was employed to cross validate the acoustic emission data. It was found that the ISS of the nanotube‐reinforced interphase was improved without affecting the fibre mechanical properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transformation of hydrophobic surface into superhydrophobic surface by interfacial flower like silver films

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surface was achieved by electroless deposition of silver film and subsequent immersion into a mixture of stearic acid and cysteamine. The resultant superhydrophobic surface with flower and fall‐leaves like structure showed lotus leaf effect with the water contact angle of about 154° making copper surface water repellant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High performance analytical characterization of refractory metals

It is first shown what effects trace impurities generally exert on metal properties and why trace analysis is essential to modern applications of refractory metals in today's high technology. The effect of trace impurities in metals on complex systems like microelectronic components is also discussed.It is then shown, what principal analytical requirements are mandatory for trace characterization of refractory metals at levels of rising purity (4 N to 6 N). A survey of analytical methods for trace and ultratrace characterization of refractory metals is given including the following methods: flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP and DCP-atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, activation analysis, mass spectrometric methods, especially SIMS and GDMS.     

Synthesis and characterization of the air-water interfacial TiO2/ZrO2 binary oxide film

TiO(2)/ZrO(2) binary oxide film was self-assembled using anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS)) as template and obtained at the air-water interface. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the obtained film. The film was composed of many lamellar nanorods with a d spacing of 3.2 nm, and the lamellas were perpendicular to the lengthwise position of the rods. The energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) was used for determining the titanium/zirconium atomic ratio. After being calcined, the sample decomposed to a mixture of anatase titania and tetragonal zirconia, and all the lamellar structure was broken.     

ICP－OES测定含钒尾渣中钒的含量

以氢氟酸、硝酸消解样品,然后加入硫酸络合钛避免其在低酸度介质中水解,并且加热至产生三氧化硫烟以驱赶氢氟酸,以水稀释定容后采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)直接测定含钒尾渣中钒的含量。试验考察了在共存含有铁、钛、铝、铬、锰、钒等元素的含钒尾渣复杂基体中,基体效应、光谱干扰以及背景噪音等影响因素对钒测定的干扰,方法通过优选元素分析谱线、背景校正区域以及光谱仪工作条件,并且采用基体匹配法和同步背景校正法相结合方式,消除了构成复杂且变化无常的样品基体对测定的影响。结果表明：方法可用于测定0.01～6.0%范围的钒,并且样品基体在铁20～40%、钛5～30%、铝铬锰钠硅钙镁各1～10%的范围变化对测定无影响;检测下限可达0.0009%; 精密度：RSD<3%;回收率94%～106%;方法与高锰酸钾氧化－硫酸亚铁铵滴定化学分析法的测定结果对照一致。     

Elemental composition and microstructure of Early Bronze Age and medieval tin slags

The elemental composition and the internal structure of two slag samples have been analyzed and compared using scanning electron microscopy-wavelength dispersive spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The first sample studied is a vitreous accretion found on a ceramic crucible sherd, which originates from an Early Bronze Age site in the Kestel/Göltepe area of Anatolia. The intention for examining this glassy-looking material was to verify whether it corresponds in composition to a tin slag. The results of these measurements form part of a research project involving the search for ancient tin production in Turkey and have a direct relevance on the study of tin sources in the near East. Kestel/Göltepe is presumably the first local tin source found in the Anatolian area and in view of this, the vitreous accretion is compared with a medieval tin slag from a more distant source: the Crift Farm in Cornwall, UK. Results of the present study show that both samples are composed of silicates, each with different admixtures of oxides and metals and confirm that the Anatolian crucible accretion corresponds in composition to a typical metallic tin slag.     

Morphology development of immiscible polymer blends during melt blending: Effects of interfacial agents on the liquid-solid interfacial heat transfer

This article reports on a new phenomenon: The presence of a compatibilizer accelerates the melting/plastification of an immiscible polymer blend during melt blending. The increase in the rate of melting as a result of the addition of a compatibilizer is believed to be one of the important factors responsible for the fact that the morphology of compatibilized blends develops much faster than that of their uncompatibilized counterparts. To substantiate the above statement, blends based on polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 6 (PA6) were used as model systems. The compatibilizer was a graft copolymer (PP-g-PA6) with PP as the backbone and PA6 as grafts. Its presence in a PP/PA6 blend accelerated the rate of melting of the PA6. This effect was observed only when the compatibilizer itself was molten and migrated to the interfacial layer between the PA6 and PP phases. It is likely that the presence of the compatibilizer increased the chain entanglements at the PP and PA6 interface and consequently reduced the thermal resistance of the interfacial layer. Detailed mechanisms are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3368–3384, 1999     

Preparation and characterization of nanotube Li-Ti-O by molten salt method

Nanotube Li-Ti-O compound with high surface (198.6 m²·g⁻¹) was prepared by a method involving the treatment of nanotube Na₂Ti₂O₅·H₂O in molten LiNO₃ and characterization by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG/DTG). Results show that the nanotube Li-Ti-O compound prepared by this method involves two crystal phases: spinel Li₂Ti₂O₄ and anatase Li_xTiO₂ (x < 0.1). Li⁺ exhibits different Li1s binding energy in the two crystal phases. In ambient air, the Li-Ti-O compound adsorbs water easily, and the chemically adsorbed water is difficult to remove below 400°C. Translated from Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, 22(12): 2135–2139 [译自: 无机化学学报]     

pH dependence of the kinetics of interfacial tension changes during protein adsorption from sessile droplets on FEP-Teflon

Interfacial tension changes during protein adsorption at both the solid-liquid and the liquid-vapor interface were measured simultaneously by ADSA-P from sessile droplets of protein solutions on fluoroethylenepropylene-Teflon. Four globular proteins of similar size, viz. lysozyme, ribonuclease, -lactalbumin and Ca²⁺-free -lactalbumin, and one larger protein, serum albumin, were adsorbed from phosphate solutions at varying pH values (pH 3-12). The kinetics of the interfacial tension changes were described using a model accounting for diffusion-controlled adsorption of protein molecules and conformational changes of already adsorbed molecules. The contribution of conformational changes to the equilibrium interfacial pressure was shown to be relatively small and constant with respect to pH when compared to the contribution of adsorption of the protein molecules. The model also yields the diffusion relaxation time and the rate constant for the conformational changes at the interface. Around the isoelectric point of a protein the calculated diffusion relaxation time was minimal, which is ascribed to the absence of an energy barrier to adsorption. Energy barriers to adsorption become larger at pH values away from the isoelectric point and can therefore become rate-limiting for the adsorption process. The rate constants for conformational changes at the liquid-vapor interface were maximal around the isoelectric point of a protein, suggesting a smaller structural stability of the adsorbed protein. At the solid-liquid interface the rate constants were smaller and independent of pH. indicating that conformational changes more readily occur at the liquid-vapor than at the solid-liquid interface.