SCR脱硝催化剂对烟气中零价汞的氧化效率研究

采用模拟实验方法,在氧化气氛工况和SCR(选择性催化还原法)工况下,对比研究新鲜的和运行40 000 h的SCR催化剂对零价汞(Hg⁰)的氧化效率,并结合N₂吸/脱附、SEM-EDS、FT-IR、离子色谱法等手段对催化剂的组成及结构进行了表征。结果表明,在氧化气氛工况下(一定的HCl和O₂浓度),40 000 h催化剂对零价汞的氧化效率比新鲜催化剂低5%~20%,但是,在SCR工况(氧化气氛下加入NH₃和NO)下,氧化效率仅下降5%~10%。运行40 000 h催化剂出现表面颗粒的团聚现像,而且比表面积、活性物质V及V⁵⁺=O基团的含量均相对下降;然而,运行40 000 h催化剂的水溶性离子含量(特别是Na⁺、K⁺、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-)要高于新鲜催化剂。这些因素都会影响催化剂表面活性位和内部孔道结构,从而影响到催化剂对于烟气中Hg⁰的氧化效率。     

改性SCR催化剂对单质汞氧化性能的研究

在模拟SCR反应器烟气组分下,考察了过渡金属改性掺杂对SCR催化剂单质汞(Hg0)氧化性能的影响。采用N2吸附-脱附和X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂理化性能进行表征。结果表明,金属改性掺杂减小了催化剂的比表面积和总孔容,但对催化剂的孔径分布没有太大的影响。XRD谱图中出现了微弱的过渡金属氧化物衍射峰。8%Ce/SCR和8%Cu/SCR催化剂表现出了相对稳定和高效的Hg~0氧化效率,而8%Co/SCR催化剂Hg~0氧化效率受温度影响较大。金属改性掺杂的催化剂在低NH_3和NO烟气组分中表现出较好的Hg~0氧化效率,当烟气组分中存在HCl时,促进更加明显;而当催化剂在高NH3和NO烟气组分条件下,即使有HCl的存在对Hg~0氧化效率影响也不大。     

Ce对Mn/TiO2/堇青石整体低温脱硝选择性催化还原催化剂的改性

通过溶胶-凝胶法将TiO₂溶胶负载在堇青石载体上, 再浸渍Mn和Ce活性组分, 得到整体式催化剂, 并用于NH₃选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x. 结果表明, 添加Ce以后, 催化剂的低温脱硝活性得到明显提高, 在空速6000 h^-1时, 120 ℃下NO转化率由71.1%提高到97.8%, 并且在120~240 ℃范围内, NO的转化率均保持在95%以上. Ce改性后催化剂具有较大的比表面积和孔体积; 催化剂表面含有更高含量的Mn⁴⁺和较多的表面化学吸附氧, 增加了NH₃的吸附能力, 并进一步促进了NO氧化活性, 使SCR活性显著提高.     

Mn/Ce改性菱铁矿催化剂在SCR脱硝反应中的特性研究

富含过渡元素的菱铁矿是用于制备选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝催化剂的理想材料。在本研究中,对菱铁矿掺杂了Mn和Ce,并研究了Mn-Ce共掺杂改性菱铁矿在NH₃-SCR反应中去除NO_x的活性。结果表明,经过450℃煅烧后菱铁矿的主要成分FeCO₃能够转化为Fe₂O₃。菱铁矿掺杂Mn和Ce后能够提高比表面积和表面酸度,降低硫酸铵盐在催化剂表面上的热稳定性。因此,Mn-Ce共掺杂改性菱铁矿催化剂表现出较高的SCR脱硝活性和抗硫性。3% Mn1% Ce-菱铁矿催化剂在脱硝效率高于90%的温度窗口能够拓宽至180-300℃,同时在引入SO₂ 7.5 h后该催化剂的脱硝效率仍高于75%。     

铜改性凹凸棒土催化剂对Hg0及NH3的氧化性能研究

采用改进湿式浸渍法制备了兼备汞氧化和氨氧化活性的铜改性凹凸棒土（Cu₃-ATP）催化剂，对其进行SEM、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD表征，并在150-400℃测试其汞氧化及氨氧化性能。结果表明，铜物种成功负载在ATP表面，显著提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力，增加了表面中强酸性位和部分强酸性位，从而有效促进Hg⁰和NH₃的氧化。HCl在Hg⁰的高效氧化中起重要作用，高温不利于Hg⁰氧化反应的进行，但能够促进NH₃的氧化。在350℃下，Cu₃-ATP对Hg⁰和NH₃的氧化效率均在90%以上。影响因素实验显示，高空速下NH₃对汞氧化反应有明显抑制作用，而低浓度Hg⁰及HCl对氨氧化活性无显著影响，当气体空速（GHSV）低于5×10⁴ h^-1时，Cu₃-ATP能够实现NH₃和Hg⁰的同时氧化。此外，汞的氧化反应具备良好的抗硫性和抗水性，而SO₂对氨氧化有一定抑制作用。     

V/Ce-Al2O3催化甲醇选择性氧化制备二甲氧基甲烷

为有效改善催化剂酸性,利用共沉淀法对20V₂O₅/Al₂O₃催化剂载体进行Ce改性制备了不同CeO₂质量分数的双功能催化剂,并对其催化甲醇选择性氧化制二甲氧基甲烷（DMM）的活性进行了研究。由X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM-EDS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）及NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）表征结果证实,经Ce改性后在催化剂中有效引入了中强酸位点是DMM选择性提高的关键因素,同时也增强了钒氧化物与载体间的相互作用,降低了催化剂的氧化还原性。实验结果表明,当CeO₂质量分数为8%时,催化剂表现出最佳的催化性能,反应温度对甲醇氧化产物有较大影响,低温更有利于DMM的生成。在反应温度为170 ℃时,经20V/8Ce-Al₂O₃催化,甲醇转化率为23.6%,DMM选择性达99.9%。催化剂经循环反应5次后DMM选择性依然为99.9%,研究为改善催化剂酸性提供了有价值的参考。     

MOF衍生的MnCeOx低温催化降解甲苯

以MOF-74为前驱体成功制备了Ce改性的MnCeO_x催化剂用于甲苯的催化氧化反应，并对催化剂进行了XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等方面的测试表征。结果表明，MOF衍生的MnCeO_x具有较大的比表面积和较大的孔径，Ce掺杂使催化剂具有丰富的氧空位、良好的氧迁移率和较高的表面Mn4+的含量。XPS显示MnCeO_xMOF具有较高的Mn⁴⁺、Ce³⁺含量，以及在O_ads/O_latt具有优势。在催化甲苯的分解反应中，MOF衍生的MnCeO_x催化剂表现出了良好的低温催化氧化性能，甲苯完成90%的转化率时的温度(T₉₀)仅为231℃，与对比催化剂相比有明显优势。并在连续反应20 h后仍保持较高的催化活性，表现出Ce改性的MnCeO_x-MOF催化剂具有良好的稳定性。     

活性炭催化氧化脱除单质汞的研究

模拟煤气的气氛,在硫化氢（H₂S）和氧气（O₂）存在条件下,对活性炭催化氧化吸附单质汞（Hg⁰）的性能进行了研究。结果表明,H₂S和O₂存在条件下,活性炭对Hg⁰的吸附能力明显提高。在180min内,H₂S和O₂共存气氛下,脱汞效率约为78%;只有H₂S存在下,脱汞效率约为69%;没有H₂S和O₂气氛下活性炭脱汞效率快速下降为28%。随着吸附温度的升高,入口汞浓度的提高和吸附剂粒径的增大,活性炭的脱汞效率会随着下降。通过XRD表征表明,Hg⁰的吸附反应机理是Hg⁰在活性炭催化氧化下与H₂S形成硫化汞（HgS）,从而实现了Hg⁰的稳定化脱除。     

团簇Au/CeO2的制备及其催化CO氧化反应构效关系的研究

负载型Au催化剂因其在诸多反应过程中的高催化活性而备受研究者关注.然而针对负载型催化剂中Au物种结构的有效调控,以及催化过程中真实构-效关系的探索一直充满了挑战.用CeO₂为Au物种担载基底,通过简单煅烧处理引起的CeO₂结构变化,进而实现Au/CeO₂之间界面作用力的调控.此研究发现Au纳米颗粒中Au⁰物种具备更为高效的催化室温CO氧化活性,结合多种原位表征分析,其室温条件下催化转化效率更依赖于CO吸附能力.而相比于单原子Au₁和纳米Au颗粒,所制备的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂在较高温度(>50℃)展现出优异的催化CO氧化反应性能.随着温度升高,催化剂表界面O参与的MvK反应路径更易发生,因此具有更多表界面活性O物种和Au^δ+位点的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂展现出最为优异的催化CO氧化性能.这些发现为高效负载型Au催化剂的制备提供了新思路并深化了对Au/CeO₂催化作用机制的理解.     

实验参数对磁性AgI-BiOI/CoFe2 O4光催化剂湿法脱除Hg0的影响

采用水热-共沉淀法制备了一种新型的磁性AgI-BiOI/CoFe₂O₄复合材料光催化剂,考察了荧光灯辐照下光催化剂脱除模拟烟气中单质汞（Hg⁰）的性能,研究了实验参数对脱汞性能的影响及反应产物。结果表明,AgI-BiOI/CoFe₂O₄光催化剂的热稳定性较差,当煅烧温度超过400 ℃时该光催化剂的化学成分会发生变化;随着催化剂用量、反应溶液pH值、反应溶液温度和烟气中O₂浓度的增加,脱汞效率先增加后不变或下降;反应溶液中存在的CO₃^2-和SO₄^2-对脱汞效率有一定的抑制作用;当通入SO₂时,脱汞效率急剧下降;而NO对脱汞效率的抑制作用相对较小。反应产物分析表明,SO₂、NO和Hg⁰的最终氧化产物分别是SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Hg²⁺     

Enhanced activity and SO2 resistance of Co-modified CeO2-TiO2 catalyst prepared by facile co-precipitation for elemental mercury removal in flue gas

The Co-modified CeO₂-TiO₂ catalyst prepared by facile co-precipitation was used for efficient elemental mercury oxidation in flue gas. Results indicated that Co doping greatly enhanced the activity and SO₂ resistance of the CeO₂-TiO₂ catalyst. In the presence of 5% O₂, 500 ppm NO, 800 ppm SO₂ and 3% H₂O at 200 °C, the Hg⁰ removal efficiency of CeCo₃/Ti could maintain at about 87% for a relatively long time. Characterizations of catalysts (BET, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, XPS, TG-MS and SO₂-DRIFTS) were carried out to reveal the mechanism of Co modification on the redox ability, SO₂ resistance and resultant mercury oxidation removal performance of catalyst. It was found that an interaction of Ce with Co promoted the dispersion of CeO₂, increased chemisorbed oxygen concentration, and improved the oxygen storage capacity and the reducibility of catalyst, which was beneficial to the improvement of Hg⁰ oxidation removal. Hg⁰ would adsorb onto the catalyst and react with surface active oxygen species replenished by gas-phase O₂ to be oxidized via Mars-Maessen mechanism. SO₂ consumed the surface active oxygen species and resulted in the reduction of Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺, which induced the deactivation of catalyst. The introduced Co in CeO₂-TiO₂ catalyst exerted the function of protecting Ce⁴⁺ from being poisoned by SO₂ and thus promoted the sulfur resistance and Hg⁰ removal performance of the catalyst in the presence of SO₂.     

High efficiency of Mn–Ce‐modified TiO2 catalysts for the low‐temperature oxidation of Hg0 under a reducing atmosphere

Manganese‐ and cerium oxide‐modified titania catalysts were prepared by the deposition precipitation for the removal of elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from simulated yellow phosphorus off‐gas at low temperature. In addition, these catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscope to determine the surface morphology of the obtained compounds and explore their formation mechanism. The results revealed that a Mn–Ce loading and reaction temperature of 10% and 150 °C, respectively, as well as a Mn/Ce molar ratio of 2:1, led to an optimal efficiency for the oxidation of elemental mercury. Furthermore, the effects of flue gas components were investigated. The presence of O₂ clearly promoted the oxidation of Hg⁰. A CO atmosphere did not affect the Hg⁰ oxidation, when compared with N₂, whereas the presence of H₂S and water vapor inhibited the oxidation process. Furthermore, the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of Hg 4f revealed that the elemental mercury adsorbed by the catalyst is present as HgO. Finally, the Hg⁰ catalytic oxidation mechanism was discussed on the basis of the experimental results and characterization analysis.     

Comparative study of Co/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Co–Mn/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Co–Mn/Ti–Ce catalysts for oxidation of elemental mercury in flue gas

The Co–Mn/Ti–Ce catalyst prepared by sol–gel and impregnation method was evaluated for catalytic oxidation of Hg⁰ in the simulated flue gas compared with Co/TiO₂ and Co–Mn/TiO₂. The results showed that Co–Mn/Ti–Ce catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity (around 93% Hg⁰ removal efficiency in the temperature of 150 °C with 6% O₂, 400 ppm NO, 200 ppm SO₂ and 3% H₂O) than Co/TiO₂ and Co–Mn/TiO₂. Based on the characterization results of N₂ adsorption–desorption, XRD, UV–Vis, XPS, H₂-TPR and Hg-TPD, it could be concluded that the lower band gap, better reducibility and mercury adsorption capability and the presence of Co³⁺/Co²⁺, Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox couples as well as surface oxygen species contributed to the excellent Hg⁰ oxidation removal performance. In addition, well dispersion of active components and a synergetic effect among Co, Mn and Ce species might improve the activity further. A Mars–Maessen mechanism is thought to be involved in the Hg⁰ oxidation. The lattice oxygen derived from MnO _x or CoO _x would react with adsorbed Hg⁰ to form HgO and the consumption of lattice oxygen could be replenished by O₂. For Co–Mn/Ti–Ce, MnO _x?1 could be alternatively reoxidized by the lattice oxygen derived from adjacent CoO _x and CeO _x which is beneficial to the Hg⁰ oxidation.     

A study on simultaneous catalytic ozonation of Hg<Superscript>0</Superscript> and NO using Mn–TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalyst at low flue gas temperatures

Mn–TiO₂ catalysts were utilized as an ozonation catalyst for the first time to study the simultaneous catalytic ozonation of Hg⁰ and NO at low flue gas temperatures. BET, SEM–EDS, XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR, NO _x -TPD and Hg⁰-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. The Mn–TiO₂ catalyst, in which the molar content of metal Mn was 60%, exhibited the best catalytic activities of Hg⁰ and NO oxidation, compared with other Mn–TiO₂ catalysts. It was found that within the range of experiment, the catalytic ozonation efficiency of Hg⁰ and NO was higher than that of ozonation or catalytic oxidation. The results also showed that the presence of NO gas inhibited the catalytic ozonation of elemental mercury, and the inhibition was enhanced with the NO inlet concentration, while few elemental mercury molecules did promote the catalytic ozonation of NO. The addition of H₂O vapor promoted the catalytic ozonation of Hg⁰ and NO. In addition, 0.6Mn–TiO₂ catalyst demonstrated a good TOS and cyclic stability. The catalytic ozonation of NO and Hg⁰ on Mn–TiO₂ catalyst likely followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, where the hydroxyl radicals reacted with adjacently adsorbed NO molecules and elemental mercury on catalyst surface.     

Oxidation of Elemental Mercury by Active Species Generated From a Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor

A surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor was employed to study Hg⁰ oxidation in coal-fired flue gas. The experimental results showed that 98 % of Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency and 13.7 μg kJ^?1 of energy yield were obtained under a specific energy density (SED) of 7.9 J L^?1. Increasing SED was beneficial for Hg⁰ oxidation due to higher production of active species. Higher initial concentration resulted in lower Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency, but higher amount of Hg⁰ oxidation. Water vapor inhibited Hg⁰ oxidation because the generation of O₃ was suppressed. The presence of NO remarkably restrained Hg⁰ oxidation, while SO₂ showed little effect on Hg⁰ oxidation. Roles of active species in Hg⁰ oxidation were examined under different gas atmospheres (O₂ and air), indicating that O₃ played an important role in Hg⁰ oxidation. Deposits on the internal surface of the reactor were analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and the product was identified as HgO.     

Construction of Cu-Ce interface for boosting toluene oxidation: Study of Cu-Ce interaction and intermediates identified by in situ DRIFTS

A facile hydrothermal method was applied to gain stably and highly efficient CuO-CeO₂ (denoted as Cu1Ce2) catalyst for toluene oxidation. The changes of surface and inter properties on Cu1Ce2 were investigated comparing with pure CeO₂ and pure CuO. The formation of Cu-Ce interface promotes the electron transfer between Cu and Ce through Cu²⁺ + Ce³⁺ ↔ Cu⁺ + Ce⁴⁺ and leads to high redox properties and mobility of oxygen species. Thus, the Cu1Ce2 catalyst makes up the shortcoming of CeO₂ and CuO and achieved high catalytic performance with T₅₀ = 234 °C and T₉₉ = 250 °C (the temperature at which 50% and 90% C₇H₈ conversion is obtained, respectively) for toluene oxidation. Different reaction steps and intermediates for toluene oxidation over Cu1Ce2, CeO₂ and CuO were detected by in situ DRIFTS, the fast benzyl species conversion and preferential transformation of benzoates into carbonates through C=C breaking over Cu1Ce2 should accelerate the reaction.     

Praseodymium Oxide Modified CeO2/Al2O3 Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3

A series of CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts was modified with praseodymium oxide using an extrusion method. The catalytic activities of the obtained catalysts were measured for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ to screen suitable addition of praseodymium oxide. These samples were characterized by XRD, N₂‐BET, NH₃‐TPD, NO‐TPD, Py‐IR, H₂‐TPR, Raman spectra and XPS, respectively. Results showed the optimal catalyst with the Pr/Ce molar ratio of 0.10 exhibited more than 90% NO conversion in a wide temperature range of 290–425°C under GHSV of 5000 h^?1. The number of Lewis acid sites and the chemisorbed oxygen concentration of the catalysts would increase with the Pr incorporation, which was favorable for the excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the Pr incorporation inhibited growth of the Al₂O₃ crystal particles and led to the lattice expansion of CeO₂, which increased catalytic activity. The results implied that the higher chemisorbed oxygen concentrations and the more Lewis acid sites were conductive to obtain the excellent SCR activity.     

Role of Ceria in the Design of Composite Materials for Elemental Mercury Removal

The necessity to drastically act against mercury pollution has been emphatically addressed by the United Nations. Coal‐fired power plants contribute a great deal to the anthropogenic emissions; therefore, numerous sorbents/catalysts have been developed to remove elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from flue gases. Among them, ceria (CeO₂) has attracted significant interest, due to its reversible Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox pair, surface‐bound defects and acid‐base properties. The removal efficiency of Hg⁰ vapor depends among others, on the flue gas composition and temperature. CeO₂ can be incorporated into known materials in such a way that the abatement process can be effective at different operating conditions. Hence, the scope of this account is to discuss the role of CeO₂ as a promoter, active phase and support in the design of composite Hg⁰ sorbents/catalysts. The elucidation of each of these roles would allow the integration of CeO₂ advantageous characteristics to such degree, that tailor‐made environmental solution to complex issues can be provided within a broader application scope. Besides, it would offer invaluable input to theoretical calculations that could enable the materials screening and engineering at a low cost and with high accuracy.     

The influence of the active component and support nature, gas mixture composition on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts for soot oxidation

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of compositions Fe(Ce)–Mn–O/support (gamma-, theta-, alpha-Al₂O₃, SiO₂ as the support) and Pt/CeO₂/theta-Al₂O₃ for oxidation of soot were characterized. It was established that the phase composition of the initial catalysts depended mainly on the nature of the active component and preparation conditions. Non-isothermal treatment of the soot–catalyst compositions at the temperature up to 1000 °C resulted in a change in the phase composition depending mainly on the final treatment temperature. The catalyst surface area was determined by the support nature. It was established that catalyst activities for oxidation of soot are determined by both catalyst nature and composition of gas mixture. The process of the soot oxidation is thought to involve oxygen from the catalyst surface. The higher proportion of weakly bound surface oxygen, the higher was the catalyst activity. An increase in the oxygen concentration from 5% O₂/N₂ to 15% O₂/N₂ is shown to lead to a decrease of the temperature of the soot oxidation. The influence of the oxygen concentration on the process of soot oxidation becomes weaker in the presence of water vapor. Results showed that the presence of NO in the gas mixture favors a decrease in the oxidation temperature of the soot, the higher being the nitrogen oxide concentration, the more pronounced effect. Introduction of SO₂ in amount of 50 ppm in the gas mixture has no noticeable effect on the process of the soot oxidation. Among the catalysts under study, Fe–Mn–K–O/gamma-Al₂O₃ is most effective to oxidation of the soot at otherwise identical conditions.