黄芩的13C NMR指纹图谱研究

利用PFT-NMR 核磁共振波谱仪测定了黄芩提取物的¹³C NMR图谱,对黄芩提取物的¹³C NMR指纹图谱进行了解析,并与黄芩素、千层纸素A、汉黄芩素和黄芩苷进行了比较,获得了黄芩提取物的特征峰,结果表明不同黄芩提取物的¹³C NMR指纹图谱都显示出黄酮类有效成分特征共振峰,并具有很好的重现性和高度的特征性,可以成为黄芩真伪鉴别的依据.     

黄芩的^13C NMR指纹图谱研究

利用PFT-NMR核磁共振波谱仪测定了黄芩提取物的13C NMR图谱,对黄芩提取物的13C NMR指纹图谱进行了解析,并与黄芩素、千层纸素A、汉黄芩素和黄芩甘进行了比较,获得了黄芩提取物的特征峰,结果表明不同黄芩提取物的13C NMR指纹图谱都显示出黄酮类有效成分特征共振峰,并具有很好的重现性和高度的特征性,可以成为黄芩真伪鉴别的依据.     

黄芩的1H NMR指纹图谱研究

利用PFT-NMR 核磁共振波谱仪测定了黄芩提取物的¹H NMR图谱,对黄芩提取物的¹H NMR指纹图谱进行了解析,并与黄芩苷元、千层纸素A、汉黄芩素和黄芩苷进行了比较,获得了黄芩提取物的特征峰,并利用向量夹角法计算了不同指纹图谱的相似度;结果表明不同黄芩提取物的¹H NMR指纹图谱都显示出黄酮类有效成分特征共振峰,并具有很好的重现性和高度的特征性,可以成为黄芩真伪鉴别的依据;不同黄芩的¹H NMR指纹图谱的相似度计算结果定量地评价了不同指纹图谱的相似性.     

黄芩素稳定性研究

用紫外光谱研究了光、温度、pH、Na2SO3、FeSO4及抗坏血酸对黄芩素稳定性的影响.在室温条件下,黄芩素溶液的吸光度值在6h内强度有明显的下降;当温度升高或在避光条件下,偏酸性黄芩素溶液的吸光度值在6h内强度不变,而碱性条件下依然有下降趋势;但黄芩素溶液加入抗坏血酸或Na2SO3后,吸光度值可稳定不变.本文研究提示:黄芩素对光和pH稳定性差;抗坏血酸和Na2SO3具有提高黄芩素溶液稳定性的作用.     

基于紫外及荧光光谱方法的中药抗氧化应激作用研究

糖尿病引起患者全身多部位发生慢性并发症,严重危害患者的生命安全,成为其致死致残的主要原因。糖尿病患者体内的高血糖环境引发的组织内氧化应激反应增加是糖尿病并发症的重要发病机制之一,而蛋白非酶糖基化反应和脂质过氧化反应过程与氧化应激密切相关。从糖尿病并发症的发病机理出发,以氧化应激为基点,运用光谱法对17种中药提取物抗氧化应激反应的活性进行综合考察。利用大鼠肝脏体外脂质自氧化反应结合紫外光谱法对中药提取物抑制脂质过氧化反应的能力进行评价,中药黄芩和槐米具有较强的抑制活性,富含黄酮类、生物碱类及木脂素类提取物表现出较好的脂质过氧化反应抑制作用,而皂苷类成分的活性相对较弱。以牛血清白蛋白/葡萄糖(果糖)体系为糖基化筛选模型,利用荧光光谱法对体外避光孵育反应体系进行研究,中药槐米、黄芩和知母表现出了较强的非酶糖基化反应抑制能力。由17种中药提取物抗氧化应激反应的结果分析,富含黄酮类成分中药的抗氧化应激作用强于生物碱类、木脂素类和萜类的,皂苷类中药的活性相对较弱;而体外综合活性较好的中药槐米和黄芩可作为下一步研究的主要对象。本研究为进一步的药理活性研究提供了一定的理论指导,为开发防治糖尿病并发症的中药新药奠定基础。     

黄芩素磺酸根与钙离子的自组装作用

黄芩素磺酸根与钙离子在水溶液中自组装得到黄芩素-8-磺酸钙[Ca(H2O)6(C15H9O5SO3)][C15H9O5SO3].8H2O单晶,采用单晶X射线衍射对其组成和结构进行了研究。单晶衍射分析表明:黄芩素-8-磺酸钙属三斜晶系,空间群P1;结构中包含2个黄芩素-8-磺酸根阴离子、1个钙离子、6分子配位水和8分子结晶水。配位水、结晶水和黄酮骨架上的磺酸根、酚羟基、羰基之间以多种氢键相连,黄酮骨架之间存在π…π芳香堆积作用。配位作用、π…π芳香堆积、氢键以及阴阳离子间的静电引力将黄芩素-8-磺酸钙自组装成具有三维结构的超分子。     

黄芩素与黄芩苷抗氧化活性差异的结构原因

黄芩素是黄芩苷的初级代谢产物,二者的分子结构差别仅在于7-位取代基,前者为酚羟基而后者为糖苷.本文通过稳态吸收光谱和循环伏安实验,以及量化计算等方法考察了黄芩素和黄芩苷的酸离解常数(pKa)、脂水分配系数、氧化-还原电位、分子偶极矩等基本物理化学性质,以及清除ABTS.+自由基活性(TEAC)的差异.结果表明,黄芩素酚羟基7-OH的酸性较强(pKa=5.4);在生理pH下黄芩素的氧化还原电位(0.32 Vvs.NHE)略低于黄芩苷,且TEAC值约为黄芩苷的1.8倍.量化计算结果表明,7-取代基对黄酮分子骨架的构型、物理化学性质以及自由基清除活性有显著影响.文中探讨了黄芩素和黄芩苷的微观和宏观分子属性与抗氧化活性之间的关系,得出酚羟基数量及其pKa值、黄酮分子骨架构型以及电子结构是影响类黄酮化合物抗氧化活性主要因素的结论.研究结果可为深入研究类黄酮化合物的抗氧化结构-活性关系提供依据.     

野黄芩素的制备、纯化与结构表征

提出一种简便的由灯盏花植物制备野黄芩素的方法.首先从灯盏花植物中提取灯盏花乙素,再通过水解制得野黄芩素粗品,经硅胶柱层析纯化,得高纯度野黄芩素.所得野黄芩素经高效液相色谱法测定,纯度达98％,其结构为IR、UV、MS、13C NMR和1H NMR所确证.     

FTIR用于第4代太空诱变育种黄芩的分析

首次从整体上测定并对比分析了我国独创的太空诱变育种黄芩和地面组黄芩,以期为全面了解第4代太空诱变黄芩品质的变化和深入研究积累资料.结果表明两组样品的FTIR光谱的主要吸收峰的峰位、峰形大致相同,但吸收峰的强度却有明显差异,太空组黄芩中各主要吸收峰强度都比地面组明显增强,尤其是黄芩的主要活性成分黄酮类化合物(黄芩甙、黄芩素、汉黄芩甙、汉黄芩素及黄芩新素等)在3 391,1 655,1 069 cm-1等处吸收峰强度明显比地面组增强,说明太空组黄芩中主要活性成分黄酮类化合物及其他成分含量比地面组明显提高.这表明太空组黄芩的非晶态活性成分明显得到了优化.太空诱变育种有利于选育出活性成分提高的黄芩新品种,是中药材种质资源创新的快捷有效的途径之一.     

酶解法提取香菇多糖的探讨

用酶解法提取香菇多糖,研究了酶解浓度、酶解时间、温度、pH等因素对多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,酶解法提取香菇多糖的最佳工艺为纤维素酶0.5%,果胶酶0.5%,木瓜蛋白酶1.0%,pH4.5,温度50℃,反应时间为80min,用酶水解后其多糖的提取率可达0.4588%。     

Enzymolysis kinetics and activities of ACE inhibitory peptides from wheat germ protein prepared with SFP ultrasound-assisted processing

There is a great demand for developing efficient enzymolysis methods in order to increase the enzymolysis efficiencies and activities of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from wheat germ protein. The enzymolysis kinetics, ACE inhibitory activity of peptide and conversion rate of protein were studied using sweep frequency and pulsed (SFP) ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis and the results were compared with traditional enzymolysis. The studied factors were enzymolysis time and substrate concentration. By considering the activity of ACE inhibitory peptide and operation cost, the recommended conditions of SFP ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis were enzymolysis time of 120 min and substrate concentration of 24.0 g/L, which gave high conversion rates of protein (60.7%) and ACE inhibitory activity of peptide (65.9%). Compared to traditional enzymolysis, SFP ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis significantly increased the initial reaction rate (V) by 60.0% at substrate concentration of 24.0 g/L, increased the apparent breakdown rate constant (k(A)) by 66.7%, decreased the apparent constant (K(M)) by 6.9%, and raised the conversion rate of protein by 35.5% and ACE inhibitory activity of peptides by 35.6% under the recommended conditions. It has been concluded that SFP ultrasound can remarkably raise the enzymolysis efficiency and activity of ACE inhibitory peptides from wheat germ protein.     

纤维素酶水解老化纸张中纤维素物质的酶活力分析

应用3,5-二硝基水杨酸测定法,分析了纤维素酶水解老化纸张中纤维素物质的酶活力影响因素,根据酶活力确定了酶解反应条件。pH=4.8,温度为50℃,酶解时间为60min,加酶量为10kU/mL条件下,经纤维素酶水解后测得的还原糖量呈现一定的趋势,可以此来初步判定纸张纤维的老化程度。     

Enzymolysis kinetics,thermodynamics and model of porcine cerebral protein with single-frequency countercurrent and pulsed ultrasound-assisted processing

The present work investigated the enzymolysis kinetics, thermodynamics and model of porcine cerebral protein (PCP) which was pretreated by single-frequency countercurrent and pulsed ultrasound. The kinetic constants for ultrasonic pretreated and traditional enzymolysis have been determined. Results showed that the value of K_M in ultrasonic PCP (UPCP) enzymolysis decreased by 9% over that in the traditional enzymolysis. The values of reaction rate constant (k) for UPCP enzymolysis increased by 207%, 121%, 62%, and 45% at 293, 303, 313 and 323 K, respectively. For the thermodynamic parameters, ultrasound decreased activation energy (E_a), change in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) by 76%, 82% and 31% in PCP, respectively. However, ultrasound had little change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) value in the temperature range of 293–323 K. Therefore, a general kinetic equation for the enzymolysis model of UPCP by a simple empirical equation was suggested. The experimental values fits with the enzymolysis kinetic model with a low average relative error (4%) confirmed that the kinetic model was accurate to reflect the enzymolysis process. The positive effect of single-frequency countercurrent and pulsed ultrasound in this study and application of the kinetic model may be useful for the release of bioactive peptides from meat processing by-products.     

Improving the enzymolysis efficiency of potato protein by simultaneous dual-frequency energy-gathered ultrasound pretreatment: Thermodynamics and kinetics

The thermodynamics and kinetics of traditional and simultaneous dual frequency energy-gathered ultrasound (SDFU) assisted enzymolysis of potato protein were investigated to get the knowledge of the mechanisms on the SDFU’s promoting efficiency during enzymolysis. The concentration of potato protein hydrolysate and parameters of thermodynamic and kinetic during traditional and SDFU assisted enzymolysis were determined. The results showed that potato protein hydrolysate concentration of SDFU assisted enzymolysis was higher than traditional enzymolysis at the hydrolysis time of 60 min (p < 0.05) whereas not significantly different at 120 min (p > 0.05). In some cases, SDFU assisted enzymolysis took less hydrolysis time than traditional enzymolysis when the similar conversion rates of potato protein were obtained. The thermodynamic papameters including the energy of activation (E_a), enthalpy of activation (△H), entropy of activation (△S) were reduced by ultrasound pretreatment while Gibbs free energy of activation (△G) increased little (1.6%). Also, kinetic papameters including Michaelis constant (K_M) and catalytic rate constant (k_cat) decreased by ultrasound pretreatment. On the contrary, reaction rate constants (k) of SDFU assisted enzymolysis were higher than that of traditional enzymolysis (p < 0.05). It was indicated that the efficiency of SDFU assisted enzymolysis was higher than traditional enzymolysis in a limited time. The higher efficiency of SDFU assisted enzymolysis was related with the decrease of E_a and K_M by lowering the energy barrier between ground and active state and increasing affinity between substrate and enzyme.     

Free-radical scavenging and mechanism study of flavonoids extracted from the radix ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Free-radical scavenging activities of baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonoside, the four major flavonoids in a traditional Chinese herb medicine, the radix ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi, were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results showed that baicalein and baicalin scavenged hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and alkyl radical in a dose-dependent manner, while wogonin and wogonoside showed subtle or no effect on these radicals. Baicalein was the most effective free-radical scavenger among the four tested compounds. When 10 mmol/l tested flavonoids dissolved in alkaline solution, only baicalein and baicalin form stable free radicals which can be detected by EPR technique, it was found that the signal came from theiro-di-hydroxyl structure in ring A. To our knowledge, it was the first time demonstrated that flavonoids witho-di-hydroxyl structure in ring A could also form stable semiquinone free radicals. These results demonstrated that flavonoids in radix ofScutellaria baicalensis witho-di-hydroxyl group in ring A such as baicalein and baicalin are good free-radical scavengers and might contribute to some of their pharmaceutical effects.     

黄芩素激发态分子内质子转移耦合电荷转移反应的实验和理论研究

通过稳态光谱实验和量子化学计算相结合,研究了黄芩素激发态质子转移耦合电荷转移的反应. 实验和计算中S₁态吸收峰的缺失表明S₁态是暗态. S₁暗态导致在实验中观察不到黄芩素在乙醇溶液中的荧光峰,且固体的荧光峰很弱. 黄芩素分子的前线分子轨道和电荷差异密度表明S₁态是电荷转移态,然而S₂态是局域激发态. 计算的黄芩素分子的势能曲线在激发态只有一个稳定点,这表明了黄芩素激发态分子内质子转移的过程是一个无     

Enzymolysis reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of defatted wheat germ protein with ultrasonic pretreatment

This research explores the mechanism of ultrasonic pretreatment on enzymolysis of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP). The enzymolysis reaction kinetics and thermodynamics were studied after ultrasonic pretreatments using a probe-type sonicator and an ultrasonic cleaning bath, and the results were compared with traditional enzymolysis. The results showed that both the traditional and ultrasonic pretreated enzymolysis fit well to first-order kinetics. Both the temperature and ultrasound had a positive effect on the enzymolysis of DWGP, with temperature playing a dominant role. Under the optimized conditions of DWGP concentration of 1% (w/v), Alcalase concentration of 2000 U/g, time of 10 min and temperature of 50 °C, both the probe and cleaning bath ultrasonic pretreated enzymolysis showed high polypeptide concentrations (231.019 and 231.320 μg/mL) and low energy requirements. In comparison with traditional enzymolysis, these methods significantly increased the reaction rate constant (k) by 166.7% and 144.4%, 92.9% and 85.7%, 28.0% and 28.0%, 16.1% and 12.9% at 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C, and decreased the activation energy (E_a), enthalpy of activation (ΔH), Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG) and entropy of activation (ΔS) by 68.6% and 62.4%, 74.1% and 67.5%, 34.3% and 31.2%, 1.4% and 1.3%. It can be concluded that ultrasonic pretreatment of DWGP can remarkably improve the enzymolysis efficiency and consequently leads to the production of higher polypeptide yield.     

Effects of dual-frequency slit ultrasound on the enzymolysis of high-concentration hydrolyzed feather meal: Biological activities and structural characteristics of hydrolysates

Ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis has been applied to improve conventional enzymolysis, while there are rare reports on the application of ultrasound to high-concentration feather protein enzymolysis. Therefore, the feasibility of dual-frequency slit ultrasound (DFSU) for enzymolysis of high-concentration hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), as well as the biological activities and structural characteristics of hydrolysates were investigated. The single-factor test was used to optimize the ultrasonic processing parameters: substrate concentration, frequency mode, intermittent ratio, power density, and time. The results showed that protein recovery rate and conversion rate increased by 6.08% and 18.63% under the optimal conditions (200 g/L, 28/80 kHz, 5:2 s/s, 600 W/L, and 3 h) compared with conventional enzymolysis, respectively. The macromolecular proteins in hydrolysates were converted into micromolecular peptides (< 500 Da) when treated by DFSU, and antioxidant activity and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hydrolysates were increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images illustrated the microstructure changes of feather protein particles in the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysates of HFM (UEH), including more porous, smaller, and more uniform. Additionally, the conformation of protein molecules was significantly affected (P < 0.05), including the increase in free sulfhydryl (SH), the decrease in disulfide bond (SS) and surface hydrophobicity (H₀). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis further showed that the secondary structure of feather proteins was modified with a reduction in α-helix, β-turn, and β-sheet, while an increase in random coil content was observed. These results indicated that DFSU could be a promising method to enhance high-concentration HFM for preparing peptide-rich hydrolysates with high antioxidant activity and ACE inhibitory activity.     

Effect of multi-frequency power ultrasound (MFPU) treatment on enzyme hydrolysis of casein

Effect of multi-frequency power ultrasound (MFPU) pretreatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and mechanism of casein during alcalase enzymolysis was investigated. Results showed that MFPU pretreatment in tri-frequency 20/40/60 kHz mode significantly (p < 0.05) improved the DH value of casein. Variation of intrinsic fluorescence spectrum indicated the unfolding and degradation of casein occurred after MFPU pretreatment. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that α-helix and β-sheet content of MFPU pretreated casein decreased, while β-turn and random coil content increased. Surface topography and nanostructures of caseins were found modified after MFPU pretreatments by the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEM analysis also indicated that the enzymolysis residues of casein pretreated by MFPU were smaller than untreated samples. In conclusion, the MFPU can be used as an efficient pretreatment method to promote the enzymolysis of casein.