Interfacial impregnation chemistry in the synthesis of nickel catalysts supported on titania

The interfacial chemistry of the impregnation step involved in the preparation of nickel catalysts supported on titania is presented. Several methodologies based on deposition data, pH measurements, potentiometric mass titrations, and microelectrophoresis have been used in conjunction with diffuse reflectance UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, simulations, and semiempirical quantum chemical calculations. Three mononuclear inner-sphere complexes were formed at the compact layer of the "titania/electrolyte solution" interface: A monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above a terminal oxo group, a disubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above two terminal adjacent oxo groups, and a disubstituted, nonhydrolyzed complex above one terminal and one bridging adjacent oxo groups. The monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex predominates. The contribution of the disubstituted configurations is also important at very low Ni(II) surface concentration, but it decreases as the Ni(II) surface concentration increases. In addition, bi- and trinuclear inner-sphere complexes were formed. The receptor site involves one bridging and two terminal oxo groups in the first case and two bridging and three terminal oxo groups in the second case. The relative surface concentrations of these configurations increase initially with Ni(II) surface concentration and then remain practically constant. The understanding of these interfacial processes at a molecular level is very important to shift the catalytic synthesis from an art to a science as well as to obtain strict control of the impregnation step and, to some extent, of the whole preparative sequence. This study is very relevant to the synthesis of submonolayer/monolayer nickel catalysts supported on TiO(2) following equilibrium deposition filtration (otherwise called equilibrium adsorption).     

A new method of preparing a rotating ring-disc electrode for the study of carbon supported catalysts

A new preparation method is described for the study of carbon supported electrodes, which are currently under investigation for fuel cell applications. The carbon is applied to the disc of a rotating ring—disc electrode (RRDE) through incorporation of the carbon particles ina polypyrrole film. Electron transport to the carbon is possible because the polypyrrole is electronically conducting; the high porosity of the film enables the diffusion of reactants into the pores of the catalyst. This new technique offers an easy and quick way of measuring both the activity and selectivity of carbonsupported catalysts.     

Formation of a supported cobalt catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers on aluminum oxide

Comparative studies of the effect of the physicochemical characteristics of a support (aluminum oxide) on the formation of a supported Co catalyst and its activity in the pyrolysis of alkanes (propane-butane) were performed. The effect of the crystalline modification of alumina on the yield of catalytic filamentous carbon (CFC) ((g CFC)/(g Co)) was studied. The surface morphologies of Co-containing catalysts and synthesized carbon deposits were studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that carbon deposits with a well-defined nanofiber structure were synthesized by the pyrolysis of a propane-butane mixture in the presence of hydrogen at 600°C on supported Co catalysts prepared by homogeneous precipitation on macroporous corundum (α-Al₂O₃). The yield of CFC was no higher than 4 (g CFC)/(g Co). On the Co catalyst prepared by homogeneous precipitation on mesoporous Al₂O₃, the intense carbonization of the initial support; the formation of cobalt aluminates; and, as a consequence, the deactivation of Co⁰ as a catalyst of FC synthesis occurred. The dependence of the yield of CFC on the preheating temperature (from 200 to 800°C) of Co catalysts before pyrolysis was studied. It was found that, as the preheating temperature of supported Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts was increased, the amount of synthesized carbon, including CFC, decreased because of Co⁰ deactivation due to the interaction with the support and coke formation.     

Study of activated carbon supported iron catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Summary Characterization (BET and TPD) and reaction studies were conducted with activated carbon supported iron catalysts (Fe/AC) used for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The TPD study showed that there existed interactions between metals and the AC surface. Greater association of Cu and K promoters with the AC surface resulted in stronger promoter to surface interaction, which enhanced the H₂ desorption ability of the Cu and K promoted Fe/AC catalyst prepared under vacuum impregnation (VI). Catalytic behavior of a Fe/AC catalyst (VI-15 Fe/2 Cu/2 K/81 AC, in parts per weight) was studied in a 1-liter slurry phase continuous stirred tank reactor. The catalyst presented moderate syngas conversion (44.3-60.6%) and high gaseous selectivity (CH₄, 12.8-15.1% and C₂-C₄, 42.4-46.1%) under 304^oC, 3.0 MPa, 1.1 L(STP)/g-cat/h, and H₂/CO = 2.0 during 166 h of testing. Detectable hydrocarbons up to C₁₈ were formed on the Fe/AC catalyst.     

Titania supported copper catalysts for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide

The effect of co-catalyst (ZnO or ZrO₂) has been tested for hydrogenation of CO₂ on CuO/TiO₂ and CuO/Al₂O₃. CuO−ZnO/TiO₂ catalyst showed the highest activity for methanol synthesis. Kinetic parameters were also determined.     

钙钛矿型氧化物负载Ni催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列MTiO₃(M=Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba)钙钛矿型氧化物负载的Ni催化剂(Ni的负载量为5%,质量分数),通过XRD、氮吸附、H₂-TPR、CO₂-TPD、XPS和TG等技术对催化剂进行了表征,对其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,M为不同碱土金属时,催化剂上金属载体相互作用、活性组分的表面原子浓度以及催化剂晶格氧的流动性都发生了变化。Ni/CaTiO₃催化剂上金属载体相互作用较强,还原出的活性组分Ni的含量较多,晶格氧流动性较高,因而具有较好的催化性能。SrTiO₃载体颗粒粒径较大,Ni/SrTiO₃催化剂上Ni的分散度不高,金属载体的相互作用较弱,表面Ni原子相对含量较低,晶格氧的流动性较差,其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应活性也最低。     

Preparation of self-nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers and their supported PtPd alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - There are many types of cathodic oxygen reduction catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Among them, Pt-based catalysts are most likely...     

Chromatographic effect during the preparation of supported two-component catalysts by impregnation

The reason for variation in the granule depth of the component ratio in supported two-component catalysts during their preparation has been studied. This phenomenon, which may be called chromatographic effect, depends on the different affinities between substrate and ions in the impregnating solution. The model system chosen is CuCo₂O₄/Al₂O₃. It has been established that after modification of the support with Cu²⁺ ions, the stoichiometric CuCo₂O₄ phase is formed. The catalysts obtained have an enhanced activity.     

Studies of Cu?Ni supported catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenation

The effect of support content and composition of supported metal phase on the crystallite size, phase composition and catalytic properties of supported Ni and Cu–Ni catalysts has been investigated. It has been established that with increasing metal content, crystallite sizes and enantioselectivity increase. Copper added to Ni catalysts decreases metal phase dispersity and enantioselectivity.

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介孔炭的孔结构对其负载的Ru基氨合成催化剂性能的影响

采用模板法合成了介孔炭(MC),研究了其孔结构对其负载的Ru基氨合成催化剂Ba-Ru-K/MC性能的影响,采用N₂吸附脱附、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段对介孔炭的孔结构进行了表征.研究发现,介孔炭载体的孔结构取决于模板剂的用量,当SiO₂/C质量比为1.0时,所制介孔炭比表面积最大.介孔炭负载的Ba-Ru-K催化剂活性与其介孔比表面积相关.在425℃,10MPa和10000h^-1条件下,合成氨的反应速率为139mmol/(g_cat·h).     

Nitrogen forms on supported catalysts for ammonia synthesis

Nitrogen chemisorption on supported Fe–Co, Fe–Mo and Co–Mo catalysts for ammonia synthesis has been studied. No considerable effect of carrier (carbon fibers) on nitrogen chemisorption has been found. It is shown that for these samples chemisorbed nitrogen has various dissociative forms.

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Fe–Co, Fe–Mo Co–Mo . ( ) . , .

     

Microbial synthesis of N,P co-doped carbon supported PtCu catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Developing highly efficient and stable platinum-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is critical to expediting commercialization of fuel cells.Herein,several PtCu alloy nanocatalysts supported on N,P co-doped carbon(PtCu/NPC) were prepared by microbial-sorption and carbonization-reduction.Among them,PtCu/NPC-700 ℃ exhibits excellent catalytic performance for ORR with a mass activity of 0.895 A mg_pt^-1(@0.9 V) which is 8.29 folds of commercial Pt/C.Additio...     

碳纳米纤维负载铁钴镍硼化物可控制备及其电催化析氢性能研究

通过乙醇催化燃烧法制备了碳纳米纤维（CNFs），采用化学沉积法在CNFs载体上负载铁钴镍硼化物（FeCoNiB），并以多种测试手段对其表征，研究了化学沉积工艺条件对FeCoNiB粒径、分散、成分及结构的影响，建立了碳纳米纤维负载的铁钴镍硼化物（FeCoNiB/CNFs）可控制备方法。采用电化学测试手段研究了FeCoNiB/CNFs在碱性环境下的氢气析出反应（HER）催化性能。结果表明，在100 mA/cm²的电流密度下，FeCoNiB/CNFs的过电位仅为366 mV，塔菲尔斜率低至41 mV/dec；在持续10 h的稳定性测试中电位衰减幅度很小，基本保持不变。这说明FeCoNiB/CNFs制备成本低，但其高稳定性可媲美贵金属的高催化活性HER催化剂；该研究可为非贵金属HER催化剂的研制及低成本电解水制氢技术的规模化应用提供参考。     

Fast preparation of PtRu catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers by the microwave-polyol method and their application to fuel cells

PtRu alloy nanoparticles (24 +/- 1 wt %, Ru/Pt atomic ratios = 0.91-0.97) supported on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared within a few minutes by using a microwave-polyol method. Three types of CNFs with very different surface structures, such as platelet, herringbone, and tubular ones, were used as new carbon supports. The dependence of particles sizes and electrochemical properties on the structures of CNFs was examined. It was found that the methanol fuel cell activities of PtRu/CNF catalysts were in the order of platelet > tubular > herringbone. The methanol fuel cell activities of PtRu/CNFs measured at 60 degrees C were 1.7-3.0 times higher than that of a standard PtRu (29 wt %, Ru/Pt atomic ratio = 0.92) catalyst loaded on carbon black (Vulcan XC72R) support. The best electrocatalytic activity was obtained for the platelet CNF, which is characterized by its edge surface and high graphitization degree.     

Deposition precipitation for the preparation of carbon nanofiber supported nickel catalysts

Deposition precipitation of nickel hydroxide onto modified carbon nanofibers has been studied and compared to deposition onto silica. The carbon nanofiber support materials consisted of graphite-like material of the fishbone-type with a diameter of 20-50 nm and a specific surface area of 150 m2/g. Modification involved surface oxidation (CNF-O) optionally followed by partial reduction (CNF-OR) or thermal treatment (CNF-OT). Titration of the support materials showed the presence of 0.17 and 0.03 mmol/g carboxylic acid groups for CNF-O and CNF-OR, respectively. For the CNF-OT only basic groups were present. The deposition precipitation of 20 wt % nickel onto these supports has been studied by time dependent pH and nickel loading studies. With silica, nickel ion adsorption did not occur prior to nucleation of the nickel hydroxide phase at pH = 5.6. With CNF-O, nickel ion adsorption took place right from the start of the deposition process at pH = 3.5, and at pH = 5.6 already 4 wt % nickel was adsorbed. Nucleation of nickel hydroxide onto adsorbed nickel ion clusters proceeded subsequently. Characterization of the dried Ni/CNF-O samples with TEM and XRD showed well dispersed and thin (5 nm) platelets of nickel hydroxide adhering to the carbon nanofibers. After reduction at 773 K in hydrogen the Ni/CNF-O contained metallic nickel particles of 8 nm homogeneously distributed over the fibers. With CNF-OR and CNF-OT, precipitation of large platelets (> 500 nm) separate from the support took place. Clearly, the presence of carboxylic acid groups is essential to successfully deposit nickel hydroxide onto modified carbon nanofibers.     

The effects of promoters of K and Zr on the mesoporous carbon supported cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The mesoporous carbon supported cobalt catalyst (15%Co/MC) was found to be more active and selective to C(5)(+) than the traditionally activated carbon supported one (15%Co/AC) for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The addition of small amount of K(2)O and ZrO(2) significantly affected the FTS behavior of 15%Co/MC. The addition of 1% K inhibited the FTS activity dramatically, while the addition of 3% Zr increased the FTS activity significantly. The addition of K(2)O decreased the surface acidity while increased the surface basicity of 15%Co/MC, resulting in the increased heat of adsorption of CO and substantially decreased heat of adsorption of H(2) on Co. In contrast, the addition of ZrO(2) increased the surface acidity and heat of adsorption of H(2) on Co. The FTS activity was found to be related to the ratio of heats for the adsorption of CO and H(2) on the catalysts 15%Co/MC, 15%Co-1%K/MC and 15%Co-3%Zr/MC. The highest FTS activity was obtained on the catalyst with the heat ratio of 1.2.     

Cobalt catalysts supported on silica nanotubes for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Silica nanotubes(SNT) have been synthesized using carbon nanotubes(CNT) as a template.Silica-coated carbon nanotubes(SNT-CNT) and SNT were loaded with a cobalt catalyst for use in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by N2 physisorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),hydrogen temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).FTS performance was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at 493 K and 1.0 MPa.Co/CNT and Co/SNT catalysts showed higher activity than Co/SNT-CNT in FTS because of the smaller cobalt particle size,higher dispersion and stronger reducibility.The results also showed that structure of the support affects the product selectivity in FTS.The synergistic effects of cobalt particle size,catalytic activity and diffusion limitations as a consequence of its small average pore size lead to medium selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons and CH4 over Co/SNT-CNT.On the other hand,the Co/CNT showed higher CH4 selectivity and lower C5+ selectivity than Co/SNT,due to its smaller average pore size and cobalt particle size.     

Phosphorus modification of supported Pt catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation

Modifying effect of phosphorus on the catalytic activity of supported Pt and Pt–Fe catalysts for CO hydrogenation has been studied. Phosphorus-containing compounds decrease significantly the methane yield with increasing yield of C₂–C₇ hydrocarbons.

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CO Pt- Pt–Fe-. , C₂–C₇.

     

Preparation and characterization of aluminosilicate supports with a synthesized layer of catalytic filamentous carbon: II. Synthesis of carbon nanofibers on a supported cobalt catalyst

The synthesis of a layer of catalytic filamentous carbon (CFC) on a Co catalyst supported by homogeneous precipitation onto the surface of aluminosilicate supports (ceramic foam and vermiculite) was studied. The effects of CFC layer synthesis conditions (the catalyst concentration on a support, the pyrolysis temperature of a propane-butane mixture, and the composition of the gas mixture) on the specific surface areas of supports, the yield of carbon (g C)/(g Co)), and the morphology of a surface CFC layer were examined. It was found that, in the case of ceramic foam, the concentration of cobalt hydroxide precipitated on the surface was lower by a factor of 15 and the yield of carbon was higher by a factor of 20–40 than those in vermiculite. The specific surface areas of supports, the yield of carbon, and the amount of synthesized carbon increased as the pyrolysis temperature of a propane-butane mixture was increased from 500 to 600°C. As found by scanning electron microscopy, the carbon content increased with pyrolysis temperature because of an increase in the length of carbon nanofibers. The properties (activity and stability) of biocatalysts prepared by the adsorption immobilization of a recombinant protein having glucose isomerase activity on CFC-Co-containing supports (ceramic foam and vermiculite) were studied.     

Preparation and characterization of aluminosilicate supports with a synthesized layer of catalytic filamentous carbon: I. Synthesis of carbon nanofibers on a supported nickel catalyst

The synthesis of catalytic filamentous carbon (CFC) on a Ni catalyst supported by homogeneous precipitation onto the surface of aluminosilicate ceramic supports (honeycomb monoliths, ceramic foam, glass foam, and haydite) was studied. The effects of CFC synthesis conditions (the catalyst concentration on a support, the pyrolysis temperature of a propane-butane mixture, and the composition of the gas mixture) on the specific surface areas of supports, the yield of carbon, and the morphology of a surface CFC layer were examined. As found by scanning electron microscopy, the uniformity of distribution and the size of carbon nanofibers synthesized depended on the conditions of their synthesis. The resulting CFC-containing supports were tested as adsorbents for the immobilization of enzymatically active substances (individual enzymes, cell membranes, and microorganisms) in order to prepare highly stable heterogeneous catalysts for biotechnology and biocatalysis.