规范变换和量子相位因子

本文从历史发展的和几何的角度说明规范变换,相位因子和规范场等物理概念的关系。它是作者一组关于规范场理论记述[1～6]的后续和补充,特别是从规范的历史发展和相位因子几何概念初步去理解杨—米尔斯规范理论的渊源。本文只是从初等水平去说明,不去触及纤维丛等数学,以避免需要拓扑学的预备知识。     

纤维丛、规范场和杨-米尔斯方程之间的类比——学科融合研究的一条途径

现在，规范场是物理学中重要的研究领域，而纤维丛则是数学中的热门课题.从本质上讲，就是杨-米尔斯方程将规范场与纤维丛二者联系起来，成为它们的理论的发端.本文着重从物理概念出发，分别论述规范场在物理学中、纤维丛在微分几何中相关概念的形成、发展，以及其与杨-米尔斯方程之间的关系，以使更多的相关专业读者能在这一重要的领域中产生探索和创新的热情，进行深入的研究，促进它在物理、数学和相互交叉课题中取得进展.特别是通过矢量势的旋度运算给出杨-米尔斯方程的一种新的数学表达形式，阐明了它的空间属性，由此能更好地将这三者联系起来，可以加深对纤维丛的联络在更深层次的了解，由于此类问题是一个新的研究方向，值得有志者去深入探索.     

规范变换和量子相位因子

本文从历史发展的和几何的角度说明规范变换,相位因子和规范场等物理概念的关系。它是作者一组关于规范场理论记述[1～6]的后续和补充,特别是从规范的历史发展和相位因子几何概念初步去理解杨—米尔斯规范理论的渊源。本文只是从初等水平去说明,不去触及纤维丛等数学,以避免需要拓扑学的预备知识。     

规范场与纤维丛：它的内容，方法和意义

从本质上讲,规范场是物理学中(量子场论,基本粒子理论)重要的研究领域(1979年、1999年和2004年共有六位物理学家获得诺贝尔奖,他们的研究工作直接或间接与规范场有关),而纤维丛则是数学中(微分几何、群论、李代数)的热门课题(1986年唐纳森因研究纤维丛获得菲尔茨奖)。近年来,对杨–米尔斯方程、纤维丛和规范场的研究正在深入开展,因此,本文着重从物理概念出发,分别论述规范场在量子场论中,纤维丛在微分几何中相关概念的形成、发展,以及与杨–米尔斯方程之间的关系,特别是从电磁场、弱力和强力的统一方面,显示了规范场的重要性和深远意义,为了使更多的相关专业读者能在这一重要的领域中迅速获得必要的专业知识,产生探索和创新的热情,在综述中对阿贝尔规范场到非阿贝尔规范场,以及对称性自发破缺的基本概念和处理方法,进行了详细的论述,特别是初步探讨了杨–米尔斯方程的空间属性,目的是希望能更好地将规范场、纤维丛这二者与杨–米尔斯方程联系起来,加深对纤维丛的联络在更深层次的了解,由于这类问题是一个有意义的研究方向,值得有志者去深入探索。     

规范场和夸克动力学模型--关于QCD和层子模型的议论

文章讨论了夸克QCD模型和层子模型的关系，说明夸克动力学模型的基础是非亚贝尔规范场理论．层子模型是半唯象理论，没有动力学互作用的机制．QCD由于以非亚贝尔规范场为动力学互作用机制，在高能行为有渐近自由的重要性质．层子模型是低能束缚态的唯象性质的模型，与渐近自由是完全无关．强调“渐近自由”是一个独立于夸克模型的物理概念，它的理论基础是非亚贝尔规范场理论；当把非亚贝尔规范场作为夸克相互作用建立了夸克的动力学模型——量子色动力学（quantum chromodynamics，QCD）；层子模型是想把静态夸克模型发展为动力学模型，但它走的路线与QCD完全不同，层子的互作用不涉及非亚贝尔规范场，与渐近自由是不同概念和不同思想和不同考察区域；文章还指出夸克动力学的QCD模型同层子模型是哲学思想不同，物理思想也不相同的路线，层子模型没有接纳非亚贝尔规范场而未能达成创新的成果．文章也强调三十多年前层子模型研究的创新意识和团队精神是我们值得推崇的优秀传统．     

量子体系演化的几何相位

量子体系在演化过程中,其状态的时间演化因子除众所周知的由系统能谱决定的动力学相位因子外,还会出现与系统演化路径有关的几何相位因子即Berry相位因子。几何相位的存在已为大量实验所证实,在理论上,已确定了其数学基础是纤维丛理论,并发现它与规范场有某些联系。本文评述了有关几何相位研究工作的进展。     

量子体系演化的几何相位

量子体系在演化过程中,其状态的时间演化因子除众所周知的由系统能谱决定的动力学相位因子外,还会出现与系统演化路径有关的几何相位因子即Berry相位因子。几何相位的存在已为大量实验所证实,在理论上,已确定了其数学基础是纤维丛理论,并发现它与规范场有某些联系。本文评述了有关几何相位研究工作的进展。     

虚拟样机中电缆的建模与仿真

电缆的建模与仿真在产品开发中具有重要的应用价值，也是目前虚拟样机技术急需解决的难题。针对电缆属于柔性件的特点，提出了一种基于几何建模和物理建模的综合建模与仿真方法，其基本思路是：几何建模一长度估算一物理建模一行为仿真，如图l所示。几何建模以电缆连接列表为依据、以产品结构模型为空间约束、按照电缆布线规范，利用人机交互方式进行电缆卡箍位置规划和电缆路径规划，进而建立电缆几何模型。长度估算利用空间积分方法对几何模型进行积分得到电缆长度。物理建模将电缆几何模型离散成多个质点单元，各质点单元间通过弹簧连接，弹簧刚度和质点质量根据电缆材料和长度确定，在此基础上建立“质点一弹簧系统”的力学控制方程。行为仿真根据“质点一弹簧系统”的力学控制方程模拟电缆真实形状及插接过程。     

金融物理的若干基本问题与研究进展(Ⅱ)--基于经纪人的动力学模型的建模与分析

一门全新的交叉学科金融物理研究的第二种处理方法是构建金融市场物理模型，文章对其基本观点作了简介，并重点介绍了金融市场中基于经纪人的动力学模型的建模与分析，阐述了物理学在21世纪的金融工程研究中可发挥的作用与意义。     

量子几何与三旋

量子几何避开使用度规场，从而也不再引进所谓的背景度规，因此被称为是一种与背景无关的量子引力理论。但它以联络作为引力理论的基本变量，体现了将引力场视为规范场的物理思想。不仅如此，自旋联络作为引力理论的基本变量也为进一步研究这种耦合提供了舞台。传统的量子几何与超弦理论目前还是两个独立的理论，彼此之间唯一明显的相似之处是两者都使用了一维的几何概念作为理论基础。如果这两个理论都反映了物理世界某些本质特征，那么这种相似性也许就不是偶然的。三旋理论的研究已揭示出这种巧合背后的联系之谜。     

Geometry and topology of chiral anomalies in gauge theories

Geometrical and topological aspects of chiral anomalies in gauge theories are reviewed. Geometrical and topological concepts and results for chiral anomalies in gauge theories are considered, including differential forms, Lie groups, homotopy, homology, cohomology, Riemannian manifolds, fibre bundles, characteristic classes, index theorems and spectral flow. Gauge theories and their formulation in terms of differential forms and fibre bundles are described. The quantisation of gauge theories is performed using path integrals, and the orbit space, BRST symmetries and ? vacuum are discussed. Gauge theories with fermions are formulated, including realistic models of strong and weak interactions. Chiral anomalies and related issues such as the existence of Schwinger terms, their origins in terms of differential forms, cohomology, the orbit space, BRST identities, Hamiltonian systems and relations to index theorems are analysed. Constraints on models for particle physics from chiral anomalies and theories involving spontaneously broken chiral symmetry described by effective Lagrangians are also mentioned.     

Progress in physical properties of Chinese stock markets

In the past two decades, statistical physics was brought into the field of finance, applying new methods and concepts to financial time series and developing a new interdiscipline “econophysics”. In this review, we introduce several commonly used methods for stock time series in econophysics including distribution functions, correlation functions, detrended fluctuation analysis method, detrended moving average method, and multifractal analysis. Then based on these methods, we review some statistical properties of Chinese stock markets including scaling behavior, long-term correlations, cross-correlations, leverage effects, antileverage effects, and multifractality. Last, based on an agent-based model, we develop a new option pricing model — financial market model that shows a good agreement with the prices using real Shanghai Index data. This review is helpful for people to understand and research statistical physics of financial markets.     

Field theory in two-time physics with N=1 supersymmetry

We construct N=1 supersymmetric (SUSY) field theory in 4+2 dimensions compatible with the theoretical framework of two-time (2T) physics and its gauge symmetries. The fields are arranged into 4+2 dimensional chiral and vector supermultiplets, and their interactions are uniquely fixed by SUSY and 2T physics gauge symmetries. In a particular gauge the 4+2 theory reduces to ordinary supersymmetric field theory in 3+1 dimensions without any Kaluza-Klein remnants, but with some additional constraints in 3+1 dimensions of interesting phenomenological relevance. This construction is another significant step in the development of 2T physics as a structure that stands above 1T physics.     

Semiconductor cw laser packages with full hermeticity integral power monitoring and direct fibre optic launching

In recent years a large number of papers have been presented describing both the physics of semiconductor lasers and the design of fibre optic systems. The interface between these two areas of technology however has largely been ignored. This paper aims to describe a high launched power, hermetic cw laser package with integral photodetector for feedback control, designed to meet the needs of the fibre optic market. It is believed that this cw packaged device bridges the gap by providing the system designer with a component which can be incorporated with ease and confidence in his fibre optic system. The laser source is described with the design concepts of the package, its construction and performance.     

Hidden Symmetries in the Two-Dimensional Isotropic Antiferromagnet

We discuss the two-dimensional isotropic antiferromagnet in the framework of gauge invariance. Gauge invariance is one of the most subtle useful concepts in theoretical physics, since it allows one to describe the time evolution of complex physical system in arbitrary sequences of reference frames. All theories of the fundamental interactions rely on gauge invariance. In Dirac’s approach, the two-dimensional isotropic antiferromagnet is subject to second-class constraints, which are independent of the Hamiltonian symmetries and can be used to eliminate certain canonical variables from the theory. We have used the symplectic embedding formalism developed by a few of us to make the system under study gauge invariant. After carrying out the embedding and Dirac analysis, we systematically show how second-class constraints can generate hidden symmetries. We obtain the invariant second-order Lagrangian and the gauge-invariant model Hamiltonian. Finally, for a particular choice of factor ordering, we derive the functional Schröodinger equations for the original Hamiltonian and for the first-class Hamiltonian and show them to be identical, which justifies our choice of factor ordering.     

Obtaining gauge invariant actions via symplectic embedding formalism

The concept of gauge invariance is one of the most subtle and useful concepts in modern theoretical physics. It is one of the Standard Model cornerstones. The main benefit due to the gauge invariance is that it can permit the comprehension of difficult systems in physics with an arbitrary choice of a reference frame at every instant of time. It is the objective of this work to show a path of obtaining gauge invariant theories from non‐invariant ones. Both are named also as first‐ and second‐class theories respectively, obeying Dirac's formalism. Namely, it is very important to understand why it is always desirable to have a bridge between gauge invariant and non‐invariant theories. Once established, this kind of mapping between first‐class (gauge invariant) and second‐class systems, in Dirac's formalism can be considered as a sort of equivalence. This work describe this kind of equivalence obtaining a gauge invariant theory starting with a non‐invariant one using the symplectic embedding formalism developed by some of us some years back. To illustrate the procedure it was analyzed both Abelian and non‐Abelian theories. It was demonstrated that this method is more convenient than others. For example, it was shown exactly that this embedding method used here does not require any special modification to handle with non‐Abelian systems.     

Effective field theory: A modern approach to anomalous couplings

We advocate an effective field theory approach to anomalous couplings. The effective field theory approach is the natural way to extend the standard model such that the gauge symmetries are respected. It is general enough to capture any physics beyond the standard model, yet also provides guidance as to the most likely place to see the effects of new physics. The effective field theory approach also clarifies that one need not be concerned with the violation of unitarity in scattering processes at high energy. We apply these ideas to pair production of electroweak vector bosons.     

Spontaneous broken symmetry

The concept of spontaneous broken symmetry is reviewed in the presence of global symmetries both in matter and particle physics. This concept is then taken over to confront local symmetries in relativistic field theory. Emphasis is placed on the basic concepts where, in the former case, the vacuum of spontaneous broken symmetry is degenerate whereas that of local (or gauge) symmetry is gauge invariant. To cite this article: R. Brout, F. Englert, C. R. Physique 8 (2007).