Confinement from new global defect structures

We investigate confinement from new global defect structures in three spatial dimensions. The global defects arise in models described by a single real scalar field, governed by special scalar potentials. They appear as electrically, magnetically or dyonically charged structures. We show that they induce confinement, when they are solutions of effective QCD-like field theories in which the vacua are regarded as color dielectric media with an antiscreening property. As expected, in three spatial dimensions the monopole-like global defects generate the Coulomb potential as part of several confining potentials.Received: 25 August 2004, Published online: 16 March 2005PACS: 11.27. + d, 12.39.-x     

On the response of an oscillatory medium to defect generation

We investigate the response of a system far from equilibrium close to an oscillatory instability to the induction of phase singularities. We base our investigation on a numerical treatment of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation (CGLE) in two spatial dimensions, which is considered as an order-parameter equation for lasers and other nonlinear optical systems. Defects are randomly generated by a spatially modulated linear growth rate. In the amplitude-turbulent regime, no qualitative change of behaviour can be detected. Phase-turbulent patterns emerging due to the Benjamin–Feir instability are destroyed by the externally injected defects. One observes either states consisting of spiral structures of various sizes which resemble the vortex glass states of the unperturbed system or a travelling wave pattern containing moving topological defects. In parameter space, both states are separated by a well-defined phase boundary which is close to the line separating convectively from absolutely stable travelling waves. PACS 47.54.+r; 89.75.Kd; 42.65.Sf; 47.32.Cc; 47.27.Cn; 05.45.-a     

Optimization of Binary Hologram Degraded by Periodic Lattice Structure of Liquid-Crystal Device Panel in Real Optical Security Systems

A numerically generated encryption pattern in practical optical security systems is processed through real display devices such as electronically addressed spatial liquid-crystal devices (LCDs). The pattern to be encrypted must be therefore congenial with electronic interfaces. In usual fact, the quality of a decrypted image in a practical system is greatly degraded due to the mismatch between the desired encryption pattern and the generated pattern without consideration of the device structures, such as lattice structures of LCDs. We take into account lattice structures for the displays of encryption and key patterns in real optical security systems and apply a simulated-annealing like method for the optimization of an encrypted binary hologram. We successfully demonstrate the decryption of holograms by this method.     

Scaling properties of the growing monolayer on the disordered substrate

We present results of theoretical and numerical studies the pattern formation processes in adsorptive system with the disordered substrate, representing high-entropy alloy. The lateral diffusivity of adatoms on the substrate is represented as a quenched spatial disorder. By taking into account a transference of adsorbate between first two layers we construct the reaction-diffusion model, describing evolution of adsorbate concentration on the disordered substrate. It will be shown, that at elevated values of the pressure inside a chamber the quenched spatial disorder will induce pattern formation in the system. We will show that the strength of the spatial disorder can control dynamics of nanostructured film growth, type of surface structures and scaling properties of the growing layer. This study provides an insight into details of self-organization of adatoms on the high-entropy alloys in adsorptive systems.     

Localization of eigenvectors in random graphs

We consider spatial organization of point defects in the generalized model of defects formation in elastic medium by taking into account defects production by irradiation influence and stochastic contribution for defects dynamics satisfying the fluctuation dissipation relation. We have found that depending on initial conditions and control parameters reduced to defects generation rate caused by irradiation, temperature and the stochastic source intensity different stationary structures of defects can be organized during the system evolution. Studying phase transitions between phases characterized by low- and high defect densities in stochastic system we have shown that such phenomena are described by mechanisms inherent in entropy-driven phase transitions. Stationary patterns are studied by amplitude analysis of unstable slow modes.     

Single Metal Ohmic and Rectifying Contacts to ZnO Nanowires: A Defect Based Approach

Ohmic and rectifying metal contacts to semiconductor nanowires are integral to electronic device structures and typically require different metals and different process techniques to form. Here we show how a noble metal ion beam of Pt commonly used to pattern conducting contacts in electron microscopes can form both ohmic and Schottky/blocking contacts on ZnO nanowires by controlling native point defects at the intimate metal‐semiconductor interface. Spatially‐resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on a nanoscale both laterally and in depth gauges the nature, density, and spatial distribution of specific native point defects inside the nanowires and at their metal interfaces. Combinations of electron and ion beam deposition, annealing, and sculpting of the same nanowire provide either low contact resistivity ohmic contacts or a high Schottky/blocking barrier with a single metal source. These results highlight the importance of native point defects distributed inside nanowires and their variation near interfaces with sculpting and annealing.     

Transition to chemical turbulence

Experiments have been conducted on Turing-type chemical spatial patterns and their variants in a quasi-two-dimensional open spatial reactor with a chlorite-iodide-malonic acid reaction. A variety of stationary spatial structures-hexagons, stripes, and mixed states-were observed, and transitions to these states were studied. For conditions beyond those corresponding to the emergence of patterns, a transition was observed from stationary spatial patterns to chemical turbulence, which is marked by a continuous motion of the pattern within a domain and of the grain boundaries between domains. The transition to chemical turbulence was analyzed by measuring the correlation length, the average pattern speed, and the total length of the domain boundaries. The emergence of chemical turbulence is accompanied by a large increase in the defects in the pattern, which suggests that this is an example of defect-mediated turbulence.     

Real-time enhancement of defects in periodic patterns by use of a bacteriorhodopsin film

We present a real-time optical system to enhance defects in periodic patterns by use of nonlinear spatial filtering by real-time holography. A straight and equispaced grating written in a bacteriorhodopsin film is read by the Fourier transform of a periodic pattern to be inspected. Because the diffraction efficiency of the grating depends on the intensity of the reading beam, only the defect component can be selectively diffracted and imaged. This system is applicable even to moving objects. We present experimental results that show enhancement of defects as small as 10 microm in a photomask with a pixel pitch of 150 microm used for a liquid-crystal display.     

Focused terahertz radiation formed by coherently scattered surface plasmon polaritons from partially uncorrugated metal surfaces

We present that a focus of terahertz radiation can be tailored based on coherent scattering of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) from a partially defected metal corrugation based on numerical simulations. The introduction of teeth defects in the corrugation allows coupling of the guided SPPs with the radiation and the far-field behavior is tailored by the spatial arrangement of such defects. The proposed structures serve as a kind of planar lenses which are quite thin and inexpensive. Promising applications include interfacing lens antennas between terahertz plasmonic integrated circuits and the external free space, which make terahertz systems very compact and low-cost.     

On-line textile quality control using optical Fourier transforms

Fourier transformation and spatial filtering offer the possibility of detecting structural defects in a fabric. In this paper a method based on an optical Fourier transform technique during the weaving process is described. Significant variations in the Fourier pattern occurring in the presence of defective fabric are recognised with a CCD sensor joined to an electronic hardware system performing a simple algorithm.     

Phase ordering induced by defects in chaotic bistable media

The phase ordering dynamics of coupled chaotic bistable maps on lattices with defects is investigated. The statistical properties of the system are characterized by means of the average normalized size of spatial domains of equivalent spin variables that define the phases. It is found that spatial defects can induce the formation of domains in bistable spatiotemporal systems. The minimum distance between defects acts as parameter for a transition from a homogeneous state to a heterogeneous regime where two phases coexist The critical exponent of this transition also exhibits a transition when the coupling is increased, indicating the presence of a new class of domain where both phases coexist forming a chessboard pattern.     

Instability of spatial patterns and its ambiguous impact on species diversity

Self-arrangement of individuals into spatial patterns often accompanies and promotes species diversity in ecological systems. Here, we investigate pattern formation arising from cyclic dominance of three species, operating near a bifurcation point. In its vicinity, an Eckhaus instability occurs, leading to convectively unstable "blurred" patterns. At the bifurcation point, stochastic effects dominate and induce counterintuitive effects on diversity: Large patterns, emerging for medium values of individuals' mobility, lead to rapid species extinction, while small patterns (low mobility) promote diversity, and high mobilities render spatial structures irrelevant. We provide a quantitative analysis of these phenomena, employing a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.     

Interplay between size and impurity position of doped quantum dot

We explore the effect of on and off-center repulsive impurities on regular parabolic dots and their impact on the level structures coupled with a variation in the dot size. Information entropy and probability density are invoked to monitor the pattern of evolution of the electronic states. We have considered Gaussian impurity centers of repulsive type. We have found that the dot size and impurity position interplay in a subtle way to modulate the spatial arrangement of impurity doped dot energy levels. The information entropy profile evinces emergence of resonance-like situations and the probability contour delineates the alteration in the spatial extension of the system for different dot sizes and impurity locations.     

Synthesis of 1D Bragg gratings by a layer-aggregation method

We present what we believe to be a novel method for the synthesis of complex 1D (fiber and waveguide) Bragg gratings, which is based on an impedance reconstruction layer aggregation technique. The main advantage brought by the method is the possibility of synthesizing structures containing defects or discontinuities of the size of the local period, a feature that is not possible with prior reported methods. In addition, this enhanced spatial resolution allows the synthesis of very strong fiber Bragg grating devices providing convergent solutions. The method directly renders the refractive index profile n(z) as it does not rely on the coupled-mode theory.     

Micro-Photoluminescence Confocal Mapping of Single V-Grooved GaAs Quantum Wire

We perform the micro-photoluminescence measurement at low temperatures and a scanning optical mapping with high spatial resolution of a single V-grooved GaAs quantum wire modified by the selective ion-implantation and rapid thermally annealing. While the mapping shows the luminescences respectively from the quantum wires and from quantum well areas between quantum wires in general, the micro-photoluminescence at liquid He temperatures reveals a plenty of spectral structures of the PL band for a single quantum wire. The spectral structures are attributed to the inhomogeneity and non-uniformity of both the space structure and compositions of real wires as well as the defects nearby the interface between quantum wire and surrounding quantum well structures. All these make the excitons farther localized in quasi-zero-dimensional quantum potential boxes related to these non-uniformity and/or defects. The results also demonstrate the ability of micro-photoluminescence measurement and mapping for the characterization of both opto-electronic and structural properties of real quantum wires.     

Sharp diffraction peaks from chaotic structures

Recently various models for spatially chaotic structures have been proposed. We study the diffraction patterns produced by plane chaotic waves incident on one-dimensional chaotic point scatterers. The spacing between the scatterers and the dynamics of the incident wave are given by a logistic map or standard map. We find a sharp diffraction peak when the incident dynamics is produced by the same map as the structure of the spatial configuration. The diffraction pattern is symmetric about the incident direction only if the map dynamics is invertible. Diffraction patterns with chaotic incident waves have a large signal-to-noise ratio and are well suited for pattern identification. We discuss possible applications to the scattering of microwaves from aperiodic structures. (c) 1997 American Institute of Physics.     

The attractor—basin portrait of a cellular automaton

Local space-time structures, such as domains and the intervening dislocations, dominate a wide class of cellular automaton (CA) behavior. For such spatially-extended dynamics regular domains, vicinities, and attractors are introduced as organizing principles to identify the discretized analogs of attractors, basins, and separatrices: structures used in classifying dissipative continuous-state dynamical systems. We describe the attractor-basin portrait of nonlinear elementary CA rule 18, whose global dynamics is largely determined by a single regular attracting domain. The latter's basin is analyzed in terms of subbasin and portal structures associated with particle annihilation. The conclusion is that the computational complexity of such CA is more apparent than real. Transducer machines are constructed that automatically identify domain and dislocation structures in space-time, count the number of dislocations in a spatial pattern, and implement an isomorphism between rule 18 and rule 90. We use a transducer to trace dislocation trajectories, and confirm that in rule 18, isolated dislocation trajectories, as well as a dislocation gas, agree extremely well with the classical model of annihilating diffusive particles. The CA efficiently transforms randomness of an initial pattern ensemble into a random walk of dislocations in space-time.     

Optical detection of mechanically damaged areas on manufactured metal parts by spatial frequency filtering

An inspection of mechanically damaged areas on manufactured metal parts is necessary to produce high-quality products. A scanning probe on a sample is necessary for a conventional surface inspection system, which is time-consuming. We propose a novel high-speed detection method for defects on metal surfaces with rolling indentations. To obtain a large field of view in a measurement, we used a laser sheet that was expanded with a laser line generator and also used an expanded collimated beam, rather than a small laser spot as used in conventional techniques. Furthermore, we used an obliquely incident laser beam to suppress the effect of the rolling indentations surrounding defects, and also applied spatial frequency filtering to extract only defects. The spatial frequency filtering under oblique incidence is theoretically explained and defect extraction was investigated in experiments.     

Tunable miscibility in a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate

We report on the observation of controllable phase separation in a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate with 85Rb and 87Rb. Interatomic interactions between the different components determine the miscibility of the two quantum fluids. In our experiments, we can clearly observe immiscible behavior via a dramatic spatial separation of the two species. Furthermore, a magnetic-field Feshbach resonance is used to change them between miscible and immiscible by tuning the 85Rb scattering length. The spatial density pattern of the immiscible quantum fluids exhibits complex alternating-domain structures that are uncharacteristic of its stationary ground state.     

Electrically switchable two-dimensional photonic crystals made of?polymer-dispersed liquid crystals based on?the?Talbot?self-imaging effect

Electrically switchable two-dimensional photonic crystals were demonstrated using polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials based on the Talbot self-imaging effect of a single photomask. With the photomask subjected to a collimated Ar⁺ laser beam operating at 488 nm, a three-dimensional spatial light intensity pattern was created due to the Talbot self-imaging effect. The spatial light intensity pattern was then recorded inside a cell filled with the liquid crystal/prepolymer mixture to create photonic crystal structures. The surface morphology of the photonic crystals was examined by an atomic force microscopy. It showed square structures with a lattice constant of ∼0.9 μm. The diffraction and electro-optical properties were also presented. This approach shows a simple and fast fabrication.