Three-particle Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations

It has been argued by Mermin that agedanken decay of a three-particle system gives a more powerful demonstration of quantum nonlocality than Bell's analysis. It is shown that this claim is premature. Anad hoc model based on local realism is constructed in order to reproduce the quantum mechanical prediction of the three-particlegedanken decay.     

Dynamical current correlations in simple liquids

Expressions for the longitudinal and transverse current correlation functions of simple liquids are obtained using Mori's formalism. These involve unknown damping functions. The use of damping functions for a free gas gives results which are in complete disagreement with experiments. The results obtained on the basis of a renormalized free particle memory function in which the collisional damping of collective excitations is incorporated show remarkable improvement over earlier results and are in reasonable agreement with the molecular dynamics data of Rahman. Therefore, the choice of the memory function is as important as the satisfaction of lower order moments.     

Three-particle correlations in nonideal dusty plasma

Results are given of experimental investigation of three-particle correlations for liquid plasma-dust structures formed in the electrode layer of a high-frequency capacitive discharge. The obtained three-particle correlation functions for experimental and numerical data are analyzed and compared with the superposition approximation. The forming of clusters of macroparticles in plasma-dust systems being analyzed is revealed.     

Three-particle correlations from208Pb+6Li

Three-particle correlations in the reaction²⁰⁸Pb+⁶Li were studied near the Coulomb threshold between \(E_{6_{Li} } = 24\) and 30 MeV. Three reaction mechanisms contribute predominantly to the observed coincidences of the charged particles: 1. Coulomb excitation of the 2.184 MeV,J=3⁺ state of⁶Li, followed by the decay intoα+d, 2. Deuteron pick-up of the⁶Li to the ground state of⁸Be and sequential decay into twoα-particles and 3. Neutron-transfer to the ground state and the first excited states of²⁰⁹Pb:²⁰⁸Pb(⁶Li,αp). The last two reaction mechanisms explain the previously measured large contributions to theα-channel relative to thed-channel.     

Van der Waals forces and the weakening of multiparticle correlations in simple liquids and gases

The general theory of van der Waals forces is used to calculate the asymptotic form of the n-particle correlation function for a simple liquid for any interparticle distance that is much greater than the interatomic separation. It is shown that when n>2 the nonadditive nature of the long-range forces leads to conditions for the weakening of the correlation which are fundamentally different from those obtained from theories in which a pairwise potential is assumed for intermolecular interactions. A relationship is obtained between the asymptotic forms and the n-atom potential for the case of a tenuous gas.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 73–79, December, 1976.We wish to thank I. Z. Fisher and L. P. Pitaevskii for useful discussions of the work, and F. M. Kuni for a number of important comments.     

Three-particle correlations from PHENIX to investigate the properties of the QGP at RHIC

There is now a consensus of opinion that in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies a strongly interacting state of matter resembling a near-perfect liquid (termed sQGP) is formed. Attention is now being focused on elucidating the properties of this medium e.g. size, shape, collectivity, viscosity, closeness to the critical point etc. In this work we describe the efforts in the soft and hard sectors to quantify these properties. In particular, the study of jet-medium interactions are described via correlation based studies. Details of three particle correlation studies of RHIC data will be discussed. Such studies are important as they provide an avenue for estimates of the viscosity and the sound speed of the medium.     

Translational light scattering in simple liquids

Summary A short review of translational light scattering of simple liquids is reported. The microscopic cross-section is compared with the equivalent expression for neutron scattering experiments (Van Hove, 1954). A survey of the fundamental experiments is reported and the possible application to the study of the dynamics of simple dense systems is analysed. The relevant approximations are critically discussed and the limits of the technique are established. The review mainly deals with classical or almost classical liquids, but also some extensions to quantum systems are considered. paper presented at the workshop ?Highlights on Simple Liquids?, held in Turin at ISI on 1–3 May 1989.     

Shock wave structure in simple liquids

The shock wave structure in a liquid is studied by a molecular dynamics simulation method. The interaction between atoms is described by the Lennard-Jones (6–12) potential. In contrast to earlier works, the simulation is performed in a reference frame tied to the shock wave front. This approach reduces non-physical fluctuations and makes it possible to calculate the distribution functions of the kinetic and potential energy for several cross sections within the shock layer. The profiles of flow variables and their fluctuations are found. The surface tension connected with pressure anisotropy within the shock front is calculated. It is shown that the main contribution to the surface tension coefficient comes from the mean virial. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 9, 722–727 (10 May 1997) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Nearly logarithmic decay of correlations in glass-forming liquids

Nearly logarithmic decay of correlations, which was observed for several supercooled liquids in optical-Kerr-effect experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2437 (2000)]; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 197401 (2003)]], is explained within the mode-coupling theory for ideal glass transitions as a manifestation of the beta-peak phenomenon. A schematic model, which describes the dynamics by only two correlators, one referring to density fluctuations and the other to the reorientational fluctuations of the molecules, yields for strong rotation-translation coupling response functions in agreement with those measured for benzophenone and Salol for the time interval extending from 2 ps to about 20 and 200 ns, respectively.     

Strong pressure-energy correlations in van der Waals liquids

Strong correlations between equilibrium fluctuations of the configurational parts of pressure and energy are found in computer simulations of the Lennard-Jones liquid and other simple liquids, but not for hydrogen-bonding liquids such as methanol and water. The correlations that are present also in the crystal and glass phases reflect an effective inverse power-law repulsive potential dominating fluctuations, even at zero and slightly negative pressure. In experimental data for supercritical argon, the correlations are found to be approximately 96%. Consequences for viscous liquid dynamics are discussed.     

Equilibrium theories of simple liquids

In this article, the theory of equilibrium properties of simple classical fluids is reviewed. The various relationships between the pair potential φ(r) and the pair correlation function g(r) are explored, from the usual integral equations and the perturbation theories to the generalized random phase approximation proposed recently. Particular attention is devoted to the extraction of the intermolecular forces from a given experimental data on the structure and thermodynamics of fluids. In particular, the propagation of errors in these calculations arising due to uncertainties in the input data is discussed. Finally, the recent use of BGY integral equation and the vacancy-cell model in the study of solid-liquid transition and melting is discussed.     

利用三粒子W态隐形传送任意三粒子W态

提出一个任意三粒子W态从发送者传送给两个接收者任意一个的量子隐形传送方案.该方案用三个三粒子W态作为量子信道,且有两种方法实现传送目的.若发送者进行三次Bell态测量,想得到所需传送三粒子W态的接收者根据发送者的Bell态测量结果和另一个接收者在计算基{|0>,|1>}下的测量结果实施适当的幺正变换操作,就可以一定概率成功地隐形传送三粒子W态;分析表明如果改变操作秩序,成功实现量子隐形传态的概率不会受到影响.同时,该方案可推广至隐形传送N(N≥4)粒子W态,这时需要用N个三粒子W态作为量子信道.发送者做N次Bell态测量,接收者根据如前所述的所有测量结果实施相应的幺正变换,即可完成对N粒子W态的隐形传送.     

NMR studies on simple liquids in confinement

NMR studies on liquids in various types of confinements are reviewed. The discussion includes results for the size, the morphology, and the filling of pores. Moreover, it deals with the phase behaviors, the local structures, and in particular, the local dynamics of confined liquids. Findings for soft and hard confinements of various sizes are considered. The main focus is on the time scales of and the mechanisms for dynamics of simple liquids in simple confinements. From the methodical point of view, the review is restricted to NMR work in homogeneous magnetic fields, i.e, field-gradient approaches are not included.     

Theory of collective excitations in simple liquids

We present a parameter-free theory of the collective excitations in simple liquids such as liquid metals or rare gases. The theory is based on the mode-coupling theory (MCT), which has been previously applied successfully for explaining the liquid-to glass transition. The only input is the liquid structure factor. We achieve good agreement both for the liquid dispersion (maximum of the longitudinal current spectrum) and width (damping) with experimental findings. The time-dependent memory function predicted by MCT has a two-step exponential decay as previously found in computer simulations. Furthermore MCT predicts a scaling of the liquid dispersion with the effective hard-sphere diameter of the materials. This scaling is obeyed by the available experimental data.     

Equilibrium theory of two-dimensional simple liquids

Using the Wigner-Kirkwood expansion and bare Lennard-Jones (LJ) (12-6) potential, an effectiveLJ potential is derived, which includes the quantum effects through the expressions of the effective diameter∂(T, λ) and well-depth (T, λ). We use theWCA perturbation theory to calculate the free energy and pressure for theLJ and effectiveLJ potentials. Simple analytic expressions are given for the reference system and the first order correction calculated. The results are quite good at high density. The quantum effects on the free energy and pressure are also discussed.     

Three-particle interactions in a quark-gluon plasma

We explore the influence of three-particle interactions, in either the initial or final state, on the collision rate in a high temperature plasma, and on the rate of quark and anti-quark pair (flavor) production. When the interactions are taken to be screened at the Debye wave numberq dT, three-particle interactions contribute significantly to the collision rate, but only marginally enhance flavor production over that from two-particle interactions. The magnitudes of the rates are, however, sensitive to the infra-red thresholds, which emphasizes the need for a reliable analysis of this issue. Our results also highlight the importance of treating many-particle processes adequately in the space-time evolution of quarks and gluons produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.We thank members of the Theoretical Physics Institute and the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota for their kind hospitality. Special thanks are due to J.I. Kapusta for stimulating discussions. The stay of P. L. at the University of Minnesota was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant No. DOE/DE-FG02-87ER-40328; travel expenses were borne by the grant MM SR 01/35. Research support for M. P. by the U.S. Department of Energy under grant No. DE-FG02-88ER-40388 is acknowledged. The paper was written in its final form at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, during the research program Strong Interactions at Finite Temperatures. The authors express gratitude for the warm hospitality extended there and acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY89-04035.     

High-harmonic generation of mid-IR pulses in simple liquids

j as expected. The analysis of the frequency dependence indicates the strong influence of vibrational resonances, which were found here for the first time. Near the fundamental resonance the jth harmonic generation has to be described as a (j+3) wave mixing experiment due to the necessary inclusion of the population of the corresponding vibrational state. Received: 2 April 1997/Revised version: 18 June 1997