Synchronized traffic flow simulating with cellular automata model

The synchronized flow traffic phase of Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory can be well reproduced by the model proposed by Jiang and Wu [R. Jiang, Q.S. Wu, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 (2003) 381]. But in the Jiang and Wu model, the rule for brake light-after switching on, the brake light will not set off until the vehicle accelerates-is obviously unrealistic. Thus we improved the model by considering the difference in accelerating and decelerating performance under different driving conditions. The fundamental diagram and spatial-temporal diagrams are analyzed. We confirmed that the new model could reproduce the synchronized flow by two methods, i.e. the traffic flow interruption effect and performing microscopic analysis of time series data. Simulation results show that the decelerating difference is an important factor to reproduce the synchronized flow. We expect that our work could make contributions to understanding the mechanism of the synchronized flow.     

Plaquette expansion proof and interpretation

The plaquette expansion, a general non-perturbative method for calculating the properties of lattice Hamiltonian systems, is established up to the first two orders for an arbitrary system. This method employs an expansion of the Lanczos coefficients, the tridiagonal Hamiltonian matrix elements or equivalently the continued fraction coefficients of the resolvent, in a descending series in the size of the system. The coefficients of this series are formed from the low order cumulants or connected Hamiltonian moments. The lowest order approximation in the plaquette expansion corresponds to a gaussian model which is a consequence of the central limit theorem. The first nontrivial order yields a model with a spectrum on a bounded energy interval, becoming asymptotically uniform in the thermodynamic limit.     

Double-exchange model for molecule-based magnets

We report a detailed study of a double-exchange model proposed for the molecule-based magnets. The model is applied to a two-dimensional periodic complex made of a transition metal and an organic molecule in which the electronic structure is described by effective d orbitals of the transition metal ion at infinite Hund's coupling limit and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the organic molecule, π^∗. Depending on the average electron density of the organic molecules and various superexchange couplings between metal ions' core spins, magnetic states of the complex are investigated. Performing Monte Carlo calculations on a model Hamiltonian for various electron densities of the organic molecule, the average magnetization and critical magnetic ordering temperatures are determined.     

Polaron formation and hopping conductivity in the Holstein-Hubbard model

On the basis of the Holstein-Hubbard model the formation of polarons at finite densities is investigated by means of a variational approach appropriate for describing squeezing and correlation effects. An effective Hubbard model for the polarons is derived, where the correlations are treated within the slave-boson saddlepoint approximation. For low enough phonon frequencies, with increasing coupling an abrupt self-trapping transition from light to heavy polarons is found. With increasing density the squeezing effect increases, and the transition is shifted to higher couplings. In the case of an effective Coulomb repulsion, the self-trapping transition is shifted to lower couplings with increasing Hubbard interaction, and the effective polaron mass below the transition is enhanced. In the heavy polaron regime, the frequency-dependent polaron hopping conductivity is calculated. There occur qualitative finite-density and correlation effects on the zero-temperature absorption spectrum which are discussed with respect to their possible relevance to the midinfrared absorption in high-T _c superconductors.     

A Unique Method to Describe the Bonding Strength in a Bonded Solid-S-olid Interface by Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity

We present a unique method to describe the bonding strength at a bonded solid-solid interface in a multilayered composite material by contact acoustic nonlinearity （CAN） parameter. A CAN model on the bonded solid-solid interface is depicted. It can be seen from the model that CAN parameter is very sensitive to the bonding strength at the interface. When an incident focusing acoustic longitudinal wave scans the interface in two dimensions, the transmitted wave can be used to extract CAN parameter. The contour of the bonding strength for a sample is obtained by CAN parameter. The results show that the region with weak bonding strength can be easily distinguished from the contour.     

Theoretical study of phonon spectra in ferromagnetic nanoparticles

Based on the spin-phonon model we analyze the influence of surface and size effects on the phonon properties of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. A Green's function technique in real space enables us to calculate the renormalized phonon energy and its damping depending on the temperature and the anharmonic spin-phonon interaction constants. With decreasing particle size the phonon energy can decrease or increase for different surface spin-phonon interaction constants, whereas the damping increases always. The influence of an external magnetic field is discussed, too. The theoretical results are in reasonable accordance to experimental data.     

Electronic quasiparticle structure of ferromagnetic bcc iron

We investigate the influence of electron correlations on the temperature-dependence of the electronic structure of ferromagnetic bcc iron by use of a manybody evaluation of a generalized model of magnetism. The single-particle part of the model-Hamiltonian is taken from an LDA band structure calculation. The manybody interactions are described by only two parameters, an intraband Coulomb interactionU and an interband exchangeJ. WithU=1.8 eV andJ=0.2 eV the self-consistent model solution yields aT=0 moment of about 2.04 µ_B and a Curie-temperature of 1044K. Details of the magnetic behaviour of Fe can be traced back to a striking temperature variation of the quasiparticle density of states. A novel explanation for the experimentally-observed non-collapsing exchange splitting is demonstrated in terms of the temperature-dependent spectral density for wave-vectors near the -point. Typical differences in the magnetic behaviour of Fe and Ni are worked out.     

Evacuation from a classroom considering the occupant density around exits

An existing cellular automaton evacuation model is modified to simulate an evacuation experiment conducted in a classroom with obstacles. In the modified model, the impact of the occupant density around exits on human behavior in evacuation is considered. The simulation and experimental results prove that this improvement makes sense, because besides the spatial distance to exits, people may also choose the exit according to the occupant density around exits. The distribution of individual evacuation times as a function of initial positions and the dynamics of the evacuation process are studied. Comparison between the experimental and simulation results shows that the model can reproduce the experiment well. The improvement of the CA model is useful for further study.     

Particle-plasmon decay-time determination by measuring the optical near-field’s autocorrelation: influence of inhomogeneous line broadening

A detailed analysis of the influence of inhomogeneous plasmon absorption band broadening on particle-plasmon decay-time determination by an interferometric autocorrelation method is reported. We present model calculations based on the representation of plasmons in an array of non-uniformly shaped particles by an ensemble of harmonic oscillators. Considering carefully the extent of the inhomogeneous broadening our theoretical treatment yields an unambiguous correlation between the autocorrelation function and the plasmon decay time. As an experimental example we find a plasmon decay time of 6 fs for a gold nanoparticle sample. Received: 24 November 1998 / Revised version: 12 March 1999 / Published online: 7 July 1999     

Stability of two-ion crystals in the Paul trap: A comparison of exact and pseudopotential calculations

The stability of two-ion crystals in a Paul trap with a dc component in the quadrupole potential has been studied with the use of the monodromy matrix. The pseudopotential model predicts crystals with the ions at rest either along the trap axis or in the radial plane. The solutions of the full equations of motion disagree with the predictions of the pseudopotential model when the radial and axial secular frequencies are nearly degenerate: the crystal is either unstable (as first noted by Emmertet al.) or exists in a previously unanticipated configuration in which the ions lie at an angle to the trap axes. A bifurcation diagram near the edge of the crystalline stability range does not support a frequency-doubling route to chaos.Dedicated to H. Walther on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Stability and instability in a class of car following model on a closed loop

A velocity-matching car following model is modified to represent the motion of n vehicles travelling on a closed loop. Each vehicle is given a preferred velocity profile, which it attempts to achieve while also attempting to maintain a zero relative velocity between itself and the vehicle in front. The crucial distinctive of the looped model, as opposed to ‘non-looped’ models, is that the last vehicle in the stream is itself being followed by the lead (first) vehicle. The model gives rise to a system of n coupled time delay differential equations which are solved approximately (using a Taylor series expansion in time delay) and numerically using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta routine.The stability of the model is considered and an analytic form of the stable region in parameter space is found in the limit as n approaches infinity.     

The effect of randomly oriented anisotropy on the zero-field-cooled magnetization of a non-interacting magnetic nanoparticle assembly

A model based on localized partition function and master equation was set up to calculate the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) curves of a non-interacting magnetic nanoparticle assembly with randomly oriented anisotropy. The peak temperature of the ZFC curve corresponds to the highest energy barrier that acts against the unblocking process, and could be described well by an equation covering the heating rate effect. The predicted H^2/3 field dependence of the peak temperature is in good agreement with published results.     

Effect of gravitational force upon traffic flow with gradients

We study the effect of gravitational force upon traffic flow on a highway with sag, uphill, and downhill. We extend the optimal velocity model to take into account the gravitational force which acts on vehicles as an external force. We study the traffic states and jamming transitions induced by the slope of highway. We derive the fundamental diagrams (flow-density diagrams) for the traffic flow on the sag, the uphill, and downhill by using the extended optimal velocity model. We clarify where and when traffic jams occur on a highway with gradients. We show the relationship between densities before and after the jam. We derive the dependence of the fundamental diagram on the slope of gradients.     

On the estimation of the power-law exponent in the mean-field Bouchaud-Mézard model

In this article, our primary objective is to develop an estimator of the power-law exponent based on the observable individual wealth in the mean-field Bouchaud-Mézard model. As a result, a simple and strongly consistent estimator of the power-law exponent in the mean-field Bouchaud-Mézard model has been established and performs well on simulated data.     

Discretization effect in a multi-grid egress model

In the traditional egress model based on cellular automata, building spaces are divided into discrete grids, the size of which is usually as large as that of a pedestrian. In order to explore the influences of the grid size on the evacuation results, we studied the evacuation process using a multi-grid egress model. In the multi-grid model, a finer grid is used and each pedestrian occupies n×n basic grids. It is found that if the pedestrian always moves one grid at each time step, the evacuation time increases with the decrease of the grid size, and reaches a stable, grid-independent value when the grid size is small enough. Another factor which influences the evacuation results is the length of the time step. It is found that with the increasing length of the time step, the evacuation time has a tendency to increase but endures complex changes. The differences between the single-grid model and multi-grid model may be due to two main reasons. First, in the multi-grid model, the pedestrians are out of alignment so that there are patches of unusable empty spaces as they are smaller in size than a pedestrian. Second, in the multi-grid model, pedestrians tend to reach the exit at the same time, leading to more serious conflicts among pedestrians.     

Non-destructive evaluation of elastic material properties in anisotropic circular cylindrical structures

In this paper, non-axisymmetric guided wave propagation in circular cylindrical, anisotropic structures is studied in a frequency range up to 1 MHz. The investigations are carried out with carbon fibre reinforced tubes. The aim is the experimental determination of their effective linear elastic material properties in a non-destructive way. Therefore, an analytical model of the dispersion equation is fitted to the experimentally detected dispersion curves by systematically adjusting the desired material properties. A total least square scheme accompanied by an outlier detection criterion is used for this optimization task. Since the raw data of the measured dispersion curves contain a lot of noise, these outliers have to be detected and excluded, to achieve accurate results. Good agreement is found between the measured curves and the analytically calculated curves based on the estimated parameters. This fact indicates a high accuracy of the determined material properties.     

Non-linear response of driven spin excitations

Brillouin scattering was used to study the effect of high-power microwave fields on an array of permalloy particles and the results are compared with simulations. The simulations are of two types: one is based on a model in which each particle is treated as a single spin, the second model relies on generalized micromagnetic codes that include external driving fields and enable magnon–magnon coupling. Experimental results as well as simulations show clear, but sometimes different, evidence of non-linear behavior.