Existence of positive solutions of higher-order quasilinear ordinary differential equations

In this paper the even-order quasilinear ordinary differential equation is considered under the hypotheses that n is even, D(α _i )x = (|x|αi−1 x)′, α _i > 0(i = 1,2,…, n), β > 0, and p(t) is a continuous, nonnegative, and eventually nontrivial function on an infinite interval [a, ∞), a > 0. The existence of positive solutions of (1.1) is discussed, and basic results to the classical equation are extended to the more general equation (1.1). In particular, necessary and sufficient integral conditions for the existence of positive solutions of (1.1) are established in the case α ₁α₂⋅s α _n ≠ β. This research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 15340048), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) 34C10, 34C11     

Global existence and time decay of small solutions to the landau-ginzburg type equations

We study the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear dissipative equations (0.1) uo∂u-αδu + Β|u|^2/n u = 0,x ∃ Rⁿ,t } 0,u(0,x) = u0(x),x ∃ Rⁿ, where α,Β ∃ C, ℜα 0. We are interested in the dissipative case ℜα 0, and ℜδ(α,Β)≥ 0, θ = |∫ u0(x)dx| ⊋ 0, where δ(α, Β) = ##|α|^n-1n^n/2 / ((n + 1)|α|² + α^{2 n/2}. Furthermore, we assume that the initial data u₀ ∃ L^p are such that (1 + |x|)^αu0 ∃ L¹, with sufficiently small norm ∃ = (1 + |x|)^α u₀ 1 + u₀ p, wherep 1, α ∃ (0,1). Then there exists a unique solution of the Cauchy problem (0.1)u(t, x) ∃ C ((0, ∞); L^∞) ∩ C ([0, ∞); L¹ ∩ L^p) satisfying the time decay estimates for allt0 u(t)||_∞ Cɛt^-n/2(1 + η log 〈t〉)^-n/2, if hg = θ^2/n 2_π ℜδ(α, Β) 0; u(t)||_∞ Cɛt^-n/2(1 + Μ log 〈t〉)^-n/4, if η = 0 and Μ = θ^4/n 4π)² (ℑδ(α, Β))² ℜ((1 + 1/n) υ1-1 υ2) 0; and u(t)||_∞ Cɛt^-n/2(1 + κ log 〈t〉)^-n/6, if η = 0, Μ = 0, κ 0, where υl,l = 1,2 are defined in (1.2), κ is a positive constant defined in (2.31).     

On Enomoto’s problems in a bipartite graph

In this paper, we obtain the following result: Let k, n ₁ and n ₂ be three positive integers, and let G = (V ₁,V ₂;E) be a bipartite graph with |V1| = n ₁ and |V ₂| = n ₂ such that n ₁ ⩾ 2k + 1, n ₂ ⩾ 2k + 1 and |n ₁ − n ₂| ⩽ 1. If d(x) + d(y) ⩾ 2k + 2 for every x ∈ V ₁ and y ∈ V ₂ with xy $ \notin $ \notin E(G), then G contains k independent cycles. This result is a response to Enomoto’s problems on independent cycles in a bipartite graph.     

Problem with periodicity conditions for a degenerating equation of mixed type

For the equation K(t)u _xx + u _tt − b ² K(t)u = 0 in the rectangular domain D = “(x, t)‖ 0 < x < 1, −α < t < β”, where K(t) = (sgnt)|t| ^m , m > 0, and b > 0, α > 0, and β > 0 are given real numbers, we use the spectral method to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the boundary value problem u(0, t) = u(1, t), u _x (0, t) = u _x (1, t), −α ≤ t ≤ β, u(x, β) = φ(x), u(x,−α) = ψ(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.     

On the <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>*-valued triangle equality and inequality in Hilbert <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>*-modules

We prove that for two elements x, y in a Hilbert C*-module V over a C*-algebra the C*-valued triangle equality |x + y| = |x| + |y| holds if and only if 〈x, y〉 = |x| |y|. In addition, if has a unit e, then for every x, y ∊ V and every ɛ > 0 there are contractions u, υ ∊ such that |x + y| ≦ u|x|u* + υ|y|υ* + ɛe.      

Superstability of the generalized orthogonality equation on restricted domains

Chmielinski has proved in the paper [4] the superstability of the generalized orthogonality equation |〈f(x), f(y)〉| = |〈x,y〉|. In this paper, we will extend the result of Chmielinski by proving a theorem: LetD _n be a suitable subset of ℝⁿ. If a function f:D _n → ℝⁿ satisfies the inequality ∥〈f(x), f(y)〉| |〈x,y〉∥ ≤ φ(x,y) for an appropriate control function φ(x, y) and for allx, y ∈ D _n, thenf satisfies the generalized orthogonality equation for anyx, y ∈ D _n.     

ON LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION TO ｜x｜^α（1 〈α 〈 2） WITH EQUALLY SPACED NODES

S.M. Lozinskii proved the exact convergence rate at the zero of Lagrange interpolation polynomials to |x| based on equidistant nodes in [−1,1], In 2000, M. Rever generalized S.M. Lozinskii’s result to |x|^α(0≤α≤1). In this paper we will present the exact rate of convergence at the point zero for the interpolants of |x|^α(1<α<2).     

Existence and Uniqueness of Strong Solutions for a Class of Quasi‐Linear Hyperbolic Equations with Order Degeneration

Let k(y) > 0, 𝓁(y) > 0 for y > 0, k(0) = 𝓁(0) = 0 and lim_{y → 0}k(y)/𝓁(y) exists; then the equation L(u) ≔ k(y)u_xx – ∂_y(𝓁(y)u_y) + a(x, y)u_x = f(x, y, u) is strictly hyperbolic for y > 0 and its order degenerates on the line y = 0. Consider the boundary value problem Lu = f(x, y, u) in G, u|_AC = 0, where G is a simply connected domain in ℝ² with piecewise smooth boundary ∂G = AB∪AC∪BC; AB = {(x, 0) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1}, AC : x = F(y) = ∫^y₀(k(t)/𝓁(t))^1/2dt and BC : x = 1 – F(y) are characteristic curves. Existence of generalized solution is obtained by a finite element method, provided f(x, y, u) satisfies Carathéodory condition and |f(x, y, u)| ≤ Q(x, y) + b|u| with Q ∈ L²(G), b = const > 0. It is shown also that each generalized solution is a strong solution, and that fact is used to prove uniqueness under the additional assumption |f(x, y, u₁) – f(x, y, u₂| ≤ C|u₁ – u₂|, where C = const > 0.     

Some Extremal Functions in Fourier Analysis, III

We obtain the best approximation in L ¹(ℝ), by entire functions of exponential type, for a class of even functions that includes e ^−λ|x|, where λ>0, log |x| and |x| ^α , where −1<α<1. We also give periodic versions of these results where the approximating functions are trigonometric polynomials of bounded degree.     

Nonlocal initial-boundary-value problems for a degenerate hyperbolic equation

We consider the equation y ^m u _xx − u _yy − b ² y ^m u = 0 in the rectangular area {(x, y) | 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < T}, where m < 0, b ≥ 0, T > 0 are given real numbers. For this equation we study problems with initial conditions u(x, 0) = τ(x), u _y (x, 0) = ν(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and nonlocal boundary conditions u(0, y) = u(1, y), u _x (0, y) = 0 or u _x (0, y) = u _x (1, y), u(1, y) = 0 with 0≤y≤T. Using the method of spectral analysis, we prove the uniqueness and existence theorems for solutions to these problems     

On the Average Number of Unitary Factors of Finite Abelian Groups (II)

Let t(G) be the number of unitary factors of finite abelian group G. In this paper we prove T(x)=∑ _|G|≤x t(G) = main terms for any exponent pair (κ1/2 + 2κ), which improves on the exponent 9/25 obtained by Xiaodong Cao and the author. Received December 8, 1998, Revised April 27, 1998, Accepted June 12, 1998     

Growth and Hölder conditions for the sample paths of Feller processes

Let (A,D(A)) be the infinitesimal generator of a Feller semigroup such that C _c ^∞(ℝ ⁿ )⊂D(A) and A|C _c ^∞(ℝ ⁿ ) is a pseudo-differential operator with symbol −p(x,ξ) satisfying |p(•,ξ)|_∞≤c(1+|ξ|²) and |Imp(x,ξ)|≤c ₀Rep(x,ξ). We show that the associated Feller process {X _t } _{t ≥0} on ℝ ⁿ is a semimartingale, even a homogeneous diffusion with jumps (in the sense of [21]), and characterize the limiting behaviour of its trajectories as t→0 and ∞. To this end, we introduce various indices, e.g., β_∞ ^x :={λ>0:lim _{|ξ|→∞ | x − y |≤2/|ξ|}|p(y,ξ)|/|ξ|^λ=0} or δ_∞ ^x :={λ>0:liminf _{|ξ|→∞ | x − y |≤2/|ξ| |ε|≤1}|p(y,|ξ|ε)|/|ξ|^λ=0}, and obtain a.s. (ℙ ^x ) that lim _{t →0} t ^−1/λ _{s ≤ t} |X _s −x|=0 or ∞ according to λ>β_∞ ^x or λ<δ_∞ ^x . Similar statements hold for the limit inferior and superior, and also for t→∞. Our results extend the constant-coefficient (i.e., Lévy) case considered by W. Pruitt [27]. Received: 21 July 1997 / Revised version: 26 January 1998     

Convolution properties of some classes of analytic functions

Let A denote the class of functions which are analytic in |z|<1 and normalized so that f(0)=0 and f′(0)=1, and let R(α, β)⊂A be the class of functions f such thatRe[f′(z)+αzf″(z)]>β,Re α>0, β<1. We determine conditions under which (i) f ∈ R(α₁, β₁), g ∈ R(α₂, β₂) implies that the convolution f×g of f and g is convex; (ii) f ∈ R(0, β₁), g ∈ R(0, β₂) implies that f×g is starlike; (iii) f≠A such that f′(z)[f(z)/z]^μ-1 ≺ 1 + λz, μ>0, 0<λ<1, is starlike, and (iv) f≠A such that f′(z)+αzf″(z) ≺ 1 + λz, α>0, δ>0, is convex or starlike. Bibliography: 16 titles. Published inZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 226, 1996, pp. 138–154.     

One sufficient condition for Hamiltonian graphs involving distances

In 1990 G. T. Chen proved that if G is a 2-connected graph of order n and 2|N(x) ∪ N(y)| + d(x) + d(y) ≥ 2n − 1 for each pair of nonadjacent vertices x, y ∈ V (G), then G is Hamiltonian. In this paper we prove that if G is a 2-connected graph of order n and 2|N(x) ∪ N(y)| + d(x)+d(y) ≥ 2n−1 for each pair of nonadjacent vertices x, y ∈ V (G) such that d(x, y) = 2, then G is Hamiltonian.     

How Close to Regular Must a Semicomplete Multipartite Digraph Be to Secure Hamiltonicity?

 Let D be a semicomplete multipartite digraph, with partite sets V ₁, V ₂,…, V _c, such that |V ₁|≤|V ₂|≤…≤|V _c|. Define f(D)=|V(D)|−3|V _c|+1 and . We define the irregularity i(D) of D to be max|d ⁺(x)−d ⁻(y)| over all vertices x and y of D (possibly x=y). We define the local irregularity i _l(D) of D to be max|d ⁺(x)−d ⁻(x)| over all vertices x of D and we define the global irregularity of D to be i _g(D)=max{d ⁺(x),d ⁻(x) : x∈V(D)}−min{d ⁺(y),d ⁻(y) : y∈V(D)}. In this paper we show that if i _g(D)≤g(D) or if i _l(D)≤min{f(D), g(D)} then D is Hamiltonian. We furthermore show how this implies a theorem which generalizes two results by Volkmann and solves a stated problem and a conjecture from [6]. Our result also gives support to the conjecture from [6] that all diregular c-partite tournaments (c≥4) are pancyclic, and it is used in [9], which proves this conjecture for all c≥5. Finally we show that our result in some sense is best possible, by giving an infinite class of non-Hamiltonian semicomplete multipartite digraphs, D, with i _g(D)=i(D)=i _l(D)=g(D)+?≤f(D)+1. Revised: September 17, 1998     

Recursive generation of the Galerkin–Chebyshev matrix for convolution kernels

The Galerkin–Chebyshev matrix is the coefficient matrix for the Galerkin method (or the degenerate kernel approximation method) using Chebyshev polynomials. Each entry of the matrix is defined by a double integral. For convolution kernels K(x-y) on finite intervals, this paper obtains a general recursion relation connecting the matrix entries. This relation provides a fast generation of the Galerkin–Chebyshev matrix by reducing the construction of a matrix of order N from N ²+O(N) double integral evaluations to 3N+O(1) evaluations. For the special cases (a) K(x-y)=|x-y|^α-1(-ln|x-y|) ^p and (b) K(x-y)=K _ν(σ|x-y|) (modified Bessel functions), the number of double integral evaluations to generate a Galerkin–Chebyshev matrix of arbitrary order can be further reduced to 2p+2 double integral evaluations in case (a) and to 8 double integral evaluations in case (b). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Generalized absolute Cesaro summability of a Fourier series

In an attempt to study the scope of a theorem due to Pati, the authors have established that φ(t) logK|t∈B _u V in (0,π)⟹ΣA _n (x) is |C, 0,β| forβ>1, at the pointt = x.     

On convergence of a generalized Pál interpolation process

Let f∈C _[−1,1] ^″ (r≥1) and R_n(f,α,β,x) be the generalized Pál interpolation polynomials satisfying the conditions R_n(f,α,β,x_k)=f(x_k),R_n ^′(f,α,β,x_k)=f′(x_k)(k=1,2,…,n), where {x_k} are the roots of n-th Jacobi polynomial P_n(α,β,x),α,β>−1 and {x _k ^″ } are the roots of (1−x²)P_n″(α,β,x). In this paper, we prove that holds uniformly on [0,1]. In Memory of Professor M. T. Cheng Supported by the Science Foundation of CSBTB and the Natural Science Foundatioin of Zhejiang.     

Asymptotic property of approximation to x αsgn x by Newman Type Operators

Approximation to the function ｜x｜ plays an important role in approximation theory. This paper studies the approximation to the function xαsgn x, which equals ｜x｜ if α = 1. We construct a Newman Type Operator rn（x） and prove max ｜x｜≤1｜xαsgn x-rn（x）｜～Cn1/4e-π1/2（1/2）αn.     

The Balian-Low theorem and regularity of Gabor systems

For any positive real numbers A, B, and d satisfying the conditions , d>2, we construct a Gabor orthonormal basis for L²(ℝ), such that the generating function g∈L²(ℝ) satisfies the condition:∫_ℝ|g(x)|²(1+|x| ^A )/log ^d (2+|x|)dx < ∞ and .