自由活塞斯特林制冷机间隙密封技术研究

间隙密封作为自由活塞斯特林制冷机中的一项关键技术,可以在完成密封作用的同时消除接触磨损和因此而产生的污染,同时由于间隙内气体的泄漏,引起了冷量损失,使制冷量减少。文中建立了层流工况下间隙密封的数学模型,推导了密封间隙的泄漏率。针对自由活塞斯特林制冷机的结构,对三处不同位置的间隙密封分别进行分析,提出了不同位置的间隙密封设计要求。对于直线压缩机的间隙密封,压缩机间隙密封的泄漏会带来压力波损失并同时影响压缩机固有频率;为消除压缩活塞的偏置,要求周期泄漏量为零,对于膨胀机的间隙密封,除了泄漏损失还包括了穿梭损失和摩擦损失等。最后,考虑实际加工和装配工艺的局限性,对间隙密封的偏心影响进行了分析,并对自由活塞斯特林制冷机间隙密封的安装技术和检测手段提出了简单的建议。     

斯特林制冷机回热器密封间隙内泄漏率分析

斯特林制冷机回热器采用间隙密封,可以在完成密封作用的同时消除接触磨损和因此而产生的污染。但由于间隙内气体的泄漏,引起了冷量损失,使制冷量减少。文中建立了间隙密封式斯特林制冷机间隙泄漏率的数学物理模型,并获得了密封间隙的泄漏率的表达式。     

接触式机械密封流固耦合模型及性能分析

为研究不同密封压力下接触式机械密封的密封性能,考虑密封端面的压力变形和表而微凸体接触,建立了密封端面的流同力耦合模型,给出了数值求解方法.通过实例分析了密封压力对御封关键性能指标的影响.该模型分析结果表明;随着密封压力的增大,端面间液膜厚度,泄漏率明显增加,密封压力对液膜压力、接触压力的分布影响较大.该模型能较好地用于接触式机械密封流田耦合问题的分析和密封的优化设计.     

刷式密封对透平级气动性能影响的研究

采用基于非线性Darcian多孔介质模型三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)和SST紊流模型的泄漏流动数值方法对比研究了动叶叶顶迷宫密封和刷式密封的1.5级汽轮机高压缸透平级的气动性能.数值预测实验测量的刷式密封泄漏量与实验数据吻合一致,验证了数值方法的可靠性。详细分析了动叶叶顶迷宫和刷式密封两种结构对1.5级透平级叶顶间隙泄漏特性和气动性能参数的影响特性.结果表明:在相同工况下,相比于叶顶迷宫密封结构,叶顶刷式密封可使透平级级效率提高0.15%,叶顶间隙泄漏量降低30.74%。叶顶刷式密封和迷宫密封结构对透平级反动度和动叶出口气流角的影响基本相同.叶顶刷式密封中刷丝束前后压降大于迷宫密封中相同位置处迷宫齿前后压降,刷丝束起主要封严作用.     

Phenomenon of labyrinth weal with Low static pressure difference and large clearance

The low pressure axial flow fans with an outer ring, used for cooling automobile radiators, have a significantly large tip clearance between the ring tip and the fan shroud. It has been found that the turbulent reverse flow, or leakage flow, which occurs at the tip clearance, greatly affects the fan performance and noise level. Therefore, in order to improve the fan performance and noise level it is important to decrease the effect of leakage at the tip clearance. The authors investigated the performance of the straight-through type of labyrinth seal which operates in an extremely low static pressure difference with a large clearance. It was hoped that by sealing this clearance with the labyrinth seal the performance would be improved. It was verified that the labyrinth seal satisfied almost the same performance as that predicted by the previous theory. This theory was established by experimental studies in the condition of quite high static pressure difference when the labyrinth is stationary. However, it was later discovered that the leakage rate decreased significantly even though there was far lower ring speed in comparison to past research results where the ring rotated. This phenomenon is conspicuous in a lower differential pressure. However, the cause of this phenomenon has not been determined.     

用分形理论研究低温条件下Al-Al界面间的接触导热现象

界面形貌是固体界面间接触导热的最主要影响因素 ,传统的形貌表征参数与仪器的分辨率和取样长度密切相关 ,因而基于这些参数的常规接触导热模型显然是尺度相关的。分形网络模型利用粗糙表面处处连续却不可微的分形特征 ,采用与尺度无关的分形参数 ,揭示了接触导热的本质 ,为准确预测接触热导开辟了一条新的途径。实验测定了粗糙表面的分形参数和低温条件下 Al50 52 - Al50 52界面间的接触热导 ,将接触热导的实验值与分形网络模型的预测结果进行了比较 ,并就接触热导与压力、分形参数和温度之间的关系进行了分析 ,指出分形网络模型的预测精度与分形参数相关联。     

Phenomenon of labyrinth seal with low static pressure difference and large clearance

This paper discusses the straight-through type labyrinth seal. This labyrinth seal is used for axial flow fans, which h ave an outer ring at the blade tip to seal the clearance between the ring tip and the fan shroud, in order to prevent the reverse flow or leakage. These fans are used for the cooling of automobile radiators . In these cases, the labyrinth seal is used in an extremely low static pressure difference and a large clearance . A significant decrease of the leakage rate was reported even when the labyrinth seal rotated in comparatively low speed in this unique condition according to the authors’ former report. However, this phenomen on is differ ent from past research. Further more the cause of th is phenomenon has not been determined. Therefore, the internal flow was depicted with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in or der to clarify the ca use of this phenomenon. The results of CFD show that the leakage rate decreases significantly because the carry -over flow is intercepted in the expansion groove. This is the newly discovered phenomenon which occurs under the unique condition of an extremely low differential pressure. It has not been pointed out before as the reason why the rotation decreases the leakage rate.     

接触热阻理论模型的简化

本文分析了机械加工表面的粗糙度曲线形貌参数的统计特征.基于单点接触热导理论模型和弹性形变理论模型,建立了总的接触热阻与总的压力之间的一般关系,简化了接触热导的计算模型,并与现有的计算方法进行了对比.研究结果表明,简化模型具有很好的精度.     

二极管端面抽运固体激光器晶体棒与热沉接触热导研究

二极管端面抽运固体激光器中,圆棒晶体采用金属热沉夹持并散热,晶体侧面受到的压力呈非轴对称分布.建立了此状态下晶体棒与热沉间无热界面物质、采用厚度为平均间隙厚度和远大于平均间隙厚度的热界面物质三种情况下接触热导模型.针对前两种模型,采用截断高斯模型和塑性形变模型,讨论了接触热导与装配压力、等效均方根粗糙度的关系.建立了晶体棒与热沉的接触散热模型,对高斯型热耗分布,采用有限元法得到了无热界面物质和采用铟箔作为热界面物质时晶体棒温度的空间分布.结果表明:无热界面物质时,晶体棒与热沉间接触热导随圆心角变化较大,其 关键词： 激光二极管端面抽运固体激光器 热效应 有限元法 接触热导     

Importance of tread inertia and damping on the tyre/road contact stiffness

Predicting tyre/road interaction processes like roughness excitation, stick-slip, stick-snap, wear and traction requires detailed information about the road surface, the tyre dynamics and the local deformation of the tread at the interface. Aspects of inertia and damping when the tread is locally deformed are often neglected in many existing tyre/road interaction models. The objective of this paper is to study how the dynamic features of the tread affect contact forces and contact stiffness during local deformation. This is done by simulating the detailed contact between an elastic layer and a rough road surface using a previously developed numerical time domain contact model. Road roughness on length scales smaller than the discretisation scale is included by the addition of nonlinear contact springs between each pair of contact elements. The dynamic case, with an elastic layer impulse response extending in time, is compared with the case where the corresponding quasi-static response is used. Results highlight the difficulty of estimating a constant contact stiffness as it increases during the indentation process between the elastic layer and the rough road surface. The stiffness–indentation relation additionally depends on how rapidly the contact develops; a faster process gives a stiffer contact. Material properties like loss factor and density also alter the contact development. This work implies that dynamic properties of the local tread deformation may be of importance when simulating contact details during normal tyre/road interaction conditions. There are however indications that the significant effect of damping could approximately be included as an increased stiffness in a quasi-static tread model.     

旋转状态下篦齿-蜂窝结构封严特性研究

本文对篦齿-蜂窝封严结构的封严特性进行了三维数值仿真,研究了不同结构参数、旋转速度及气动参数对其封严特性的影响,并与篦齿-涂层封严结构进行了对比.结果表明:采用蜂窝结构能改变篦齿腔内气体的流动,有效降低泄漏;篦齿前后腔气动参数一定时,齿数增加、篦齿节流间隙宽度减小或转速增加,泄漏量和泄漏系数都会相应减少.     

Influence of acoustic leakage at fluid–solid interface on interferometric detection of surface acoustic wave

When using laser interferometer to detect surface acoustic wave at fluid–solid interface, there are two factors which will cause the optical path length variation of the probe laser beam: interface deformation, and refractive index changes in fluid induced by acoustic leakage. Influence of acoustic leakage on laser interferometric detection for surface acoustic wave is researched here. A metal plate immersed in an infinite fluid is used as a physical model. Interface deformation due to laser-induced acoustic wave and pressure in fluid due to acoustic leakage are computed for select cases by finite element method. The optical path length variation caused by the two factors are calculated respectively and compared. The results show that the influence of acoustic leakage increases with the increasing acoustic impedance matching of fluid and solid, the peak-to-peak of influence degree increases linearly with the increasing acoustic impedance of fluid, and that decreasing the distance between the interferometer and interface can effectively reduce the influence of acoustic leakage.     

基于粗糙度曲线统计特征的接触热阻模型

本文在对粗糙度曲线统计特征分析的基础上,提出了一种接触热阻的计算模型。分别采用四种接触峰的评定标准,对实际机械加工表面的接触热阻进行了计算。研究结果表明,评定标准的选取直接影响接触热阻的计算结果;在同一接触峰评定标准下,两块平均粗糙度值相差较大的表面,其接触热阻计算值的离散区域也有可能重叠。所以,在计算接触热阻时,仅仅使用一两个平均化的粗糙度统计参数来表征整个表面的形貌特征是不够的。     

Experimental Study of Thermal Contact Resistance in Hardened Bearing Surfaces

The significance of thermal contact resistance on a bearing steel surface and its application in the analysis of heat flow through layers has been discussed. In the present study, it is considered that the surface roughness and the interface temperature vary to estimate effective thermal conductivity of the bearing model under steady-state and insulated conditions. Surface roughness was considered in the range of 2.37–7.16 μm, and thermal contact properties of the hardened steels were studied under dry and lubricated conditions. These results help to predict temperature distributions of the bearing using SolidWorks2011 (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Concord, MA, USA).     

纳米结构影响沸腾换热特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟液体在纳米结构表面的快速沸腾过程.主要研究了纳米结构表面粗糙度以及栏栅形和棋盘形两种排列方式对液体快速沸腾过程以及换热特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面液体沸腾起始时间均提前.当栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面会进一步缩短液体沸腾起始时间.形成这种现象的原因是纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,增加了固液接触面积,提高了初始时刻热通量,减小了固液界面热阻,导致表面附近液体动能增大,增大了液体高度方向的温度梯度,有利于液体发生沸腾.当纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面具有较小的界面热阻,从而缩短了沸腾所需要的时间.     

斯特林制冷机间隙密封冷量损失实验研究

传统的斯特林制冷机回热器使用接触式滑动密封,存在磨损,限制斯特林制冷机的使用寿命。间隙密封的应用则可以在完成密封作用的同时消除接触磨损和因此而产生的污染。但由于间隙内气体的泄漏,引起了冷量损失,使制冷量减少。设计了一套模拟实验装置,通过实验验证了回热器与气缸壁间隙内气体泄漏率及泄漏引起的冷量损失理论分析的正确性。     

Solid-gas interface thermal conductance for the thermal barrier coating with surface roughness: The confinement effect

The yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a famous thermal barrier coating material to protect hot-end components of an engine. As a characteristic feature of the YSZ, the surface roughness shall play an important role in the interface thermal conductance between the YSZ and gas, considering that the gas is typically at an extremely high temperature. We investigate the effect of the surface roughness on the thermal conductance of the YSZ-gas interface with surface roughness described by nanoscale pores on the surface of the YSZ. We reveal two competitive mechanisms related to the microstructure of the pore, i.e., the actual contact area effect and the confinement effect. The increase of the pore depth will enlarge the actual contact area between the YSZ and gas, leading to enhancement of the solid-gas interface thermal conductance. In contrast to the positive actual contact area effect, the geometry-induced confinement effect greatly reduces the interface thermal conductance. These findings shall offer some fundamental understandings for the microscopic mechanisms of the YSZ-gas interface thermal conductance.     

基于CMY模型改进的界面热阻模型及其应用

导热膏填充的接触界面热阻由接触热阻和间隙热阻两部分组成。本文采用截锥体接触的单热流通道模型代替CMY模型中的圆盘接触的单热流通道模型,推导出了改进的接触热阻计算公式。本文还结合间隙热阻的计算公式,得到了一种改进的导热膏填充的接触界面热阻模型。通过分析得出了如下结论:对于使用导热膏填充的接触界面的热阻而言,其主要影响因素为接触表面的粗糙度和导热膏的导热系数,而接触界面间压力对其的影响则相对较小。     

密封界面微孔结构的三维分形重构技术与泄漏特性

基于分形粗糙表面的三维数值重构技术,对界面微孔结构的分形表征进行详细研究,并应用分形多孔介质输运理论构建界面泄漏机理模型,建立微观形貌与宏观泄漏率之间的理论关系式.用有限元分析法对单粗糙峰的接触变形进行模拟,获得最大孔径的变形位移,实现微观接触力学与微观泄漏模型的有效耦合.应用所提出的预测模型对金属垫片泄漏率进行计算,结果与已有实验结果相吻合.由预测模型可知,粗糙表面分形维数、特征尺度系数以及变形位移量对微孔几何结构影响显著,是影响界面泄漏率的关键因素.     

Contact mechanics analysis of oscillatory sliding of a rigid fractal surface against an elastic–plastic half-space

Oscillatory sliding contact between a rigid rough surface and an elastic–plastic half-space is examined in the context of numerical simulations. Stick-slip at asperity contacts is included in the analysis in the form of a modified Mindlin theory. Two friction force components are considered – adhesion (depending on the real area of contact, shear strength and interfacial adhesive strength) and plowing (accounting for the deformation resistance of the plastically deformed half-space). Multi-scale surface roughness is described by fractal geometry, whereas the interfacial adhesive strength is represented by a floating parameter that varies between zero (adhesionless surfaces) and one (perfectly adhered surfaces). The effects of surface roughness, apparent contact pressure, oscillation amplitude, elastic–plastic properties of the half-space and interfacial adhesion on contact deformation are interpreted in the light of numerical results of the energy dissipation, maximum tangential (friction) force and slip index. A non-monotonic trend of the energy dissipation and maximum tangential force is observed with increasing surface roughness, which is explained in terms of the evolution of the elastic and plastic fractions of truncated asperity contact areas. The decrease of energy dissipation with increasing apparent contact pressure is attributed to the increase of the elastic contact area fraction and the decrease of the slip index. For a half-space with fixed yield strength, a lower elastic modulus produces a higher tangential force, whereas a higher elastic modulus yields a higher slip index. These two competing effects lead to a non-monotonic dependence of the energy dissipation on the elastic modulus-to-yield strength ratio of the half-space. The effect of interfacial adhesion on the oscillatory contact behaviour is more pronounced for smoother surfaces because the majority of asperity contacts deform elastically and adhesion is the dominant friction mechanism. For rough surfaces, higher interfacial adhesion yields less energy dissipation because more asperity contacts exhibit partial slip.