Importance of aging to dehydration shrinkage of human dentin

There is an increase in the mineral content of human dentin with aging.Due to the consequent changes in the mineral to the collagen ratio,this process may influence the degree of hydrogen bonding that occurs with the loss of water and the extent of shrinkage as a result of dehydration.Thus,the objective of this investigation is to quantify the differences in the dehydration shrinkage of human dentin with patient age.Specimens of coronal dentin are prepared from the molars of young(23 age 34) and old(52 age 62) patients,and then maintained in storage solutions of water or hanks balanced salt solutions(HBSS).Dimensional changes of the dentin specimens occurring over periods of free convection are evaluated by using the microscopic digital image correlation(DIC).The results distinguish that the shrinkage of the young dentin is significantly larger than that of the old dentin,regardless of the orientation and period of the storage.The strains parallel to the tubules increase with proximity to the dentin enamel junction(DEJ),whereas the shrinkage strains in the transverse direction are the largest in the deep dentin(i.e.,near the pulp).The degree of anisotropy in the shrinkage increases from the pulp to the DEJ,and is the largest in the young dentin.     

Representation theorem for linear,isotropic tensor functions of a skew argument

The present paper offers two proofs of the representationtheorem for linear,isotropic tensor functions of a skew ar-gument.The first proof is new.The second one is basicallyalong the lines of reasoning exploited in[1].but more con-cise,and it corrects some errors committed in[1].     

用于物体表面形貌和变形测量的三维数字图像相关方法

使用单个摄像机的二维数字图像相关方法通常仅局限于平面物体的面内变形测量,而使用两个摄像机基于双目立体视觉原理的三维数字图像相关方法克服了这一局限,可对平面和曲面物体表面的三维形貌和载荷作用下的三维变形进行测量。本文介绍了三维数字图像相关方法的基本原理及其关键技术,并用两个典型的实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Evaluating the mechanical behavior of arterial tissue using digital image correlation

In this study, digital image correlation (DIC) was adopted to examine the mechanical behavior of arterial tissue from bovine aorta. Rectangular sections comprised of the intimal and medial layers were excised from the descending aorta and loaded in displacement control uniaxial tension up to 40 percent elongation. Specimens of silicon rubber sheet were also prepared and served as a benchmark material in the application of DIC for the evaluation of large strains; the elastomer was loaded to 50 percent elongation. The arterial specimens exhibited a non-linear hyperelastic stress-strain response and the stiffness increased with percent elongation. Using a bilinear model to describe the uniaxial behavior, the average minor and major elastic modulii were 192±8 KPa and 912±40 KPa, respectively. Poisson's ratio of the arterial sections increased with the magnitude of axial strain; the average Poisson's ratio was 0.17±0.02. Although the correlation coefficient obtained from image correlation decreased with the percent elongation, a correlation coefficient greater than 0.8 was achieved for the tissue experiments and exceeded that obtained in the evaluation of the elastomer. Based on results from this study, DIC may serve as a valuable method for the determination of mechanical properties of arteries and other soft tissues.     

基于数字散斑相关实验测量的材料构型力的计算方法

材料构型力学主要研究材料中的缺陷(夹杂、空穴、位错、裂纹、塑性区等)的构型(形状、尺寸和位置)改变时,所引起的系统自由能的变化。本研究将基于数字散斑相关技术,实验测量材料试件的位移场分布,随后通过材料构型力的定义式,计算求得弹塑性材料中缺陷构型力的分布。其方法概括如下:位移场通过数字图像相关技术测得;应变及位移梯度场利用三次样条拟合获得;线弹性材料应力通过简单线弹性本构方程获取,而塑性材料的表面应力场通过Ramberg-Osgood本构方程计算求得;弹塑性应变能密度分布则由应力-应变曲线数值积分获得。该方法对普通弹性材料或者弹塑性材料均适用,可以用于各种不同的缺陷及缺陷群的材料构型力测量。     

数字图像相关方法中匹配及过匹配形函数的误差分析

基于图像子区的数字图像相关方法需采用合适的形函数来近似目标图像子区的真实变形。由于实际测量时目标子区的局部变形往往是未知的,实际采用的不同阶次(零阶、一阶和二阶)的形函数不可避免地产生误匹配(欠匹配和过匹配)问题,从而引入位移测量的系统或随机误差。尽管由欠匹配形函数引起的系统误差已被充分认识,由过匹配形函数引起的位移误差仍缺少理论解释。本文首先推导出采用一阶和二阶形函数的数字图像相关方法的随机误差理论公式,随后采用一系列数值实验验证了理论公式的准确性。结果显示:过匹配形函数不会引入额外的系统误差,但会增加随机误差,且二阶形函数的随机误差是一阶形函数的二倍。考虑到由欠匹配一阶形函数引入的系统误差往往远大于过匹配二阶形函数的随机误差,因此在未能确知变形的情况下,推荐使用二阶形函数。     

基于体视显微镜的测量系统标定研究

微观三维变形测量系统在工程上有广泛的应用。本文构建了体视显微镜双相机微观图像采集与测量系统,可以实现对微小物体形貌、位移、变形的全场测量。微观三维变形的测量精度与成像系统的畸变模型存在密切的关系。本文采用了考虑多种不确定情况的畸变模型,能很好地表达体视显微镜测量系统的成像误差,并设计了点阵式标定模板和精密的平动平台,实现了基于Tsai标定的自动标定算法。实验表明,体视显微镜测量系统可以在各种放大倍数下稳定工作,标定的精度得到很大的提高,并给出了在不同放大倍数下对规则圆柱体的形貌和直径的测量结果。     

基于三维数字图像相关方法的面部表情变形测量研究

目前关于人脸面部表情的相关研究正在逐渐应用到各领域,而其研究大多为基于数据库的定性分析。本文将三维数字图像相关方法用于人脸面部表情研究。首先,针对人脸面部图像的具体特点,在深入研究方法原理的基础上,提出以参数优化和消除刚体位移来提高实验测量精度。在此基础上,对普通表情和微表情状态下面部肌肉变形进行精确的计算和定量的研究,分析特定表情的形成原因。实验采用自传式回忆的方法唤起被测试者的基本情绪,随之进行模仿来诱发面部普通表情;采用指导性表达抑制的方法诱发被测试者的微表情。通过对特定表情状态下的肌肉运动进行全场和局部的计算,获得精确的三维位移场和位移矢量场。结果表明,面部微表情状态与普通表情状态的运动规律基本一致,只是位移幅度存在显著差异。实验测量结果与实际情况基本吻合,符合常规认知。不同的是本文将特定表情状态下面部肌肉的运动规律从以往的感性认知上升到精确计算和定量分析的水平,为面部表情的自动识别及形成机理的深入研究提供了良好的基础。     

基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的误差分析及应用

探讨数字图像相关方法测试结果的误差分布规律对提高该方法的测试精度具有重要意义。本文从理论上分析了基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的子区变形场测试误差分布规律,结果表明,当试件的真实变形可由双线性位移模式描述时,变形场最大测试误差通常出现在子区的边界或节点处。因此,若试件发生均匀拉伸等常应变变形,可利用相关系数选取一个最优子区,认为测得最优子区中心应变为试件真实应变。零变形实验验证了该测试方法的可靠性。最后对手机导光板试件在单轴拉伸载荷下的数字图像进行分析,并利用本文方法测试了其弹性常数。     

数字图像相关测试技术在霍普金森杆加载实验中的应用

本文利用三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)测试技术,在Hopkinson bar加载条件下测试铝合金动态拉伸力学性能以及TC4合金Ⅱ型裂纹的起裂时间和冲击载荷下的失稳扩展速度。两台高速相机保证了被测物体的三维成像,校准板技术使得所测试的应变-时间历程定量化。利用数据处理软件能够得到关注区内每一点的位移-时间历程、应变-时间历程及主应变等。同时,针对TC4材料的动态断裂过程,三维数字图像相关技术能够实时地记录预制疲劳裂纹的张开、裂纹尖端起裂、裂纹分叉扩展、失稳传播等各个阶段,为动态断裂韧性的确定提供了有力工具。     

基于DIC方法的残余应力快速测量系统

结合数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)方法与钻孔法,开发了残余应力快速测量系统。该系统可分为两部分:适用于现场测量的便携式机械系统与针对残余应力测量而改进的基于DIC算法的程序。在四点弯曲加载平台上对工件进行载荷释放前后的残余应力测量试验,通过与应变片测量结果进行对比,该残余应力测量系统的精度达到了应变片测量的同等精度。同时,该测量系统解决了传统应变片测量系统对心误差大、操作繁琐、效率低和测量结果稳定性差等问题,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

单搭接胶接接头拉伸剪切性能的数值模拟与实验研究

采用数值模拟和光测技术对单向拉伸载荷作用下单搭接胶接接头中的剪切性能进行分析,研究了不同厚度胶层中切应力的变化规律。用有限元方法(FEM)对不同胶层厚度的试件进行建模,得到了拉伸载荷下胶粘剂中的切应力分布及其统计参数。利用数字图像相关(digitalimage correlation,DIC)方法对试件的变形场进行测量。结果表明,当胶粘剂的厚度较小时,胶粘剂中的切应力的分布统计参数随着其厚度的增加会有显著的变化,但是当厚度超过一定的数值时,统计参数对厚度的变化不再敏感。     

Experimental investigation on surface deformation of soft half plane indented by rigid wedge

In this work, the mechanical behavior of a block of soft material subject to large deformation from a series of wedge-shaped indenters is evaluated. Data fields acquired from digital image correlation (DIC) are compared with the existing theoretical models. The slope angles of the wedges vary from 5° to 73.5°, and the minimum measurement uncertainties of the DIC system are established in advance to define the accuracy. It is concluded that the assumptions underpinning the analytical theory make it difficult to characterize large deformation of soft materials during contact. The strain fields are also obtained from the measured displacement field and verify the previously postulated existence of two deformation sectors, namely, a so-called shrinkage sector symmetric to the loading axis and an expansion sector, which become smaller with the increasing load and decreasing wedge angle.     

热障涂层高温失效行为的正射投影-单相机三维数字图像相关实验研究

热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coating,TBC)作为一种隔热材料,可降低发动机高温部件的表面温度,提高涡轮发动机的整体性能。涂层服役过程中,TBC陶瓷层的失效将导致高温部件中的金属基底直接暴露于恶劣的高温环境中,严重影响发动机的安全性。其高温服役环境下的力学性能研究是备受材料和力学工作者关注的问题。本文结合热障涂层高温检测的需求,实现了涂层-基底异质表面的高对比度高温散斑制作;发展了正射投影-单相机三维数字图像相关方法(正射投影-单相机3DDIC),构建了跨界面形函数,实现了涂层与基底的三维形貌及位移、应变的同时测量;基于涂层结构的高温拉伸实验结果,建立了依据涂层-基底应变方差差值的涂层失效判断方法,得到了热障涂层在室温(27℃)至1000℃的断裂极限应变。实验结果表明,正射投影-单相机3DDIC方法作为一种可靠测试方法,可以应用于涂层结构高温下的力学失效行为研究。     

聚氨酯(PU)在力学性能测试中的摩擦效应与变形均匀性研究

作为防弹玻璃夹层材料,PU的动态力学性能一直受到学者们的关注。为准确表征其动态力学性能,本文采用ABAQUS有限元软件对不同摩擦系数下的单轴压缩试验进行数值仿真,分析试样加载端面的摩擦效应和几何尺寸对单轴压缩试验结果的影响;结合高速摄影技术(HSP)与数字图像相关技术(DIC)观测到试样在拉伸试验中的动态变形场和应变场,探讨标距段的应力均衡性;同时对PU材料在不同应变率下的单轴压缩、拉伸力学性能进行测试。结果表明:压缩试样的端面摩擦效应限制横向变形,影响了试样内部的受力分布,使得测量得到的应力值偏大;试样长径比越小,端面摩擦效应的影响越大;在单轴动态拉伸试验中,板状拉伸试样的标距段选取应当考虑两端倒角尺寸。通过测试PU的拉、压力学性能,发现材料具有显著的应变率敏感性。     

Grain-scale processes governing shear band initiation and evolution in sands

A variety of experimental techniques have been used to advance understanding of strain localization phenomena in sands. However, all of these methods have fallen short in characterizing the evolution of the grain-scale processes that necessarily control shear band formation and growth in sands. This paper presents results of application of the non-destructive displacement measurement technique of digital image correlation (DIC) to measure two- and three-dimensional surface displacements on plane strain and axisymmetric sand specimens over short time steps. The abundance of local displacement data, high level of accuracy, and nearly continuous (spatially and temporally) record of displacement evolution afforded by the DIC technique has finally enabled a means to quantify local displacements to particulate-scale intensity. The data have been used to evaluate the local displacement mechanisms leading to the triggering of the formation of persistent shear bands, the timing of shear band formation with regard to the achievement of peak stress, and the character of displacements within fully formed shear bands. Insights are offered regarding the relation between strain localization and global stress-strain behavior, and the ensuing interpretations of shear banding as a hardening or softening phenomenon. Comparison of behavior between plane strain and triaxial tests offer additional perspective on the influences of three-dimensional stresses and boundary conditions on shear banding. The results further shed light on the micro-deformation mechanisms (i.e. buckling columns) responsible for the observed local strain non-uniformities that characterize “steady-state” shear band evolution.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of aluminum cast alloy at elevated temperature

The tensile response, the low cycle fatigue(LCF) resistance, and the creep behavior of an aluminum(Al) cast alloy are studied at ambient and elevated temperatures.A non-contact real-time optical extensometer based on the digital image correlation(DIC)is developed to achieve strain measurements without damage to the specimen. The optical extensometer is validated and used to monitor dynamic strains during the mechanical experiments. Results show that Young's modulus of the cast alloy decreases with the increasing temperature, and the percentage elongation to fracture at 100℃ is the lowest over the temperature range evaluated from 25℃ to 300℃. In the LCF test, the fatigue strength coefficient decreases, whereas the fatigue strength exponent increases with the rising temperature. The fatigue ductility coefficient and exponent reach maximum values at 100℃. As expected, the resistance to creep decreases with the increasing temperature and changes from 200℃ to 300℃.     

多相机3D-DIC及其在高温变形测量中的应用

将基于双目视觉的三维数字图像相关方法 (Three-dimension digital image correlation,3D-DIC)与多相机同步采集系统相结合,形成基于多相机的3D-DIC系统。依据三维空间误差(Three-dimensional residual,3Dresidual)最小原则,确定各点对应的最佳双目视觉系统,获得物体全场三维变形。以四相机3D-DIC系统为例,与测量精度达10~20nm的电子散斑干涉测量系统同时对平板的离面位移进行测量,并对测量得到的离面位移最大值进行了对比分析。结果显示,荷载较小时,四相机3D-DIC与电子散斑干涉测量系统误差稍大,最大达到2.7%;荷载增大,物体变形增大时,两种测量系统结果基本相同。文中讨论了四相机测量系统的不稳定对实验结果的影响。利用该四相机3D-DIC系统对镍合金不锈钢材料在高温场中的变形进行测量,获得了物体的三维变形场,并分析了材料的膨胀系数,得到了试件的热应变-温度曲线和膨胀系数随温度变化的关系式。     

数字图像相关法在相似材料模拟试验中的应用

利用相似材料模拟试验研究印度某矿长壁开采采场厚硬顶板的破断规律,针对试验中传统的位移测量法的不足,引入了数字图像相关法。通过恰当布设模型、合理控制光照强度,实时用高分辨率数码相机拍摄模型在开采过程中的表面变形图像,借用数字照相图像分析与结果可视化应用软件系统GeoDPDM对序列照片进行相关性分析,得到了开采过程中上覆岩层变形的位移场和应变场。将分析结果与传统测量方法所得结果对比,得到两种方法具有较高的一致性,并将测试精度提高到0.6mm/pixel,成功实现了大范围模型变形的全场、非接触式测量。     

非常应变模式数字相关方法的初值估计

本文给出了基于高精度非常应变子区位移模式数字相关方法的Newton-Raphson迭代法求解的新通用公式,对相关迭代算法中的初值估计问题进行了研究,提出两种初值估计方法：（1）利用“实时相减”和“精密调节”相结合的方法而获得零初值;（2）快速迭代初值估计方法,从而有效地解决了Newton-Raphson迭代算法中的初值估计问题,并提高了迭代的收敛速度。