Vibrational spectra and potential energy distributions for 3-cyclopropenecarboxaldehyde by density functional and normal coordinate calculations

The structural stability and internal rotation in 3-cylopropenecarboxaldehyde were investigated by ab initio calculations with 6-311++G^** basis set. The calculations were carried out at the restricted Hartree–Fock (HF) and the Density Functional B3LYP levels. The vibrational frequencies were computed at HF and DFT-B3LYP levels. Normal coordinate calculations were carried out and potential energy distributions were calculated for the cis and the trans conformers of the molecule.     

The absorption and emission spectra of 1,4-di(2-phenylvinyl)benzene. A theoretical analysis

The ground and excited states of 1,4-di (2-phenylvinyl)benzene (PPV3) were studied theoretically and compared with experimental results. The equilibrium geometries of the ground states were found to be nonplanar despite the π conjugation in PPV3; however, the equilibrium geometry of the first excited state of PPV3 is planar, due to the increased π character between the benzene and ethylene units. The electronic structures of the excited state were investigated using the INDO/S-CIS method. The lack of a mirror-image relationship between the absorption and fluorescence spectra of PPV3, obtained experimentally, was analyzed theoretically. It was demonstrated that structural inhomogeneity might be the reason for the particular spectral band shape. Received: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 15 June 1999 / Published online: 4 October 1999     

Physical analysis of the diatomic “chemical” energy components

 The recent “chemical energy component analysis” permits the total energy of a molecule to be presented approximately but to good accuracy as a sum of atomic and diatomic energy contributions. Here the diatomic energy components are further decomposed into terms of different physical origin: electrostatics (in point-charge approximation and the distributed charge corrections), exchange effects, diatomic overlap and atomic basis extension terms. This analysis may provide us with a deeper insight into the factors influencing both the chemical bonds and the nonbonded interatomic interactions. Received: 6 May 2002 / Accepted: 13 November 2002 / Published online: 19 March 2003 Acknowledgements. The authors are indebted to the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund for partial financial support (grant no. OTKA T29716). Correspondence to: I. Mayer e-mail: mayer@chemres.hu     

The fundamental nature and role of the electrostatic potential in atoms and molecules

 A variety of atomic and molecular properties can be expressed in terms of the electrostatic potential. These include energies, covalent and anionic radii, electronegativities (chemical potentials) and a variety of properties that depend upon noncovalent interactons. We present a survey of such relationships, which may be exact or approximate; they may involve the potential in three-dimensional space, along the axes between bonded atoms, at nuclei or on molecular surfaces. Thus, the electrostatic potential, which is rigorously related to the electronic density by Poisson's equation, can be regarded as, effectively, another fundamental determinant of atomic and molecular properties. Received: 6 March 2002 / Accepted: 15 May 2002 / Published online: 29 July 2002     

Chemical reactivity and selectivity using Fukui functions: basis set and population scheme dependence in the framework of B3LYP theory

The use of Fukui functions for the site selectivity of the formaldehyde molecule for nucleophilic, electrophilic and radical attacks has been made with special emphasis to the dependence of Fukui values on the basis sets as well as population schemes in the framework of B3LYP theory. Out of the five population schemes selected viz., Mulliken population analysis, natural population analysis, CHELP, CHELPG and atoms in molecules (AIM), it is found that the CHELPG and AIM schemes predict precise reactive site with less dependency on the basis sets. Charges derived from Hirshfeld partitioning, calculated using the BLYP/dnd method (implemented in the DMOL³ package), provide non-negative Fukui values for all the molecular systems considered in this study. Supporting results have been obtained for acetaldehyde and acetone molecules at the 6-31+G** basis set level. These results support the fact that high Fukui values correspond to soft–soft interaction sites. On the other hand, the correlation of the low Fukui value to the hard–hard interaction site merits further investigation. Received: 10 November 2001 / Accepted: 6 March 2002 / Published online: 13 June 2002     

Formulas and numerical table for the radial part of overlap integrals with the same screening parameters of Slater-type orbitals

 The numerical properties of the radial part of overlap integrals with the same screening parameters in the form of polynomials in p = ξR over Slater-type orbitals have been studied and obtained by using three different methods. For that purpose, the characteristics of auxiliary functions were used first, then Fourier transform convolution theorem, and recurrence relations for the basic coefficients of A ^s _{n l λ, n ′ l ′λ} were used. The calculations of the radial part of overlap integrals with the same screening parameters were made in the range 1 ≤ n ≤ 75, 1 ≤ n′ ≤ 75, and 10⁻⁶ ≤ p. Received: 18 January 2001 / Accepted: 5 April 2001 / Published online: 27 June 2001     

Use of addition theorems in evaluation of multicenter nuclear-attraction and electron-repulsion integrals with integer and noninteger n Slater-type orbitals

Multicenter integrals appearing in the Hartree–Fock–Roothaan equations for molecules are calculated using different kinds of series expansion formulas obtained from the expansions of integer and noninteger n Slater-type orbitals, in terms of Ψ ^α -exponential-type orbitals (where α=1, 0, –1, –2,...) at a displaced center, that form complete orthonormal sets and are represented by linear combinations of integer n Slater-type orbitals. The convergence of these series is tested by calculating concrete cases. The accuracy of the results is quite high for quantum numbers, screening constants, and location of orbitals. Received: 13 February 2002 / Accepted: 11 March 2002 / Published online: 4 July 2002     

Second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory with terms linear in the interelectronic coordinates and exact evaluation of three-electron integrals

 The second-order correlation energy of M?ller–Plesset perturbation theory is computed for the neon atom using a wave function that depends explicitly on the interelectronic coordinates (MP2-R12). The resolution-of-identity (RI) approximation, which is invoked in the standard formulation of MP2-R12 theory, is largely avoided by rigorously computing the necessary three-electron integrals. The basis-set limit for the second-order correlation energy is reached to within 0.1 mE _h. A comparison with the conventional RI-based MP2-R12 method shows that only three-electron integrals over s and p orbitals need to be computed exactly, indicating that the RI approximation can be safely used for integrals involving orbitals of higher angular momentum. Received: 9 May 2001 / Accepted: 31 October 2001 / Published online: 9 January 2002     

The performance of the rapid estimation of basis set error and correlation energy from partial charges method on new molecules of the G3/99 test set

Experimental enthalpies of formation have been approximated using single-point Hartree–Fock (HF)–self-consistent-field (SCF) total energies plus the rapid estimation of basis set error and correlation energy from partial charges (REBECEP) energy corrections. The energy corrections are calculated from the HF–SCF partial atomic charges and optimized atomic energy parameters. The performance of the method was tested on 51 closed-shell neutral molecules (50 molecules from the G3/99 thermochemistry database plus urea, composed of H, C, N, O, and F atoms). The predictive force of the method is demonstrated, because these larger molecules were not used for the optimization of the atomic parameters. We used the earlier RECEP-3 [HF/6-311+G(2d,p)] and REBECEP [HF/6-31G(d)] atomic parameter sets obtained from the G2/97 thermochemistry database (containing small molecules) together with natural population analysis and Mulliken partial charges. The best results were obtained using the natural population analysis charges, although the Mulliken charges also provide useful results. The root-mean-square deviations from the experimental enthalpies of formation for the selected 51 molecules are 1.15, 3.96, and 2.92 kcal/mol for Gaussian-3, B3LYP/6-11+G(3df,2p), and REBECEP (natural population analysis) enthalpies of formation, respectively (the corresponding average absolute deviations are 0.94, 7.09, and 2.27 kcal/mol, respectively). The REBECEP method performs considerably better for the 51 test molecules with a moderate 6-31G(d) basis set than the B3LYP method with a large 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set. Received: 10 March 2001 / Accepted: 5 July 2001 / Published online: 11 October 2001     

Average inner product sums of electron linear momenta for atoms and ions

From the second moments of the electron-pair densities in momentum space, accurate Hartree–Fock values of the average inner product sum 〈∑ _i<j p _i ·p _j 〉 of electron linear momenta are evaluated for the 102 neutral atoms from He to Lr, the 53 singly charged cations from Li⁺ to Cs⁺, and the 43 stable anions from H⁻ to I⁻ in their experimental ground states. The present results are new for 38 species and improve the literature values for 68 species. Received: 18 July 2002 / Accepted: 4 September 2002 / Published online: 8 November 2002 Acknowledgement. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education of Japan. Correspondence to: H. Matsuyama e-mail: hisashi@mmm.muroran-it.ac.jp     

Action of HCl on 3-hydroxypyrazolo(iso)quinolines to give 1-chloropyrazoles: evidence for an addition–elimination mechanism by ab initio calculations in gas phase and water

 Addition–elimination reactions involving a nucleophile and a remote leaving group [S^H _N(AE)^tele] are well-known under basic conditions, especially amongst electron-poor six-membered heterocycles, but are less commonly encountered for five-membered heterocycles and are rare under acidic conditions. Concentrated HCl converts 1-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c] isoquinoline and 1-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]quinoline into 3-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline and 3-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]quinoline, respectively. However, apparently neither the isomeric 1-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c](iso)-quinolines nor the parent 1-hydroxypyrazole undergo this reaction. Additionally, all these systems are refractory under basic conditions. We present a plausible mechanism for the reaction, involving the 3-addition of Cl^- to the diprotonated heterocycle, followed by the elimination of water. Calculations of the initial transition states and intermediates, using optimisation at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p), including thermochemistry [HF/6-31+G(d)], and single-point Poisson–Boltzmann self-consistent reaction field determination of the free energy of solvation (Jaguar Poisson–Boltzmann self-consistent reaction field), support this mechanism and reproduce the observed order of reactivity, the addition step being 2–4 kcal less favourable for the isomeric 1-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c](iso)quinolines and provide a rationalisation for the role of strong acid. Received: 27 June 2002 / Accepted: 6 September 2002 / Published online: 14 February 2003     

Extensions of the Marcus equation for the prediction of approximate transition state geometries in hydrogen transfer and methyl transfer reactions

The objective of this work is to propose a way to calculate approximate transition state geometries that can then be used as initial guesses in ab initio calculations. Transition state geometries are calculated for 26 hydrogen transfer reactions and 6 methyl transfer reactions at the MP2/6-31G* and MP2/6-311++G(d,p) levels. Selected cases are also done at other levels including CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p). The transition state geometry obeys an equation which arises from an extension of the Marcus equation proposed by Blowers and Masel [8]: In this equation, r B _,equ is the equilibrium bond length for the bond that breaks during the reaction, r F _,equ is the equilibrium bond length for the new bond which forms. r ^t _B and r ^t _F are the bond lengths at the saddle point in the potential energy surface. r ^t _B and r ^t _F are found to obey with an average error of 0.04 ?. In the last two equations above, ΔU is the heat of reaction, E ⁰ _A is the intrinsic barrier, and C _A is a constant that comes from the model of Blowers and Masel [8]. It is proposed that the above three equations are useful in generating initial guesses for transition state geometries in ab initio calculations. In the cases that were tried, rapid convergence was found when these guesses were used. Received: 23 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 May 2000 / Published online: 27 September 2000     

Structures of Rydberg transitions in the absorption spectra of methyl-substituted derivatives of bis(η6-benzene)chromium

The effect of methylation of ligands in bis(η⁶-benzene)chromium (1) on the structure of Rydberg transitions in absorption spectra has been studied. A detailed analysis and interpretation of all Rydberg elements of the vapor-phase spectra of bis(η⁶-benzene)chromium (2), bis(η⁶-o-xylene)chromium (3), bis(η⁶-m-xylene)chromium (4), and bis(η⁶-mesitylene)chromium (5) was carried out. The vapor-phase electronic absorption spectrum of bis(η⁶-p-xylene)chromium (6) was measured, and the assignment of the Rydberg bands was made for the first time. The first ionization potentials of complexes 2–5 were refined. The energy of detachment of the 3d_z ² electron and the parameters of the Rydberg excitations for molecule 6 were determined. The vibronic components of the 3d_z ²→R4p _x,y transition in the spectra of complexes 2 and 6 were assigned. The differences in the Rydberg structure of the spectra of compounds 2–6 were analyzed in terms of the selection rules for optical transitions in the corresponding symmetry groups. The vapor-phase spectra correspond to conformers with the symmetry groupsC _2v andC ₂ for complexes 2–4, with the symmetry groupsD _3h andD ₃ for compound 5, and with the symmetry groupD _2d for complex 6. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 897–903, May, 1998.     

Infrared band intensities: a comparative study of the transition moment matrix elements for the fundamental and overtones: Part II. Application to CO,HCl and OH

The various expressions considered in Part I for the transition moment matrix elements of fundamental and first two overtones are applied to carbon monoxide. The coefficients a_ij in the expressions R^io = Σa_ijp_j (where R^io is the transition moment integral for the O → i vibrational transition and p_j is the dipole moment derivative ?^jP/?XXX^j, XXX = (r — r_e)/r_e, r_e is equilibrium bond distance) are reported for i,j = 1, 2, 3. It is found that these coefficients do not vary by more than 5% when compared for the same i,j values in various expressions irrespective of the most exhaustive treatments used in deriving the original expressions. On the basis of the values of the coefficients obtained for CO, generalisations have been suggested on the effects of inclusion of mechanical and electrical anharmonicity to the intensities of fundamental and first two overtones. It is generally observed that the contribution of p'₁, is about 100 fold more than the contribution of p'₂, for R¹⁰. On the other hand the contributions of p'₁, and p, for R²⁰ and R³⁰ are of nearly equal magnitude but opposite in sign. The contribution of p'₁ to R¹⁰ is much higher than its contribution to R²⁰ and R²⁰. The various observations lead us to conclude that, whereas the effect of inclusion of mechanical anharmonicity on the intensity of the fundamental band is negligible, this effect is almost comparable to the effect of inclusion of electrical anharmonicity for the first two overtones. Simple forms of the a_ij expressions are applied to HC1 and OH to demonstrate the effect of variation of molecular constants on the a_ij values. On the basis of the observed trend in the values of these coefficients for CO, HCl and OH general remarks on the effects of hydrogen bonding on IR band intensities are given.     

Design,synthesis and evaluation of novel dehydroabietic acid-dithiocarbamate hybrids as potential multi-targeted compounds for tumor cytotoxicity

In the present study, novel representatives of the important group of biologically-active, dehydroabietic acid-bearing dithiocarbamate moiety, were synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HR-MS. The in vitro antiproliferative activity evaluation (MTT) indicated that these compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activities in various cancer cell lines (HepG-2, MCF-7, HeLa, T-24, MGC-803). Particularly, compound III-b possessed extraordinary cytotoxicity with low micromolar IC₅₀ values ranging from 4.07 to 38.84 µM against tested cancer cell lines, while displayed weak cytotoxicity on two normal cell lines (LO-2 and HEK 293 T). Subsequently, the potential mechanisms of representative compound III-b were elementarily investigated by Transwell experiment, which showed III-b can inhibit cancer cells migration. Annexin-V/PI dual staining showed that the compound can induce HepG-2 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile this apoptosis may be related to the upregulated protein expression of cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, Bax and downregulated of Bcl-2 indicated by Western Blot. Later study further confirmed that ROS levels in HepG-2 cells increased significantly with the rise of concentrations. In addition, through the network pharmacology data analyzing, the core targets and signaling pathways of compound III-b for treatment of liver neoplasms were forecasted. Molecular docking model showed that compound III-b had high affinity with hub targets (CASP3, EGFR, HSP90AA1, MAPK1, ERBB2, MDM2), suggesting that compound III-b might target the hub protein to modulate signaling activity. Taken together, these data indicated that dehydroabietic acid structural modification following the “Molecular hybridization” principle is a feasible way to discover the potential multi-targeted antitumor compounds.     

A simple method for evaluation of the self-consistency of the radial distribution functions and the orientation of water molecules in the first coordination sphere from the results of molecular dynamics calculations

A simple method for determination of the angular orientation of water molecules in the first coordination sphere from the radial distribution functions is proposed. A comparative analysis of the ability of the model potentials of pair interaction to take into account the effects of manybody interactions (MBI) was performed. The responses of the model pair potentials to the MBI effects in the first and second coordination spheres were found to be poorly correlated with each other. It was concluded that it is necessary to derive a new analytical type of potential functions of pair interaction. Published inIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 11, pp. 1842–1846. November. 2000.     

Preparation,evaluation and characterization of quercetin-molecularly imprinted polymer for preconcentration and clean-up of catechins

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for solid extraction and preconcentration of catechins have been successfully prepared by a thermal polymerization method using quercetin as template, 4-vinylpyridine as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. A solution mixture of acetone and acetonitrile was used as porogen. Systematic investigations of the influence of monomer, cross-linker, porogen, as well as polymerization conditions on the properties of the MIPs were carried out. The quercetin MIPs were evaluated according to their selective recognition properties for quercetin, structurally related compounds (catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin) and a unrelated compound of similar molecular size (α-tocopherol). Good binding was observed for quercetin, catechin and epigallocatechin gallate with an optimized MIP in a solid phase extraction system. Adsorption and kinetic characteristics were evaluated for catechins which indicated that the synthesized polymer had high adsorption capacity and contained homogeneous binding sites. Chemical and morphological characterization of the MIP was investigated by FTIR, SEM and BET, which confirmed a high degree of polymerization. Finally, the MIP was successfully applied to the clean-up and preconcentration of catechins from several natural samples.     

Standardized basis sets for high-level-correlated relativistic calculations of atomic and molecular electric properties in the spin-averaged Douglas-Kroll (no-pair) approximation I. Groups Ib and IIb

Summary The technique developed earlier for the generation of the so-called first-order polarized basis sets for accurate non-relativistic calculations of molecular electric properties is used to obtain similar basis sets suitable for calculations in the Douglas-Kroll no-pair approximation. The corresponding (relativistic) basis sets are devised for atoms of the Groups Ib and IIb of the periodic table and tested in calculations of atomic polarizabilities and dipole moments of the coinage metal hydrides. Excellent performance of these basis sets has been found in the case of molecular calculations.