CO低温氧化Au/Al2O3催化剂的失活及稳定性

 采用改进的等体积浸渍法制备了1.5%Au/Al2O3催化剂,考察了催化剂在CO低温氧化反应中的催化活性,比较了其在干燥的原料气和水汽饱和的原料气中的稳定性,考察了经水汽饱和或加热的空气处理后催化剂活性的变化,探讨了催化剂失活的原因. 结果表明, Au/Al2O3在水汽饱和的原料气中比在干燥的原料气中具有更好的稳定性,经水汽饱和或加热的空气处理后其活性均会下降. Au/Al2O3的失活主要包括CO氧化失活、热处理失活和水汽处理失活,前两种失活主要是因为催化剂中类似碳酸盐物种的生成和活性位上-OH 的脱除,是可逆失活; 而最后一种失活是不可逆的,主要归因于金颗粒的长大.     

纳米金催化剂的抗水性能和抗硫中毒性能

与Au/Al2O3相比,复合载体负载的Au/FeOx/Al2O3具有更高的催化CO氧化的低温活性和稳定性,且表现出湿度增强效果,水分压为550~1 600 Pa时催化剂活性较高.在完全无水的环境中,催化剂发生快速不可逆失活;在饱和水汽的环境中,催化剂发生缓慢可逆失活.在水汽作用下的失活与纳米金粒子的粒径长大有关.助剂对催化剂抗水性能影响不大,但对抗硫中毒性能的影响较大.Au/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂显示有最佳的抗硫中毒性能.催化剂表面硫化物和硫酸盐的生成是导致催化剂不可逆硫中毒失活的主要原因.     

用于丙烯环氧化的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了以异丙苯过氧化氢为氧化剂选择氧化丙烯制环氧丙烷的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活原因. 采用 XRD (X 射线衍射), FT-IR (傅里叶变换红外光谱), UV-Vis (紫外-可见光谱) 和 TG (热重分析) 等技术表征了催化剂失活前后的结构和化学组成. 结果表明, 催化剂的失活主要是由于反应过程中所产生的重组分在催化剂表面吸附, 覆盖了活性中心所致; 并不是由于四配位的活性钛物种转化为六配位、八配位或者锐钛矿 TiO2 所致. 采用热异丙苯溶剂洗涤的方法可以部分恢复失活催化剂的活性, 但不能恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平; 采用低温烧炭方法能够使催化剂的活性恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平. 因此, Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活是可逆的, 采用合适的再生方法可以恢复其催化活性.     

完全液相法制备的Cu-Zn-Si-Al浆状催化剂一步法合成二甲醚的失活研究

采用完全液相法制备了Cu-Zn-Si-Al浆状二甲醚合成催化剂, 分析研究了其在浆态床合成气一步法合成二甲醚过程中的失活现象和机理. 采用X射线粉末衍射、 N_2吸附测试、 X射线光电子能谱以及元素分析等表征方法对催化剂使用前后的变化情况进行了分析. 结果表明, 完全液相法制备的Cu-Zn-Si-Al浆状催化剂的失活与传统方法制备的催化剂不尽相同, 没有发现催化剂Cu晶粒的长大和比表面积降低等失活因素;催化剂失活与Si的存在有关, Cu组分的流失是其失活的主要原因.     

ZrO2助剂对费-托合成Co/SiO2催化剂失活过程中结构变化的影响

 采用X射线衍射和X射线吸收精细结构表征手段对ZrO2改性前后的Co/SiO2催化剂在费-托合成过程中因结构变化而失活进行了研究. 不同失活程度的催化剂通过在常压微型固定床反应器中调节反应环境分压比p(H2O)/p(H2)进行的一系列模型实验来获得. 结果表明,Co0晶粒的氧化和长大均可导致Co/SiO2催化剂失活,在高的水分压条件下,氧化是主要的失活原因. 在相同条件下,经ZrO2改性的Co/SiO2催化剂的失活可以得到明显抑制,催化剂稳定性显著提高.     

Au/α-Fe2O3 催化剂存贮失活环境因素及机理分析

 采用沉积沉淀法制备了 CO 低温氧化催化剂 Au/α-Fe₂O₃, 通过 X 射线衍射、X 射线光电子能谱、N₂ 吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、H₂ 程序升温还原和 CO₂ 程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征, 探讨了在室温大气气氛下光线照射以及表面吸附等环境因素所导致的催化剂存贮失活及其作用机理. 结果表明, 经 110 ^oC 干燥的 Au/α-Fe₂O₃催化剂表面同时存在 Au³⁺和 Au^δ+ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1) 物种, 且前者催化 CO 氧化的活性更高; 在室温大气气氛下, 紫外线照射会引起 Au³⁺的还原和 Au 颗粒的生长, 导致催化剂的不可逆失活. 此外, 空气中的 H₂O 和 CO₂ 可同时吸附在 α-Fe₂O₃的表面, 形成表面碳酸盐物种, 会引起催化剂的可逆失活.     

聚酰胺酸盐稳定的金纳米催化剂用于羧酸的绿色合成

使用一锅法成功制备了水溶性聚酰胺酸盐稳定的金纳米催化剂(AuNPs-PAAS),将该催化剂用于伯醇的催化氧化.利用紫外-可见分光光度计,X射线衍射仪(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,金纳米粒子在聚酰胺酸溶液中处于均匀分散状态,金纳米尺寸约为5 nm.将制备的纳米金催化剂用于伯醇的氧化,评价了其在伯醇氧化成羧酸反应中的催化性能,结果显示,在空气为氧化剂,水为溶剂的条件下,AuNPs-PAAS对伯醇的催化氧化为高效的准均相催化过程,高选择性得到羧酸产物,通过调节溶液的pH值,可以很容易的实现产物与反应体系分离和催化剂的回收和循环利用.     

费托合成CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的失活

在固定床反应器上考察了原粒度(1～3mm)CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的费托反应性能,提出了催化剂失活的机理,并采用程序升温还原、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在1.5MPa,488K和400h-1条件下进行的300h稳定性实验中,原粒度CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂上的CO平均转化率达到41%,液态烃选择性达到85%,液态烃中C10 烃的质量含量占88%以上.反应器出口的催化剂中有少量的CoO和Co2SiO4生成.催化剂的失活过程受动力学控制而非热力学控制,催化剂的失活机理为:高分散的纳米Co离子在反应器出口高水蒸气压力的作用下,以CoO为中间物种,与水合SiO2作用生成Co2SiO4,即Co H2O→CoO H2,SiO2 H2O→OSi(OH)2,2CoO OSi(OH)2→Co2SiO4 H2O.     

LiNO_3改性ZSM-5分子筛催化乳酸制丙烯酸的失活行为研究

采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对新鲜和再生Li-ZSM-5催化剂在乳酸脱水制丙烯酸反应中的失活原因进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂失活主要是因为乙醛和丙烯酸在酸性位点结焦生成酮类或醛类积碳前驱体、低聚烃类和高聚烃类积碳,导致活性位减少而失活.催化剂经焙烧再生,若碳物种不能脱除干净,将导致积碳速率增加,活性位减少的速度加快,稳定性降低.     

Cu-HZSM-5上氯苯气相羟化反应及催化剂失活

研究了Cu-HZSM-5催化剂上的氯苯气相羟化合成苯酚反应及催化剂的失活情况.发现在773 K和水/氯苯体积比为3的反应条件下,1.6%Cu-HZSM-5催化剂上氯苯转化率高达82.4%,苯酚选择性为98.2%,但催化性能随着反应的进行有逐渐下降的趋势.采用X射线衍射、氮气静态吸附、X射线能谱和吡啶吸附红外光谱等手段对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,铜的流失、HZSM-5分子筛骨架脱铝、晶格塌陷和积炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因.     

In situ surface oxidation study of a planar Co/SiO2/Si(100) model catalyst with nanosized cobalt crystallites under model Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions

The oxidation of nanosized metallic cobalt to cobalt oxide during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has long been postulated as a major deactivation mechanism. In this study a planar Co/SiO(2)/Si(100) model catalyst with well-defined cobalt crystallites, close to the threshold value reported for oxidation in the literature (4-10 nm), was prepared by the spin coating method. The planar Co/SiO(2)/Si(100) model catalyst was characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering. The surface oxidation behavior of the nanosized metallic cobalt crystallites of 4-5 nm was studied using in situ near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure under model FTS conditions, i.e., H(2)/H(2)O = 1, P(Total) = 0.4 mbar, and 150-450 degrees C. No surface oxidation of metallic cobalt was observed under these model FTS conditions over a wide temperature range, i.e., 150-400 degrees C.     

非晶态配合物法制备钙钛矿型纳米粉体催化剂及其CO催化氧化性能

运用非晶态配合物法合成了LaCoO3,La0.9Sr0.1CoO3,LaCo0.3Mn0.7O3和 La2CuO4钙钛矿型纳米粉体催化剂，研究了其CO催化化活性及SO2中毒性能，初步推 断了中毒机理。结果表明用该方法可以在较低下合成具有纯钙钛矿结构的纳米粉体 催化剂，该催化剂具有很好的CO催化化活性，其中LaCoO3系列的催化活性优于 La2CuO4，所有催化剂经SO2中毒后催化活性均有所下降。研究表明钙钛矿结构的破 坏是硫中毒失活的主要原因。     

Poisoning Deactivation of Mesoporous Titanosilicate-Supported WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> During Metathesis of Butene to Propene

Deactivation by poisoning is studied in the metathesis of 2-butene to propene on mesoporous titanosilicate-supported WO₃ (WO₃/MTS–9), for which we focus on the effect of polar organic oxygenates on the activity of the catalyst. It is found that deactivation is strongly influenced by these oxygenates in feedstock, and the rate of deactivation increases with the increase of the polarity of the organic oxygenates. The deactivation by poisoning is reversible. The deactivation catalyst can be recovered by treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere at a high temperature.     

One-component bimetallic aluminium(salen)-based catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis and their immobilization

The development of one-component, bimetallic μ-oxoaluminium(salen) complexes as highly active catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from terminal epoxides is described. The resulting homogeneous catalysts are used in batch reactions at room temperature and one atmosphere pressure. The catalysts have also been immobilized onto various support materials and used in either batch reactions or gas-phase flow reactions with ethylene and propylene oxides. Catalyst lifetime, deactivation and reactivation have been studied in both batch and flow reactions, and it has been shown that of the impurities present in power station flue gas, only sulfur trioxide deactivates the catalyst and at the concentrations of sulfur trioxide present in flue gas, this deactivation would require more than one years exposure of the catalyst to flue gas.     

Effect of Calcined Temperature on Coke Deposition for Autothermal Reforming of Methane with Ni-Cu Catalyst

Ni/CuO-ZrO₂-CeO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method at pH=9 and using Na₂CO₃ as the precipitant. The Ni loading (mass fraction) of the catalysts was 10%. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of calcined temperature of support on coke deposition were studied. TPO, SEM and XPS results indicated there was no peak of higher temperature oxygen consumption on Ni/CuO-ZrO₂-CeO₂-Al₂O₃catalyst (support was calcined at 800 ^oC), which could lead to the deactivation of the catalyst. The carbon species were carbonate and inactive carbon (filamentous carbon species) on the surface of catalyst reacting for 40 h which perhaps led to the deactivation of the catalyst.     

Active sites of the methane dehydroaromatization catalyst W-ZSM-5: An HRTEM study

Nonoxidative methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons on a zeolite modified with nanosized tungsten powder has been studied. The highest methane conversion and the maximum yield of aromatic hydrocarbons are attained on the catalyst containing 8.0 wt % W. The nature and the distribution of the active phases in the W-containing zeolite were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The deactivation of the W-HZSM-5 catalyst was studied at different stages of methane conversion. The distribution of coke deposits on the surface of the W-HZSM-5 catalyst was determined.     

Total oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons on LaMnO3 perovskite type catalyst

The total oxidation of CH₃Cl, CH₂Cl₂ and ClH₂C-CH₂Cl has been investigated on a LaMnO₃ perovskite type catalyst. Depending on the reaction temperature, a reversible deactivation of the catalyst was observed. Small amounts of by-products were formed at low reaction temperatures.     

纳米 ZSM-22分子筛的水热合成及在甲醇转化反应中的性能

分子筛结构的独特性和多样性使其在催化、吸附分离和离子交换等领域有着广泛应用.近年来,纳米分子筛制备和应用受到极大关注.与传统微米分子筛相比,纳米分子筛具有较小的晶粒尺寸、较大的外表面积和较高的表面活性,能显著提高其分离和催化性能.制备纳米晶体的常用方法有过量模板法、空间限定法、晶种法、离子热合成法及微反应器合成法等.目前,已合成出多种拓扑结构的纳米分子筛,包括 FAU, MFI, MEL和CHA等. ZSM-22是一种具有 TON拓扑结构的一维十元环直孔道分子筛(孔口尺寸为0.45 nm ×0.55 nm),在长链烷烃异构化和烯烃异构化等反应中表现出优异的催化活性.水热合成法是制备 ZSM-22分子筛最常用的方法,所得样品晶粒尺寸为2–15μm,但由于 ZSM-22分子筛是一种亚稳态结构,为了防止杂晶生成,合成通常是在剧烈搅拌(通常大于400 r/min)下进行.目前已有报道在较低转速下合成 ZSM-22分子筛,但产物仍为微米晶体;或在微波辅助水热合成条件下合成亚微米 ZSM-22分子筛,但晶体尺寸不可调且合成过程需要较高功率的微波反应器.因此,在水热条件下合成纯纳米 ZSM-22分子筛仍然是一个巨大挑战.本文在上述研究基础上采用改进的水热合成法成功合成出纳米 ZSM-22分子筛,考察了转速﹑硅铝比及乙醇共溶剂对晶粒尺寸的影响,比较了纳米和常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛的甲醇转化反应性能.结果表明,采用改进的水热合成法能够在较低转速下合成出纳米 ZSM-22分子筛,晶体尺寸在150–800 nm范围可调.通过考察转速对晶粒尺寸的影响,发现静态合成条件下无法形成 ZSM-22分子筛,表明 ZSM-22分子筛合成需要一定的转速.转速在10–50 r/min变化时,可以合成出不同晶体尺寸的 ZSM-22分子筛,且随转速提高, ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸先减小后增大,表明纳米 ZSM-22分子筛合成存在最佳转速.另外,配料硅铝比能显著影响 ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸,随配料硅铝比增加, ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸先减小后增大.通过在合成体系中添加乙醇作为共溶剂,考察了有机溶剂对 ZSM-22分子筛晶粒尺寸的影响,发现有机溶剂能显著增大 ZSM-22的晶体尺寸.将本文合成的纳米和常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛用于甲醇转化反应,考察了晶体尺寸对 ZSM-22分子筛甲醇转化反应性能的影响.发现与常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛相比,纳米 ZSM-22分子筛催化剂寿命显著提高,说明晶粒尺寸减小能有效减缓积碳导致的分子筛失活;同时,反应产物中乙烯和芳烃选择性有所提高,这是由于外表面积增大所致.此外,还考察了不同硅铝比 ZSM-22分子筛的甲醇转化反应性能.结果表明,分子筛硅铝比会影响催化剂寿命,但晶体尺寸对催化剂寿命影响更大. ZSM-22分子筛硅铝比增大有助于提高低碳烯烃选择性,减少芳烃生成.     

Activation and Deactivation of Gold/Ceria–Zirconia in the Low-Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction

Gold (Au) on ceria–zirconia is one of the most active catalysts for the low-temperature water–gas shift reaction (LTS), a key stage of upgrading H₂ reformate streams for fuel cells. However, this catalyst rapidly deactivates on-stream and the deactivation mechanism remains unclear. Using stop–start scanning transmission electron microscopy to follow the exact same area of the sample at different stages of the LTS reaction, as well as complementary X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we observed the activation and deactivation of the catalyst at various stages. During the heating of the catalyst to reaction temperature, we observed the formation of small Au nanoparticles (NPs; 1–2 nm) from subnanometer Au species. These NPs were then seen to agglomerate further over 48 h on-stream, and most rapidly in the first 5 h when the highest rate of deactivation was observed. These findings suggest that the primary deactivation process consists of the loss of active sites through the agglomeration and possible dewetting of Au NPs.