Partial phase diagrams for the water—cadmium nitrate, water—silver nitrate and water—cadmium nitrate—silver nitrate systems

Sub-ambient differential scanning calorimetry has been used to determine partial binary phase diagrams for the water—silver nitrate and water—cadmium nitrate systems. Both systems are shown to be eutectic with eutectic temperatures of 263 ± 0.5 K and 256.5 ± 0.5 K for the water—silver nitrate and water—cadmium nitrate systems, respectively. The eutectic compositions are at approximately 40.5 wt.% nitrate for each system. The freezing of ternary solutions containing a fixed silver nitrate/cadmium nitrate ratio but increasing concentrations of total nitrates are explained in terms of a partial ternary system containing two binary eutectic systems and a ternary eutectic reaction. The ternary eutectic temperature is shown to be 254 ± 0.5 K.     

Phase diagrams of diphenyl–<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecane and diphenyl–diphenyl oxide–<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecane systems

The phase equilibria in the binary diphenyl–n-dodecane and ternary diphenyl–diphenyl oxide–n-dodecane systems was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The melting temperatures and eutectic compositions were determined. The physicochemical characteristics of eutectic alloys such as the flash point, density, and enthalpy of fusion were given. The kinematic viscosity of eutectic alloys was determined in the temperature range 25–50°C.     

Ternary phase diagrams of DNTF and TNAZ and their eutectics

The eutectic ternary phase diagrams of some typical volatilizable energetic materials have been investigated by high pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC). The ternary H–X phase diagrams for TNT/TNAZ/DNTF (TTD) and TNAZ/DNTF/RDX (TDR) systems were constructed by the correlation of the apparent fusion heat with the composition (H–X method). And, the ternary T–X phase diagrams (the temperature dependence on composition) for the two ternary systems were constructed by calculating from the data of the five T–X binary phase diagrams. The eutectic compositions (mol%) of TTD and TDR ternary systems were obtained to be 52.3/27.3/20.4 (H–X method), 53.2/25.8/21.0 (T–X method) and 54.9/39.6/5.5 (H–X method), 55.1/42.2/2.7 (T–X method), respectively. The eutectic temperatures of the ternary systems were obtained by PDSC determination and T–X method calculation to be 76.5 and 76.7 °C, 47.5 and 50.2 °C, respectively. It is shown that the results obtained by two methods are in agreement and the error in measuring or calculating eutectic compositions and temperatures for the two ternary systems are within allowable ranges of ±3 mol% and ±3 °C, respectively. Moreover, by means of constructing two ternary H–X phase diagrams with different fixed composition of a component and comparing the apparent fusion heat of eutectics with calculated one, the results obtained from H–X method for TTD system were proved. The results showed that the gasification or volatilization of easy volatile materials could be efficiently restrained by high pressure atmosphere, and the perfectly and ideally H–X ternary phase diagrams can be constructed. In comparison with T–X method, H–X method has as a virtue of being quick and simple, especially on constructing ternary phase diagram.     

Measurement of mineral solubilities in the ternary systems NaCl−ZnCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>−H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O and MgCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>−ZnCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>−H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O at 373 K

In this work, the solubilities of the salt minerals and the densities of solution in two ternary systems sodium chloride–zinc chloride–water and magnesium chloride–zinc chloride–water were measured at 373 K using an isothermal solution saturation method. Based on the determined equilibrium solubility data and the corresponding equilibrium solid phase, the phase diagrams and density diagrams of the two systems were plotted. The results show that the two ternary systems are complex and the eutectic points, the univariant solubility curves and the solid crystalline phase regions are shown and discussed. The phase diagram of the ternary system NaCl?ZnCl₂?H₂O at 373 K is constituted of two eutectic points, three univariant solubility curves and three solid crystalline phase regions corresponding to NaCl, ZnCl₂ and 2NaCl · ZnCl₂. And the phase diagram of the ternary system MgCl₂?ZnCl₂?H₂O at 373 K includes two eutectic points, three univariant solubility curves and three solid crystalline phase regions corresponding to MgCl₂ · 6H₂O, MgCl₂ · ZnCl₂ · 5H₂O and ZnCl₂. The experimental results were simply discussed.     

Phase equilibria in the NaCl–NaBO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–KCl quaternary system

The phase diagrams of the ternary systems NaCl–NaBO₂–KCl, NaCl–KCl–Na₂CO₃, and KCl–NaBO₂–Na₂CO₃ and the quaternary system NaCl–NaBO₂–Na₂CO₃–KCl were studied by the calculation–experimental method and differential thermal analysis. Analytical models of phase equilibria were obtained, and the coordinates of ternary eutectics and a quaternary eutectic. It was shown that low-melting eutectic melts can be used as media for synthesizing oxide tungsten bronzes.     

Effect of molecular structure on the phase behaviour of some liquid crystalline compounds and their mixtures VIII. Quaternary mixtures of enantiotropes

Transition temperatures of quaternary mixtures prepared from the cyano and nitro derivatives of the two series, 4-hexadecyloxyphenyl 4-substituted benzoates (Ia,b) and 4-substituted phenyl 4-hexadecyloxy benzoates (IIa,b) have been determined by DSC and the transitions identified with polarized light microscopy. The cyano and nitro derivatives, in both series, were used because their molecules are enantiotropic. The method described before for the ternary system was extended to elucidate the eutectic composition of the quaternary system from the knowledge of either the eutectic compositions of the four possible ternary mixtures or of those of the six individual binary systems. A general equation was deduced to calculate the eutectic composition of any multi-component system from values determined for their individual binary systems. T_c values of binary, ternary, or quaternary mixtures were related to the polarizability anisotropy, Deltaalpha_X, of the individual C_Ar-X bonds. The mixture law was successfully applied.     

Effect of molecular structure on the phase behaviour of some liquid crystalline compounds and their mixtures VIII. Quaternary mixtures of enantiotropes

Transition temperatures of quaternary mixtures prepared from the cyano and nitro derivatives of the two series, 4-hexadecyloxyphenyl 4-substituted benzoates (Ia,b) and 4-substituted phenyl 4-hexadecyloxy benzoates (IIa,b) have been determined by DSC and the transitions identified with polarized light microscopy. The cyano and nitro derivatives, in both series, were used because their molecules are enantiotropic. The method described before for the ternary system was extended to elucidate the eutectic composition of the quaternary system from the knowledge of either the eutectic compositions of the four possible ternary mixtures or of those of the six individual binary systems. A general equation was deduced to calculate the eutectic composition of any multi-component system from values determined for their individual binary systems. T_c values of binary, ternary, or quaternary mixtures were related to the polarizability anisotropy, Deltaalpha_X, of the individual C_Ar-X bonds. The mixture law was successfully applied.     

Exploration of a ternary deep eutectic solvent of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/chalcone/formic acid for the selective recognition of rutin and quercetin in Herba Artemisiae Scopariae

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide/chalcone/formic acid, a green ternary deep eutectic solvent, was applied as a functional monomer and dummy template simultaneously in the synthesis of a new molecularly imprinted polymer. Ternary deep eutectic solvent based molecularly imprinted polymers are used as a solid‐phase extraction sorbent in the separation and purification of rutin and quercetin from Herba Artemisiae Scopariae combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the deep eutectic solvent based molecularly imprinted polymers synthesized using different molar ratios of chalcone. The static and competitive adsorption tests were performed to examine the recognition ability of the molecularly imprinted polymers to rutin and quercetin. The ternary deep eutectic solvent consisting of formic acid/chalcone/methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1:0.05:0.5) had the best molecular recognition effect. After optimization of the washing solvents (methanol/water, 1:9) and eluting solvents (acetonitrile/acetic acid, 9:1), a reliable analytical method was developed for strong recognition towards rutin and quercetin in Herba Artemisiae Scopariae with satisfactory extraction recoveries (rutin: 92.48%, quercetin: 94.23%). Overall, the chalcone ternary deep eutectic solvent‐based molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with solid‐phase extraction is an effective method for the selective purification of multiple bioactive compounds in complex samples.     

Melting surface of a solid solution based on palladium,gold, and copper with tin additives

Solidus and liquidus temperatures of solid solutions with the face centered cubic lattice (α-phase) in Pd—Au—Sn and Pd—Cu—Sn ternary systems were determined. The liquidus surface projections for the α-phase were constructed, and position of the binary eutectic reaction L → α + Pd₃Sn in the studied ternary systems was predicted.     

Al-Ni-Y三元共晶合金高压凝固组织

利用光学显微镜,扫描电镜,X射线衍射仪对不同压力(2,4,6 GPa)下凝固的Al-1Ni-3Y(%,原子分数)共晶合金组织形貌和相组成进行研究,并且与常压条件下合金凝固组织进行对比。实验结果表明,与常压凝固相比,在超高压力条件下凝固的合金的显微组织形貌发生了很大的改变,但是合金的相组成没有发生变化。常压凝固的合金具有共晶团组织,而高压下凝固的合金具有枝晶状亚共晶组织。高压凝固合金显微组织中出现了大量的初生α-Al相,这表明高压条件下凝固的合金共晶点发生偏移,使得常压共晶成分的合金在高压下变成亚共晶成分合金。同时,共晶组织的形貌发生了很大变化,常压下凝固的合金的组织为Al3Y相与α-Al相形成的菊花状的二元共晶和Al23Ni6Y4相与α-Al相形成的层片状的二元共晶,而高压下这两种共晶组织逐渐转化为离异共晶组织。随着压力的增大,共晶第二相的体积分数减小,α-Al的晶格常数增加。     

Thermal properties of systems containing cholesteryl esters and triglycerides.

Binary and ternary systems of the three cholesteryl esters, linoleate, oleate, and stearate and the two triglycerides, triolein and tristearin were studied in order to determine the phase transitions and the conditions for the cholesteric and smectic mesophases. Phase transitions were determined using differential thermal analysis, melting point determination, and polarizing microscopy. Of the cholesterol esters the linoleate-oleate system showed complete miscibility in both the liquid and solid phases. The linoleate-stearate and oleate-stearate systems are of the eutectic type with limited solid solubility. The mesophases are monotropic as to the crystalline state and exist over the entire composition interval in all cholesteryl ester systems studied.     

直接氯化法测定LiCL熔盐体系相图的研究及LiCI-KCI-LiF三元相图的制作

首次成功地将NH4Cl直接氯化Li2CO3的反应引入热分析, 制作含LiCl 的二元、三元体系熔盐相图, 避免LiCl吸水性给相图绘制带来的困难, 三个二元体系LiCl-KCl、NaCl-LiCl和LiCl-LiF 的测定结果与文献吻合很好, 并在此基础上制作了LiCl-KCl-LiF三元相     

NaCl-CaCl2-SrCl2三元相图的测定

本文以NaCl-CaCl₂-SrCl₂三元计算相图作为“预知图形”,采用高灵敏度的微型差热分析仪,测定该三元相图是三元低共晶体系,其低共晶点E的组成(百分摩尔)为NaCl41.9％,CaCl₂40.0％,SrCl₂18.1％,温度为744K。     

Ternary deep eutectic solvent magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the dispersive magnetic solid‐phase microextraction of green tea

Ternary deep eutectic solvent magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers grafted on silica were developed for the selective recognition and separation of theophylline, theobromine, (+)‐catechin hydrate, and caffeic acid from green tea through dispersive magnetic solid‐phase microextraction. A new ternary deep eutectic solvent was adopted as a functional monomer. The materials obtained were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. The practical recovery of the theophylline, theobromine, (+)‐catechin hydrate, and caffeic acid isolated with ternary deep eutectic solvent magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers in green tea were 91.82, 92.13, 89.96, and 90.73%, respectively, and the actual amounts extracted were 5.82, 4.32, 18.36, and 3.69 mg/g, respectively. The new method involving the novel material coupled with dispersive magnetic solid‐phase microextraction showed outstanding recognition, selectivity and excellent magnetism, providing a new perspective for the separation of bioactive compounds.     

Metastable phase equilibria in the systems K2SO4 + K2B4O7 + H2O and KCl + K2B4O7 + H2O at 308.15 K

Experimental studies on the metastable solubilities and physicochemical properties (density and refractive index) in the ternary systems K₂SO₄ + K₂B₄O₇ + H₂O and KCl + K₂B₄O₇ + H₂O at 308.15 K were determined with the method of isothermal evaporation. According to the experimental results, the phase diagrams of the two ternary systems were plotted. In the phase diagrams, there are both two isotherm evaporation curves, one eutectic point corresponding to K₂SO₄ + K₂B₄O₇ · 4H₂O, and KCl + K₂B₄O₇ · 4H₂O, respectively. Both of the ternary systems belong to a simple eutectic type, and neither double salts nor solid solutions formed in the ternary systems. A comparison of the stable and metastable phase diagrams of the ternary systems K₂SO₄ + K₂B₄O₇ + H₂O and KCl + K₂B₄O₇ + H₂O shows that the supersaturated phenomenon of potassium borate tetrahydrate is significant and easier to appear the metastable behavior.     

Phase diagram for the ternary system LiClCaCl2CaCrO4

The phase diagram for the system LiClCaCl₂CaCrO₄ has been studied using differential thermal analysis. LiClCaCl₂CaCrO₄ has been shown by X-ray diffraction to be a stable, diagonal section of the Li, Ca//Cl, CrO₄ reciprocal ternary system. The three binary systems are: LiClCaCl₂ which exhibits a double salt (LiCaCl₃), which decomposes without melting at 439°C and a eutectic at 36.3 mole % CaCl₂ (m.p. 487°C); CaCl₂CaCrO₄ which shows a eutectic at 23.4 mole % CaCrO₄ (m.p. 660°C); and LiClCaCrO₄ with a eutectic at 14.3 mole % CaCrO₄ (m.p. 538°C).In the ternary system, a eutectic exists at 63.2 mole % LiCl32.9% CaCl₂3.9% CaCrO₄ (m.p. 479°C). In addition, a four-phase equilibrium, involving all solid phases, exists at nearly all compositions at 435°C.Isotherms are shown for the liquidus surface (primary crystallization) and for the secondary crystallization surface. Isothermal and vertical sections through the ternary phase diagram are shown.     

Ternary reciprocal systems Na,K||BO<Subscript>2</Subscript>,CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Na,K||BO<Subscript>2</Subscript>,Cl

The phase diagrams of the ternary reciprocal systems Na,K||BO₂,CO₃ and Na,K||BO₂,Cl were studied for the first time by a calculation-experimental method and by differential thermal analysis. Analytical models of phase equilibrium states were derived, and the coordinates of eutectics were found to be (680°C, 32 mol % NaBO₂, 68 mol % KCl) and (648°C, 9 mol % NaBO₂, 45.5 mol % NaCl, 45.5 mol % KCl). Binary solid solutions based on metaborates and carbonates of sodium and potassium were shown to be stable. The possibility of synthesizing tungsten oxide bronzes in a eutectic melt in the ternary system NaBO₂–NaCl–КCl was revealed.     

NdCl3-LiCl及NdCl3-LiCl-NaCl体系相图的研究

利用DTA和X射线结构分析研究了NdCl3-LiCl二元体系相图和NdCl3-LiCl-NaCl三元体系液相限. 发现NdCl3-LiCl体系相图属于简单低共熔型, 低共熔点e3为28.5(wt%)LiCl, 452℃. 在低共熔温度以下有一固相下生成的介稳化合物, 在443℃分解, 组成为2NdCl3.LiCl. 经长时间退火, 该化合物消失. NdCl3-LiCl-NaCl体系有对应NdCl3、LiCl、NaCl、2NaCl.LiCl、NaCl.LiCl的五个液相面, 七条两次结晶线, 一个三元低共熔点E[69.0(wt%)NdCl3, 13.5(wt%)NaCl, 374℃], 两个三元转熔点P1[69.5(wt%)NdCl3, 14.5(wt%)NaCl, 380℃], P2[70.0(wt%)NdCl3,15.5(wt%)NaCl, 385℃].     

Phase equilibria in the ternary system NaF–KF–CsF

The ternary eutectic system CsF–KF–NaF was studied by differential thermal analysis. The melting point and composition of the ternary eutectic were determined, and so was the boundary of the region of limited series of solid solutions within the composition triangle. The compositions of crystallizing phases were confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The specific enthalpy of melting of the ternary eutectic was experimentally found.     

Ternary invariant point at 403 and 455?°C in the Al–Sb–Zn system

The temperature and location of the invariant eutectic point at 403?°C in the zinc-rich corner of the Al?CSb?CZn system was determined. However, the experimentally determined temperature was found to be lower than the thermodynamically predicted one. Differential thermal analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, and quantitative microstructural analyses were used to determine this specific reaction. The determined ternary eutectic reaction, L??????-Sb₂Zn₃?+?AlSb?+???-Zn, represents the last solidification path in the phase region of Sb?CAlSb?CZn. Before a ternary eutectic reaction takes place, another reaction is also possible near the Sb?CZn binary system, a quasi-peritectic reaction at 455?°C: L?+???-Sb₂Zn₃????AlSb?+???-Sb₂Zn₃. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer was used for the microstructural analyses. The phase identification was conducted with X-ray diffractometry. The experimental data were compared to the thermodynamic predictions made with the CALPHAD method using the SSOL4 database.