Characterization of C12A7-O- Catalyst and Mechanism of Phenol Formation by Hydroxylation of Benzene

The benzene conversion and phenol selectivity from C6H6/O2/H2O over Ca24Al28O644+·4O-(C12A7-O-) catalyst were investigated using a flow reactor. The benzene conversion increases with the increase of temperature, and the phenol selectivity mainly depends on both reaction temperature and the composition of the mixtures. The changes of the catalyst structure before and after the reactions and the intermediates on the catalyst surface and in the bulk were investigated by XRD, EPR and FT-IR. The catalytic reactions do not cause any damage to the structure of the positively charged lattice framework C12A7-O-, but part of the O- and O2- species in the bulk of C12A7-O- translate to OH- after the reactions. The neutral species and anion intermediate were investigated by Q-MS and TOF-MS respectively. It is suggested that the active O- and OH- species played a key role in the process of phenol formation.     

Synthesis and characterization of oligo-4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol

The oxidative polycondensation of 4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (4-PIMP) with O₂, H₂O₂, and NaOCl was studied in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50°C and 90°C. Oligo-4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (O-4-PIMP) prepared was characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, UV-VIS, size-exclusion chromatography, and elemental and thermal analyses techniques. At the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of O-4-PIMP was 18.9%, 39.4%, and 46.8% using H₂O₂, O₂, and NaOCl oxidant, respectively. According to the TG analysis, the initial degradation temperature of O-4-PIMP was 218°C, which was by 50°C higher than that of 4-PIMP. Thermal analyses of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were carried out in N₂ atmosphere at 15–1000°C. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and electrochemical energy gaps of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were determined from the onset potentials for n-doping and p-doping, respectively. Also, optical band gaps of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were determined according to UV-VIS measurements.     

A vanadyl complex grafted to periodic mesoporous organosilica: a green catalyst for selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol

Selective benzene hydroxylation: A periodic mesoporous organosilica embedded with a vanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate complex has been synthesized through a co-condensation method. This system is a catalyst for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol, presenting a selectivity of 100?% towards the phenol formation as well as an excellent catalytic recyclability (see scheme).     

石墨相氮化碳负载钒作为多相催化剂用于苯直接氧化制苯酚

苯酚是一种重要的化工原料,目前苯酚的工业生产路线普遍存在工艺流程复杂、苯酚收率低和环境污染严重等问题.为实现苯酚的绿色生产,苯直接氧化制苯酚的合成路线受到各国研究者的广泛关注.在苯直接羟基化反应常用的 N2O, O2和 H2O2三类氧化剂中, N2O由于来源有限,其工业应用受到极大限制;而 O2不易活化,且反应过程中常需还原剂存在,苯酚收率低;相比之下, H2O2作为氧化剂,其唯一副产物是 H2O,而且反应条件温和,因而以 H2O2为氧化剂的苯羟基化反应是最具工业应用前景的苯酚合成路线.然而,由于苯分子中的 C?H键非常稳定,活化能较高,同时产物苯酚的反应活性要高于反应物苯,因此,为实现苯的高效转化,积极探索研究高活性和稳定性的催化剂变得尤为重要.在我们之前的研究中发现,包含大π体系的氧化石墨烯载体有利于具有同样π共轭体系的反应物苯的吸附,进而促进苯的转化,提高反应活性.而石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)具有与氧化石墨烯类似的π共轭体系,且表面具有大量的活性位点和缺陷位,对苯环类物质具有较好的活化作用,这使其可能成为更优异的载体材料.基于此,以 g-C3N4为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同钒含量的催化剂xV/g-C3N4,并通过 XRD, FT-IR, TEM, TG等表征技术对催化剂进行了系统研究,以期揭示催化剂结构与反应活性之间的构效关系. XRD的表征结果表明,xV/g-C3N4仍具有载体 g-C3N4的层状堆积结构,且该结构不受钒负载量变化的影响.同时, xV/g-C3N4中钒物种的分散度较高,未发生团聚晶化.更直观地,通过 TEM观察发现,xV/g-C3N4中的钒物种均匀分散. FT-IR的表征结果说明钒物种与 g-C3N4之间存在较强的相互作用.此外,通过 TG表征发现, g-C3N4高温稳定性较好,即使焙烧温度高达550°C,其结构仍不受影响.综上所述,在xV/g-C3N4催化剂中,载体 g-C3N4的结构非常稳定,经负载钒物种以及焙烧处理后仍能保持不变;而钒物种与 g-C3N4之间存在较强的相互作用,且均匀分散,使催化剂具有较高的稳定性和较好的催化性能.在以 H2O2为氧化剂,80 wt%醋酸溶液为溶剂的苯直接氧化制苯酚反应中,xV/g-C3N4催化剂显示了良好的催化活性,其中反应活性最高的是8V/g-C3N4催化剂,在最佳反应条件下,苯酚的收率和选择性分别达到24.4%和99.2%.同时,通过计算 TOF值发现,8V/g-C3N4的 TOF值高达13.1 h-1,远高于文献中报道的以 C3N4为载体的催化剂的 TOF值(0.52–0.59 h-1),这表明xV/g-C3N4催化剂具有优异的催化活性.此外,以8V/g-C3N4为代表又进一步考察了催化剂的稳定性,在回收重复实验中催化剂的活性保持稳定.     

Amine and ammonium functionalization of chloromethylsilane-ended dendrimers. Antimicrobial activity studies

Novel amine- and ammonium-terminated carbosilane dendrimers of type G(n)-[Si{CH(2)O-(C(6)H(4))-3-NMe(2)}](x) or G(n)-[Si{CH(2)O-(C(6)H(4))-3-NMe(3)(+)I(-)}](x) have been synthesized and characterized up to second generation by phenolysis of (chloromethyl)silyl-terminated dendrimers with 3-dimethylamine phenol and subsequent quaternization with methyl iodide. Quaternized carbosilane dendrimers are stable in protic solvents and can be solubilised in water after the addition of less than 1% of dimethyl sulfoxide. A study of the antimicrobial activity of these cationic dendrimers of first and second generation against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is also described. The results obtained demonstrate that the new ammonium-terminated carbosilane dendrimers can be considered as multivalent biocides.     

The presumptive detection of benzene in water in the presence of phenol with an active membrane-UV photo-ionisation differential mobility spectrometer

Studies with a new technique, active membrane-differential mobility spectrometry, with aqueous standards of benzene and phenol are described. The atmospheric pressure photo-ionisation chemistries of benzene and phenol in the presence of oxygen are similar in that benzene forms phenol radicals that subsequently react to yield diphenylether and 4-phenoxyphenol products. Further phenol sequesters charge from benzene ions leading to a significant loss of sensitivity. This is an important consideration in the development of screening techniques for the presence of benzene in environmental water samples. This challenge was addressed by including a pre-separation stage prior to photo-ionisation, and a 10 cm long polydimethylsiloxane active membrane inlet using nitrogen as a carrier gas was used to sample, concentrate and deliver low resolution separations to the 10.6 eV UV-ionisation region of a differential mobility spectrometer. Acetone was also proposed as a charge carrier for the UV photo-ionisation source; to promote phenol protonation and inhibit charge sequestration from benzene. The responses of the system to aqueous standards of benzene and phenol with and without acetone doping at 10.2 mg m(-3) were evaluated and four to five-fold increases in sensitivity were obtained with acetone doping. With a sampling time of 60 s and a total measurement cycle of 180 s it was possible to obtain quantitative responses to single standards over the concentration range 6 to 177 microg cm(-3) with linear correlations with R(2) values ranging from 0.97 to 0.99. The effects of the heating rate of the membrane and the dispersion field strength of the differential mobility spectrometer on sensitivity and the differentiation of benzene from phenol responses were optimised, leading to a configuration where a voltage heating programme of 4.75 V s(-1) was applied to a 124 microm stainless steel wire heating element within the active membrane, and a dispersion field strength of 22 kV cm(-1) was used to test a mixture of benzene (14 microg cm(-3)) and phenol (6 microg cm(-3)) in water. The presence of benzene was identified through the presence of a peak corresponding to a benzene response, V(C) = -9 V FWHM = 1 V, that followed the thermal desorption profile of benzene.     

钒改性六方介孔硅分子筛催化苯羟基化制苯酚

以偏钒酸铵为钒源,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了不同钒含量的六方介孔硅（V-HMS）分子筛,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附和程序升温还原(H2-TPR)对合成的催化剂进行了表征,考察了V-HMS对苯羟基化反应的影响。 结果表明,钒进入了分子筛骨架,并且在HMS分子筛上具有较好的分散性。 V-HMS对苯羟基化反应具有良好的催化活性;高分散的钒氧物种有利于提高苯的羟基化反应性能,溶剂乙腈对反应促进作用明显。 乙腈为溶剂,w(V(5.8)-HMS)=2%,60 ℃反应5 h,苯酚收率达到18.55%,选择性达到100%。     

薄层色谱法测定消毒液和合成产品中的3,5-二甲基对氯苯酚

 对氯代二甲苯酚类化合物的薄层色谱分离条件进行了研究 ,建立了以苯 氯仿 (体积比为 2∶3 )的混合溶剂为展开剂 ,以GF2 54薄层板为层析板 ,直接测定 3 ,5 二甲基对氯苯酚含量的薄层色谱扫描方法。其被测组分的质量浓度在 0 185 8g/L～ 7 4 3 2 0g/L范围内与相应的峰面积的线性关系良好 ,相关系数为 0 9994。利用该方法对市售消毒液及氯代二甲苯酚类化合物合成过程中的题示化合物进行分析 ,取得了令人满意的结果。     

用于苯与分子氧羟基化制苯酚的长链脂肪胺修饰的杂多酸催化剂

 将十二胺或十八胺与磷钼钒杂多酸结合, 制备了有机-无机杂化催化剂, 并在高压釜中考察了它们在苯与分子氧羟基化制苯酚反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 当十二胺与杂多酸的摩尔比为 4:1 时, 所制备的杂化催化剂上苯酚产率为 11.5%, 大大高于纯杂多酸催化剂上的 3.9%. 结合长链脂肪胺与杂多酸之间的相互作用, 以及杂多酸的“假液相”特性, 初步讨论了长链脂肪胺的促进作用.     

Rapid radiochemical separation of selenium

A rapid separation of selenium based on the extraction of Se(IV) from 4M hydrobromic acid into benzene containing 1 % of phenol, is described. Recoveries of 99 % are achieved in less than 5 min. Oxidizing and reducing agents interfere. The separation is highly selective for selenium.     

Specific Enhancement of Catalytic Activity by a Dicopper Core: Selective Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol with Hydrogen Peroxide

A dicopper(II) complex, stabilized by the bis(tpa) ligand 1,2‐bis[2‐[bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]‐6‐pyridyl]ethane (6‐hpa), [Cu₂(μ‐OH)(6‐hpa)]³⁺, was synthesized and structurally characterized. This complex catalyzed selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol using H₂O₂, thus attaining large turnover numbers (TONs) and high H₂O₂ efficiency. The TON after 40 hours for the phenol production exceeded 12000 in MeCN at 50 °C under N₂, the highest value reported for benzene hydroxylation with H₂O₂ catalyzed by homogeneous complexes. At 22 % benzene conversion, phenol (95.2 %) and p ‐benzoquinone (4.8 %) were produced. The mechanism of H₂O₂ activation and benzene hydroxylation is proposed.     

Chemo‐ and Regioselective Dihydroxylation of Benzene to Hydroquinone Enabled by Engineered Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase

Hydroquinone (HQ) is produced commercially from benzene by multi‐step Hock‐type processes with equivalent amounts of acetone as side‐product. We describe an efficient biocatalytic alternative using the cytochrome P450‐BM3 monooxygenase. Since the wildtype enzyme does not accept benzene, a semi‐rational protein engineering strategy was developed. Highly active mutants were obtained which transform benzene in a one‐pot sequence first into phenol and then regioselectively into HQ without any overoxidation. A computational study shows that the chemoselective oxidation of phenol by the P450‐BM3 variant A82F/A328F leads to the regioselective formation of an epoxide intermediate at the C3=C4 double bond, which departs from the binding pocket and then undergoes fragmentation in aqueous medium with exclusive formation of HQ. As a practical application, an E. coli designer cell system was constructed, which enables the cascade transformation of benzene into the natural product arbutin, which has anti‐inflammatory and anti‐bacterial activities.     

铜磷铝分子筛的合成及其对苯液相氧化制苯酚的催化性能

 以水热法合成了铜磷铝分子筛(Cu-AlPO4-5),并用XRD,ICP,SEM,FT-IR,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR,ESR和N2吸附-脱附等手段对样品进行了表征. 结果表明,所合成的Cu-AlPO4-5分子筛具有AFI拓扑结构,结晶度高,无结晶态杂质; Cu2+进入到分子筛的骨架结构中,并使其Lewis酸和Brnsted酸中心数量增加,弱酸性中心大大增强,强酸性中心消失; 样品中的Cu存在多种形式,以骨架Cu物种为主,还存在 泄羌芡釩uO和双核Cu物种,部分样品具有缺陷结构. Cu-AlPO4-5分子筛中存在着骨架Cu和缺陷结构两种可能的活性中心,对苯液相氧化具有良好的催化性能,苯酚选择性可达96%,收率可达6.9%.     

Phenol-benzene complexation dynamics: quantum chemistry calculation, molecular dynamics simulations, and two dimensional IR spectroscopy

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations are used to investigate the nature and dynamics of the phenol-benzene complex in the mixed solvent, benzene/CCl4. Under thermal equilibrium conditions, the complexes are continuously dissociating and forming. The MD simulations are used to calculate the experimental observables related to the phenol hydroxyl stretching mode, i.e., the two dimensional infrared vibrational echo spectrum as a function of time, which directly displays the formation and dissociation of the complex through the growth of off-diagonal peaks, and the linear absorption spectrum, which displays two hydroxyl stretch peaks, one for the complex and one for the free phenol. The results of the simulations are compared to previously reported experimental data and are found to be in quite reasonable agreement. The electronic structure calculations show that the complex is T shaped. The classical potential used for the phenol-benzene interaction in the MD simulations is in good accord with the highest level of the electronic structure calculations. A variety of other features is extracted from the simulations including the relationship between the structure and the projection of the electric field on the hydroxyl group. The fluctuating electric field is used to determine the hydroxyl stretch frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). The simulations are also used to examine the number distribution of benzene and CCl4 molecules in the first solvent shell around the phenol. It is found that the distribution is not that of the solvent mole fraction of benzene. There are substantial probabilities of finding a phenol in either a pure benzene environment or a pure CCl4 environment. A conjecture is made that relates the FFCF to the local number of benzene molecules in phenol's first solvent shell.     

共聚法和嫁接法制备二茂铁杂化介孔材料及其催化性能

 以桥联硅氧烷 1,1'-双[(2-三乙氧基硅基) 乙基]二茂铁 (BTEF) 和正硅酸乙酯为前驱体, 以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为结构导向剂, 采用共聚法制备了二茂铁功能化的周期介孔有机硅烷材料 (PMO-Fc). 同时以 BTEF 为修饰剂, 以甲苯为分散剂, 采用嫁接法制备了 Fc-MCM-41 杂化介孔材料. 采用 N2 物理吸附、X 射线衍射、透射电镜和红外光谱等手段对材料进行了表征, 评价了其催化苯羟化反应活性. 结果表明, PMO-Fc 具有有序的二维六方形孔道结构, 较大的比表面积和孔体积, 在苯羟化反应中表现出比 Fc-MCM-41 更高的催化活性, 苯酚的选择性和收率分别为 65.3% 和 20.2%.     

简便方法合成含铁石墨相氮化碳材料及其催化苯直接羟基化制苯酚（英文）

苯酚是一种重要的基本有机化工原料.全球近90%的苯酚都是经"三步异丙苯法"工艺合成而得,但是该工艺存在单程苯酚收率低(5%)、酸污染严重等不足.同时由于联产丙酮,苯酚的产量也受丙酮市场所制约.由苯经氧化或羟基化一步法合成苯酚是催化化学领域中一项极具挑战的课题.由于苯分子较难活化,而苯酚易于深度氧化,因此研发和设计具有高活性和高选择性的催化剂是该课题的研究核心.因具有诸多特殊的理化性质,石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种新型碳质材料近年来在光催化、热催化、燃料电池和气体吸附等领域展示出广阔的应用前景.g-C_3N_4的类石墨层基本单元为大π共轭的三均三嗪环,对苯分子具有良好的吸附和活化能力.目前,g-C_3N_4(尤其是具有高比表面的介孔材料)在苯Friedel-Crafts烷基化和酰基化反应、苯的CO2氧化等反应中均显示了良好的催化活性.尽管如此,由于缺乏合适的氧化活性中心,纯的g-C_3N_4对苯直接羟基化几乎无催化活性.本课题组曾将乙酰丙酮氧钒和氧化钒负载至介孔g-C_3N_4,发现该类催化剂在H2O2参与的苯直接羟基化反应中,苯转化率高达18%,而苯酚选择性大于95%.然而,此类介孔g-C_3N_4均采用硬模板法合成,制备周期长且需要HF溶液蚀刻氧化硅模板.另外,钒基组分在介孔g-C_3N_4表面也存在着部分溶脱现象.本文以FeCl_3和二氰二胺为前驱体,通过一步热解法直接合成了含铁的g-C_3N_4材料(Fe-g-C_3N_4).采用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、TG、FT-IR、UV-vis、XPS光谱和TEM对材料的理化性质进行表征.结果显示,Fe的原位引入能显著提高g-C_3N_4的比表面积和孔体积,且使其依然保持石墨相结构.同时,富N的g-C_3N_4材料能有效地锚定Fe离子,使其均匀地分散在载体表面.作为多相催化剂,Fe-g-C_3N_4在H_2O_2环境下对苯羟基化合成苯酚的反应表现出较高的催化活性.当反应温度为60°C,其苯酚收率最高可达17.5%,且回收使用多次催化剂活性表现稳定.与之前报道的含铁和负载氧化钒或乙酰丙酮氧钒的g-C_3N_4催化剂材料相比,Fe-g-C_3N_4催化剂制备工艺更加简便.     

Transition metal substituted polyoxometalates and their application in the direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with hydrogen peroxide

A series of transition metal substituted polyoxometalates with a Keggin structure were prepared and utilized for the hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. Among the compounds tested, [(CH₃)₄N]₄PMo₁₁VO₄₀ exhibits the highest phenol yield (13.0%) and selectivity (90.6%) in acetic acid/acetonitrile. Vanadium peroxo is the active site of the reaction, and ammonium also plays an important role. The influence of various reaction parameters, such as solvent, reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of hydrogen peroxide used were investigated to obtain the optimal reaction conditions.     

Direct selective oxidation of benzene to phenol using molecular oxygen in the presence of palladium and heteropolyacids

The use of heteropolyacids as a reoxidant for palladium in the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen was studied as a function of the variables involved. It was shown that the oxidation system is very effective even if a molar ratio of HOAc:H₂O of 1:2 is used. After 4 h at 130°C the benzene conversion is 15% and the selectivity for phenol is above 70%. The quantity of palladium acetate can be drastically reduced allowing turnover numbers as high as 800.     

Fully conversing and highly selective oxidation of benzene to phenol based on MOFs-derived CuO@CN photocatalyst

Developing highly efficient photocatalysts for selective oxidation of benzene to phenol is of great significance. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously achieve high conversion rate and selectivity. Herein, we demonstrate 99.9% of benzene photoconversion and 99.1% of phenol selectivity under the illumination of AM 1.5 for 12 h. For this purpose, an advanced CuO@CN photocatalyst has been fabricated by loading tubular carbon nitride (CN) with CuO nanoparticles thermally polymerized from Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The sluggish photocharge carrier recombination rate and the excellent stability indicate that the as-prepared nanocomposite is an ideal photocatalyst for benzene oxidation application. This work paves a new avenue for designing novel photocatalyst based on MOFs and carbon nitride materials.     

On-line monitoring by membrane introduction mass spectrometry of chlorination of organics in water. Mechanistic and kinetic aspects of chloroform formation

Chloroform formation during the chlorination of simple organic molecules modeling humic substances, such as phenol and di- and trihydroxybenzenes, was studied by on-line membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). Under the reaction conditions employed, chloroform was rapidly formed from 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, 1, 4-dihydroxybenzene, phenol and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene with yields of 17, 13, 7 and 5%, respectively. With the exception of aniline, which afforded a 17% chloroform yield, non-phenolic compounds, such as nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, benzene and cyclohexanol, furnished low yields. Mechanistic studies showed that phenol is chlorinated consecutively and produces initially chlorophenol. It is suggested that chloroform might be formed mainly from chlorinated 3, 5-cyclohexadienone-type intermediates. MIMS was also used to determine the reaction rates and to study the kinetics of the chlorination. A good Hammett linear correlation for an electrophilic substitution mechanism was found for the compounds C(6)H(5)X (X = NH(2), OH, CH(3), H, Cl and NO(2)).