Band offsets at the Si/SiO2 interface from many-body perturbation theory

We use many-body perturbation theory, the state-of-the-art method for band-gap calculations, to compute the band offsets at the Si/SiO2 interface. We examine the adequacy of the usual approximations in this context. We show that (i) the separate treatment of band structure and potential lineup contributions, the latter being evaluated within density-functional theory, is justified, (ii) most plasmon-pole models lead to inaccuracies in the absolute quasiparticle corrections, (iii) vertex corrections can be neglected, and (iv) eigenenergy self-consistency is adequate. Our theoretical offsets agree with the experimental ones within 0.3 eV.     

Improvements of the closure approximation

Systematic corrections to the usual closure approximation are developed by introducing the notion of two (and more) mean excitation energies. These corrections depend on the energy moments of the distribution of transition strength. Application to simple solvable models in perturbation theory, muon capture and pion electroproduction indicate excellent convergence of the method as long as the kinematical constraints of energy conservation can be neglected.     

The QE numerical simulation of PEAsemiconductor photocathode

Several kinds of models have already been proposed to explain the photoemission process. The exact photoemission theory of the semiconductor photocathode was not well established after decades of research. In this paper an integral equation of quantum efficiency (QE) is constructed to describe the photoemission of positive electron affinity (PEA) of the semiconductor photocathode based on the three-step photoemission model. Various factors (e.g., forbidden band gap, electron affinity, photon energy, incident angle, degree of polarization, refractive index, extinction coefficient, initial and final electron energy, relaxation time, external electric field and so on) have an impact on the QE of the PEA semiconductor photocathode, which are entirely expressed in the QE equation. In addition, a simulation code is also programmed to calculate the QE of the K₂CsSb photocathode theoretically at 532 nm wavelength. By and large, the result is in line with the expected experimental value. The reasons leading to the distinction between the experimental and theoretical QE are discussed.     

LED作为量子效率仪中单色光的可行性研究

随着LED技术的不断进步,已发展出多种波长的大功率LED,不用昂贵的单色仪,而采用各种波长的LED作为单色光来制造量子效率仪;也不需要旋转滤色片轮切换滤色片来避免光栅单色仪中高级次光谱的影响。LED作为单色光,可实现无机械运动、测量速度快、故障率低的优点。多只LED焊接在PCB上形成离散型光源,无法采用常规的椭球面反射镜、透镜或凹面反射镜进行汇聚。采用高反射率反射镜片制备成锥形光导管,将离散型光源发出的光汇聚为一个小光斑,可以很好地解决离散型光源汇聚难的问题,同时实现了高的光利用率。通过测量LED的波峰值、半峰宽和稳定性,并与传统的卤素灯和氙灯为光源的传统量子效率仪进行比较,发现单色光的波峰值与量子效率的测量准确性是正相关的,波峰值越高,测量的准确性越高;半峰宽在5.1~9.5 nm范围内,半峰宽对测量的准确性没有影响。采用LED、卤素灯和氙灯量子效率仪分别测试同一块太阳电池的量子效率,计算相同波段的积分电流,与世界先进的氙灯量子效率仪相比,相对偏差为0.34%,与卤素灯量子效率仪的相当,说明半峰宽在5.1~55.7 nm范围内,测量准确性与半峰宽无明显的相关性;LED的不稳定度为0.4%,介于氙灯和卤素灯之间。从这几个方面来看,LED是可以作为单色光用于量子效率的测试。     

Quantum entanglement transition in vertically coupled two single-electron quantum dots with charged impurity

Effects of a charged impurity on the ground state of two vertically coupled identical single-electron quantum dots with and without applied magnetic field are investigated. In the absence of the magnetic field, the investigations of the charged impurity effect on the quantum entanglement (QE) in some low-lying states are carried out. It is found that, both the positive charged impurity (PCI) and the negative charged impurity (NCI)reduce the QE in the low-lying states under consideration except that the QE in the ground state is enhanced by the NCI. Additionally, in the domain of B from 0 Tesla to 15 Tesla, the ground state energy E, the ground state angular momentum L and the ground state QE entropy S are worked out. As far as the ground state are concerned, the PCI (NCI) blocks (induces) the angular momentum phase transition and the QE phase transition besides the known fact (i. e., the PCI/NCI decreases/increases the energy) in the magnetic field.     

Thermal Field and Intrinsic Decoherence Effects on the Dynamics of N-level Moving Atomic System

Dynamical behaviour of Quantum Entanglement (QE) and atomic Quantum Fisher Information (AQFI) for a moving N-level atomic system is studied in a thermal environment. Time evolution of state vector of the entire system interacting with thermal field is calculated numerically in the presence of intrinsic decoherence. It is observed that intrinsic decoherence and thermal environment play dominant role during the time evolution of the quantum system. AQFI and entanglement show an opposite behaviour during its time evolution in the presence of thermal environment. AQFI is observed to be more prone to intrinsic decoherence as compared to the entanglement in a thermal environment. AQFI is found to be more prone to intrinsic decoherence as compared to the QE in a thermal environment. QE is found decaying when the parameter of intrinsic decoherence is increased in the absence of atomic motion. The damping behaviour of QE is observed for longer time-scales. The periodic response of entanglement due to atomic motion becomes moderate under the influence of these environments. The intrinsic decoherence and thermal environment are found to suppress the nonclassical effects of the quantum system. QE and AQFI saturate to a lower level for larger time-scales under the influence of these environments. Furthermore, the dynamics of AQFI and von Neumann entropy (VNE) changes remarkably by changing the mean number of photons.

     

Preheating and vacuum metastability in supersymmetry

The constraints imposed by the requirement that the scalar potential of supersymmetric theories does not have unbounded directions and charge or color breaking minima deeper than the usual electroweak breaking minimum (EWM) are significantly relaxed if one just allows for a metastable EWM but with a sufficiently long lifetime. For this to be acceptable one needs however to explain how the vacuum state reaches this metastable configuration in the first place. We discuss the implications for this issue of the inflation induced scalar masses, of the supersymmetry breaking effects generated during the preheating stage as well as of the thermal corrections to the scalar potential which appear after reheating. We show that their combined effects may efficiently drive the scalar fields to the origin, allowing them to then evolve naturally towards the EWM.     

A new perturbation theory for transport coefficients

The Green's function method for the calculation of orbital energies developed in the preceding paper is applied to the benzene molecule. It is confirmed that the lowest-order approximation for irreducible diagrams in our theory is equivalent to the usual self-consistent field theory. Higherorder corrections to orbital energies are calculated and theoretical and experimental results are compared.     

A Soliton Perturbation Theory for the MNLS Equation with Corrections in terms of an Auxiliary Spectral Parameter

Based on the lakharov-Shabat equation of the inverse scattering transform for the MNLS equation, a perturbation theory for the MNLS equation with corrections is developed in terms of an auxiliary spectral parameter ζ. All necessary formulae for calculating the scattering data are derived without any assumption beyond the usual conditions for the inverse scattering transform. Based upon these formulae, the effects due to the corrections can be calculated.     

Quantum perturbation theory of solitons

We develop a systematic perturbation theory for amplitudes involving a single soliton (extended finite energy solution of a classical field theory). These methods allow one in principle to compute to any desired order quantum corrections to soliton masses, form factors and Green functions. The major technical problem encountered is an infrared divergence of the naive perturbation theory rules. This divergence is dominated by a modification of the usual functional methods so as to properly define the soliton as a momentum eigenstate. The extension of these methods to soliton-soliton scattering is discussed.     

Highly sensitive visible-blind extreme ultraviolet Ni/4H-SiC Schottky photodiodes with large detection area

Ni/4H-SiC Schottky photodiodes of 5 mm x 5 mm area have been fabricated and characterized. The photodiodes show less than 0.1 pA dark current at -4 V and an ideality factor of 1.06. A quantum efficiency (QE) between 3 and 400 nm has been calibrated and compared with Si photodiodes optimized for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) detection. In the EUV region, the QE of SiC detectors increases from 0.14 electrons/photon at 120 nm to 30 electrons/photon at 3 nm. The mean energy of electron-hole pair generation of 4H-SiC estimated from the spectral QE is found to be 7.9 eV.     

GaN光电阴极激活后的光谱响应分析

由于GaN光电阴极的突出性能,其在紫外探测方面有着广泛的应用.文章在超高真空激活系统中,对GaN样品进行了 Cs/O激活实验,并分析了激活后反射式的量子效率:在240～350nm的紫外波段内,量子效率约在30％～10％之间,曲线较为平坦,在240nm处达到30％的最大值,与国外结果对比后发现,本文获得的GaN光电阴极量...     

Classical correlation, quantum discord and entanglement for two-qubit system subject to heat bath

Classical correlation (CC), quantum discord (QD) and entanglement (QE) of two qubits in one-side and two-side decoherence models are investigated. The sudden change of quantum discord (DSC) as well as classical correlation and sudden death of entanglement (ESD) are found. It is proved that QE (QD) presents no sudden change (sudden death). We prove that, for nonzero occupation number of the reservoir, QE must suffer sudden death; For zero occupation number and X-form initial states, we obtain the states which are robust and the states which experience sudden death. It is verified that if DSC and ESD occur under one-side decoherence, then it must appear in the two-side decoherence, while the reverse does not hold. We obtain the boundaries of CC-QE plane and QD-QE plane, and give the state possessing maximal amount of CC (QD) for a given amount of QE.     

Quantum efficiency dependence on built-in electric fields in exponential-doped and graded-doped gallium arsenide photocathodes

We calculated the intensities and widths of the built-in electric fields of exponential-doped and graded-doped gallium arsenide (GaAs) photocathode for the first time. We analyzed the quantum efficiency (QE)for both samples with these two factors, along with the absorption coefficient and found out that although the exponential-doped sample was more complicated in structure than the graded-doped sample, the QE was not enhanced in the full experimental waveband as we expected, especially for those electrons with lower energy. It shows that the escape probability and diffusion length mainly depend on the intensity of the electric fields, which is believed the most decisive factor for the QE enhancement.     

Kinematics in matrix gravity

We develop the kinematics in Matrix Gravity, which is a modified theory of gravity obtained by a non-commutative deformation of General Relativity. In this model the usual interpretation of gravity as Riemannian geometry is replaced by a new kind of geometry, which is equivalent to a collection of Finsler geometries with several Finsler metrics depending both on the position and on the velocity. As a result the Riemannian geodesic flow is replaced by a collection of Finsler flows. This naturally leads to a model in which a particle is described by several mass parameters. If these mass parameters are different then the equivalence principle is violated. In the non-relativistic limit this also leads to corrections to the Newton’s gravitational potential. We find the first and second order corrections to the usual Riemannian geodesic flow and evaluate the anomalous nongeodesic acceleration in a particular case of static spherically symmetric background.     

Quantum efficiency of light-induced defect creation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon and amorphous As2Se3

The quantum efficiency (QE) of light-induced metastable defect creation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si?:?H) and amorphous As₂Se₃ (a-As₂Se₃) by bandgap and subgap illumination has been deduced from photocurrent measurements. The QE decreases with increasing number of absorbed photons. A higher QE for a-As₂Se₃ than for a-Si?:?H has been observed and this is interpreted in terms of the higher structural flexibility of a-As₂Se₃. We have also found that, for both materials, subgap illumination yields a higher QE than does bandgap illumination.     

General three-particle scattering theory

A unified treatment of three-particle scattering theory with a three-body force in addition to the usual pair interactions is developed. The relationship of the generalized AGS and Faddeev formalisms to each other as well as distinct versions of each corresponding to the two most natural techniques for handling the three-body potential are established. It is found, just as in the case without the three-particle force, that the AGS formalism appears to be more practical for considering elastic and rearrangement scattering in two-body channels. On the other hand, for scattering amplitudes with at least one three-body channel (breakup and the 3-to-3) the Faddeev version of the theory is preferable. Other advantages of each formalism depending upon the treatment of the three-body interaction are noted.     

Radiative effects in deep inelastic scattering of polarized leptons by polarized nucleons

Low-order electromagnetic corrections to deep inelastic scattering of polarized leptons by polarized nucleons are derived and investigated using a covariant method. Thorough numerical calculations of the corrections to cross sections and to the measured asymmetry are carried out for μp (ep) scattering in the range of lepton energy E = 200–500 GeV (10–16 GeV). The sensitivity of the corrections to the choice of the structure functions is investigated. The electromagnetic corrections to the asymmetry are found to be less than 10% within the greatest part of the kinematical region, but if x ～ 0, y ～ 1 they can reach a few tens of percent. The lowest order neutral current contribution to the asymmetry is obtained within the framework of standard electroweak interaction theory and the quark parton model. It is found this effect may be significant, especially in the kinematical range where electromagnetic corrections are negligible.     

The thermodesorption mechanism of ammonia from Ru(0 0 0 1)

Thermodesorption rates for the desorption of ammonia from Ru(0 0 0 1) are calculated by Transition State Theory including small curvature tunneling corrections. The potential energy surface is derived on a model cluster employing hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP). Two desorption pathways can be identified, just distinguished by the orientation of the leaving ammonia entity. It is found that the rate dominating mechanism comprises an umbrella-like flipping movement of the hydrogen atoms during the desorption. Nevertheless tunneling does not play any significant role in the reaction as the hydrogen movements are shown to occur at the low energy regions of the barrier.