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HL-2A和HL-1M装置采用了激光吹气注入高Z杂质来缓减大破裂中的等离子体电流衰竭,并给出了初步实验结果。在HL-2A装置上建立了利用MHD扰动的参量预报放电破裂先兆的报警系统,研制了MHD实时检测与处理系统,实现了放电破裂先兆的预报、快速触发激光吹气、形成阻性高辐射等离子体、消耗热能和磁能,缓减大破裂。实验证明,这是一种使得大型聚变实验装置在放电破裂之前显著减少等离子体中热能和磁能,而且能安全终止放电的简单、快速和有效的途径。     

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基于ITER装置窗口C,完成了中国氦冷固态增殖剂试验包层模块的设计改进,给出了模块主要性能参数和设计参数。改进后的TBM包层模块外围尺寸为环向484mm、纵向1660mm和极向675mm。根据该模块设计的结构特点,对研制用材料CLF-1钢真空扩散连接和真空电子束焊等关键工艺进行了研究,初步探索了第一壁等关键部件的研制工艺流程,并最终成功试制了第一壁和子模块冷却板模拟件。     

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The generation and control of microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma cathode electron beam is studied experimentally. A complete set of discharge, electron beam extraction, focusing and measuring system was set up. The characteristics and performance of microwave ECR plasmas as electron beam extraction source were studied by measuring the current of water cooling target and the beam spot size on the target. Experimental results indicated that both microwave input power and accelerating voltage are conducive to improving electron beam current. The influence of gas pressure on the electron beam current was complex. With the increase of gas pressure, the electron beam current is characterized by decreasing first and then increasing. The extracted electron current of microwave ECR plasma cathode can reach 75mA at gas pressure of 7×10⁻⁴Pa, and the energy of the electron beam can reach 9keV. The energy utilization can reach 0.6. By adjusting the current of the focusing coil, the diameter of electron beam spot is reduced from 20mm to 13mm and the electron beam current keeps the value unchanged.     

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介绍了用等离子体法制备铁纳米颗粒的技术,并与传统的共热解、电弧法等进行了比较；给出了等离子体制备铁纳米颗粒的实验研究进展.结果表明,采用新型等离子体方法制备铁纳米颗粒是一种高效、低污染、适合工业化生产的方法.     

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通过电子束辐照实验和有限元模拟研究了ITER类型面对等离子体的高纯钨材料在瞬态热冲击下的行为。在新建成的电子束实验平台EMS-60上进行了ITER等离子体发生大破裂不稳定下的模拟实验,实验中样品的基体温度为室温,脉冲宽度为1-5ms,能量负载范围是1~5MJ-m-2。实验后通过扫描电镜观察了样品的再结晶、裂纹及熔化情况,讨论了裂纹形成机理。通过有限元模拟,得出在5ms的脉冲负载下钨的裂纹阈值为1.5MJ-m-2,与实验结果符合很好。     

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分析了朗缪尔探针在等离子体测量过程中的功率沉积密度,并初步计算了探针的温升,为强流离子源的探针诊断提供指导。     

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采用射频(RF)等离子体对颗粒形状不规则的钨粉球化,研究了加料速率和钨粉分散方式对球化率的影响。通过用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观测得到的被球化粉末的百分比评估了球化效率。通过对球化处理的钨粉的X射线衍射谱(XRD)的检测,验证了在球化过程中无氧化发生和其它杂质介入。当钨粉以极短暂时间(约几毫秒)快速穿越等离子体炬时,钨粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却后,形成致密的球形固态颗粒。     

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With the uniform charge density in the magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) of parallel plate, a laminar flow model with pressure balance and a new model without the assumption of laminar flow and pressure balance are solved analytically, respectively. The results of laminar flow model and non-laminar flow model are compared. It is shown that the charge density is smaller and electric field, magnetic field on anode is bigger in laminar flow model as without radial velocity of electrons. Then, the result of particle-in-cell simulation is compared for the two theories and shows that the accuracy of non-laminar model is higher than laminar model. Finally, the pressure balance equation and two models of laminar and non-laminar with the uniform charge density have been promoted to coaxial MITL and cone MITL.     

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以平衡程序Jsolver 为基础开展了紧凑型聚变裂变混合堆先进等离子体平衡位形设计,重点研究了反剪切运行模式,并在此位形下研究了自举电流的计算、分布及份额。     

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研究了滑动弧放电过程中电参数的变化,并对滑动弧等离子体中的非平衡度和各个参数之间的关系进行了讨论。应用双通道电弧模型,对电弧在气流作用下运动规律进行了数值模拟,模拟所得的结果有助于分析滑动弧非平衡等离子体的产生机理。     

托卡马克中局域磁扰动引起的高能量离子损失研究

基于单粒子导心运动代码ORBIT，采用测试粒子模拟方法，研究了托卡马克等离子体内部不同径向位置处局域磁场扰动对高能量离子的损失的影响。研究表明，在局域磁扰动主要分布在某磁面附近、其环向具有类似纹波场形式下，可造成一些靠近等离子体中心区域的高能量离子损失，但对靠近等离子边界的离子损失影响相对不大。这些损失的高能量离子均为捕获离子，离子的投掷角越大就越容易损失。此外，造成高能量离子最大损失率的局域场径向位置与这些损失离子的初始径向位置通常存在一定的偏移，而且这个偏移与这些离子的能量密切相关。当局域场出现在某些位置时，能量较低的离子会有一定的损失，能量较高的离子反而不会损失。     

反场构型等离子体靶压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量的约束效应

基于一维弹塑性磁流体力学程序（SSS-MHD）,研究了反场构型（FRC）等离子体靶在磁驱动固体套筒压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量约束效应,分析了α粒子的非局域和局域自加热对FRC等离子靶压缩峰值温度的影响,以及α粒子能量在整个压缩过程中端部损失效应。等离子体部分采用多温单流体的模型,能量的计算中引入了DT离子、电子及α粒子多成分温度的能量方程,同时考虑了等离子体压缩过程热平衡下的核反应和非局域自加热问题。研究结果表明,磁化靶聚变等离子体在压缩过程中具有较好的稳定性,能够保持刚性转子的靶结构,压缩过程形成的强磁场能够将α粒子的能量约束在O点附近的区域,有利于等离子体靶的点火及燃烧;α粒子对等离子体的自加热效应主要集中在等离子体电流中心区,而非等离子体中心轴处;α粒子对DT等离子体局域和非局域自加热过程存在差异,局域自加热过程的功率大于非局域自加热过程的功率,FRC等离子靶压缩峰值状态温度相差0.5倍。在反场构型的刮离层区,α粒子的能量端部损失在FRC等离子体靶的压缩和膨胀过程中逐渐增大。     

Dust charging and levitating in a sheath of plasma containing energetic particles

The structure of the sheath in the presence of energetic particles is investigated in the multi-fluid framework. Based on the orbital motion limited(OML) theory, the dust grain charging inside the sheath of plasma containing energetic particles is examined for the carbon wall, and then the effect of the energetic particles on the stationary dust particle inside the sheath is discussed through the trapping potential energy. It is found that with the increase of energetic ion concentration or energy,the size of dust staying in levitation equilibrium decreases and the levitating position is much closer to the wall. In the case of deuterium ions as energetic ions, the bigger dust particle can be trapped by the sheath than in the case of hydrogen ions as energetic ions. When the energetic electron component is present, the levitating position of dust particle in the sheath depends strongly on the energetic electron. The levitating dust particle is closer to the wall as the energetic electron energy or concentration is increased. In addition, with the increase of temperature of thermal background ion, the size of dust particle trapped by the sheath decreases and the levitating positions of dust particles with the same size radius inside the sheath move toward the wall. Our results can be helpful in investigating the property of the sheath where the energetic particle component is present.     

Effect of trapped energetic ions on MHD activity in spherical tori

It is shown that the increase of β (the ratio of plasma pressure to the magnetic field pressure) may change the character of the influence of trapped energetic ions on MHD stability in spherical tori. Namely, the energetic ions, which stabilize MHD modes (such as the ideal kink mode, collisionless tearing mode and semi-collisional tearing mode) at low β, have a destabilizing influence at high β unless the radial distribution of the energetic ions is very peaked.     

先进磁镜装置中径向电场对高能粒子的约束性能研究

本文运用Boris算法对紧凑型聚变反应装置(compact fusion reactor, CFR)中高能a粒子的运动轨道进行了数值模拟,分析了高能a粒子在不同径向电场作用下运动轨道的差异性;探究了不同径向电场对CFR装置中不同位置处a粒子约束性能的影响.研究结果表明,当正、负径向电场强度达到一定临界值时,都能够使高能a粒子很好地约束在CFR装置内部,但不同位置处径向电场强度临界值与a粒子初始条件有关.     

Gd靶激光等离子体6.7nm光源的实验研究

本文对Gd靶激光等离子体极紫外光源进行了实验研究, 在 6.7 nm附近获得了较强的辐射, 并研究了6.7 nm 附近光辐射随打靶激光功率密度变化的规律以及收集角度对极紫外辐射的影响. 同时, 对平面Gd靶激光等离子光源的离子碎屑角分布进行了测量, 发现从靶面的法线到沿着靶面平行方向上Gd离子数量依次减少. 进一步研究结果表明采用0.9 T外加磁场的条件下可取得较好的Gd 离子碎屑阻挡效果.     

快重离子束实现点火的可行性

采用蒙特卡罗方法计算了低温下C,Si,Ar,Au和U等多种重粒子在等物质的量氘氚等离子体密度1000 g/cm3、热斑直径50 m中的电子能量损失,不同点火形式下入射能量和作用时间,以及燃料约束时间为20 ps条件下的束流强度。通过对数据的分析研究了这些重粒子辐照实现氘、氚燃料快点火的可能性。结果表明,重粒子束流加热等离子体实现快点火理论上可行,而且有一定的优势;较重的离子加热聚变等离子体的效果更好。重粒子束流加热等离子体到聚变温度需要的束流强度在MA左右;单个粒子的能量在GeV以上;相互作用时间为ps以下。     

DC column plasma kinetics in a longitudinal magnetic field

The cylindrical column plasma of a neon dc glow discharge under the influence of a weak longitudinal magnetic field is studied. An extended, fully self-consistent model of the column plasma has been used to determine the kinetic quantities of electrons, ions and excited atoms, the radial space charge field, and the axial electric field for given discharge conditions. The model includes a nonlocal kinetic treatment of the electrons by solving their spatially inhomogeneous kinetic equation, taking into account the radial space charge field and the axial magnetic field. The treatment is based on the two-term expansion of the velocity distribution and comprises the determination of its isotropic and anisotropic components in the axial, radial, and azimuthal direction. A transition from a distinctly nonlocal kinetic behavior of the electrons in the magnetic-field-free case to an almost local kinetic behavior has been found by increasing the magnetic field. The establishment of the electron cyclotron motion around the column axis increasingly restricts the radial electron energy transport and reduces the radial ambipolar current. The complex interaction of these transport phenomena with the alterations in the charge carrier production leads finally to a specific variation of the electric field components. The axial field increases by applying weak magnetic fields, however, decreases with increasingly higher magnetic fields. At higher magnetic fields, the radial space-charge field is considerably reduced     

Radial Distributions of Dusty Plasma Parameters in a DC Glow Discharge

A non‐stationary non‐local kinetic model for radial distributions of dusty plasma parameters based on the solution of Boltzmann equation for electron energy distribution function is presented. Electrons and ions production in ionizing collisions and their recombination on dust particle surface were taken into account. The drift‐diffusion approximation for ions was used. To obtain the self‐consistent radial distribution of electric potential the Poisson equation was used. It is shown that at high dust particle density the recombination of electrons and ions can exceed their production in ionization collisions in the region of dusty cloud. In this case the non‐monotonous radial distribution of the electric field is formed, the radial electric field becomes reversed and the radial electron and ion fluxes change their direction toward the center of the tube (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Observation of centrifugally driven interchange instabilities in a plasma confined by a magnetic dipole

Centrifugally driven interchange instabilities are observed in a laboratory plasma confined by a dipole magnetic field. The instabilities appear when an equatorial mesh is biased to drive a radial current that causes rapid axisymmetric plasma rotation. The observed instabilities are quasicoherent in the laboratory frame of reference; they have global radial mode structures and low azimuthal mode numbers, and they are modified by the presence of energetic, magnetically confined electrons. Results from a self-consistent nonlinear simulation reproduce the measured mode structures.