ANALYSIS OF BRANCHING DISTRIBUTION IN POLYETHYLENES BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

Short chain branching has been characterized using thermal fractionation, a stepwise isothermal crystallizationtechnique, followed by a melting analysis scan using differential scanning calorimetry. Short chain branching distributionwas also characterized by a continuous slow cooling crystallization, followed by a melting analysis scan. Four differentpolyethylenes were studied: Ziegler-Natta gas phase, Ziegler-Natta solution, metallocene, constrained-geometry single sitecatalyzed polyethylenes. The branching distribution was calculated from a calibration of branch content with melting temperature.The lamellar thickness was calculated based on the thermodynamic melting temperature of each polyethylene and the surface free energy of the crystal face.The branching distribution and lamellar thickness distribution were used to calculate weight average branch content,mean lamellar thickness,and a branch dispersity index.The results for the branch content were in good agreement with the known comonomer content of the polyethylenes.A limitation was that high branch content polyethylenes did not reach their potential crystallization at ambient temperatures.Cooling to sub-ambient was necessary to equilibrate the crystallization,but melting temperature versus branch content was not applicable after cooling to below ambient because the calibration data were not performed in this way.     

Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of exfoliated and intercalated polyethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization

Polyethylene/montmorillonite (PE/MMT) nanocomposites, one intercalated sample with higher MMT content and one exfoliated sample with lower MMT content, were prepared by in situ polymerization using MMT-supported metallocene as catalyst. Non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of these two nanocomposites were investigated and compared. The exfoliated sample exhibits higher crystallization temperature (T_c) than the neat PE, showing nucleation effect of MMT. The intercalated sample has lower T_c than the neat PE due to the confinement of MMT. It is observed that the intercalated sample has longer induction period and faster overall crystallization rate, indicating co-existence of suppression and nucleation effects in this sample. The Avrami plots show that the crystal growth of PE in the intercalated sample is two-dimensional, while it is three-dimensional in the exfoliated sample. The crystallization activation energy of the intercalated sample is slightly smaller than that of the exfoliated sample.     

新型LLDPE的结晶行为及链结构

研究了用单活性中心催化剂合成的新型乙烯－辛烯－１共聚物在不同条件下的结晶行为，表征了其支链分布。与普通支化聚乙烯相比，其支链分布均匀，不存在过长无支化链段，但并非单一分布，在小范围内有一定可变性，本工作进一步澄清了支链是否参予结晶这一有争议的问题。     

SEMI-QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SEGMENT DISTRIBUTION IN LLDPE BASED ON THERMAL SEGREGATION

Based on successive multiple-step isothermal crystallization and self-nucleation annealing methods, a novel semi-quantitative method for the characterization of segment distribution in linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) wasestablished by treating the thermal analysis data using the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The method was used to describe thesegment distribution of Ziegler-Natta catalyzed LLDPE (Z-N LLDPE), metallocene catalyzed LLDPE (m-LLDPE) and two conunercial LLDPEs with wide molecular weight distribution.The differences of the results obtained from the two thermally treated samples were compared.The results of segment distribution of the polymers were discussed according to their microstructure data and were compared with their characteristics.It can be deduced from the results that this characterization method is effective to characterize the sequence structure of the branched ethylene copolymers.     

Early oriented isothermal crystallization of polyethylene studied by high-time-resolution SAXS/WAXS

During cooling from the quiescent melt of a highly oriented polyethylene rod, highly oriented proto-lamellae are formed first, which are not crystalline. This is shown in scattering data which are recorded on two-dimensional detectors with a cycle time of 1 s and an exposure of 0.1 s. In the experiments small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) are registered simultaneously during the first 3 min after quenching to a crystallization temperature. A non-uniform thickness between 20 and 100 nm is characteristic for the ensemble of proto-lamellae. During the first minute of isothermal treatment the number of proto-lamellae slowly increases without a change of the thickness distribution. As crystallization starts, the crystallites are not oriented in contrast to the proto-lamellae. During crystallization the layer thickness distribution narrows. The number of lamellae rapidly increases during the following 2 min of isothermal treatment (at 128 °C and 124 °C). The results are obtained by interpretation of the WAXS and of the multidimensional chord distribution function (CDF), a model-free real-space visualization of the nanostructure information contained in the SAXS data. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. F. J. Baltá Calleja on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

从麦克斯韦速度分布函数直接推导高分子链末端距分布函数

利用高分子链末端距分布与小分子运动速度分布之间的相关性,从熟知的麦克斯韦速度分布函数直接推导出高分子链末端距的径向分布函数,并从量变到质变的观点对高分子和小分子运动的统计规律进行讨论。     

Studies of low molecular weight polyethylene single crystals by differential scanning calorimetry

Fusion behaviour of solution-grown low molecular weight polyethylene single crystals was studied by differential scanning calorimetry at different heating rates. The results were correlated to the polymer chain conformation in the crystal. It was found that in the molecular weight range studied, crystals of shorter chain length and fewer foldings per chain are less stable and more susceptible to heat annealing. Melting endotherms of the crystals of the lowest molecular weight fraction grown at various temperatures indicate that during crystallization, a fractional stem at the end of a folding chain will be rejected outside the lamellae of the crystal.     

Crystallization of irradiated polyethylene

This study compares the effects of radiation dose on the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of LLDPE, LDPE and HDPE by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It includes qualitative comparison of the non-isothermal data and quantitative calculations of Avrami parameters for crystallization rate and nucleation mode. The isothermal crystallization allowed the observation of the changes in the crystallization rate, related to the decrease in the crystallization temperature caused by the crosslinking of the polymer. It was also observed by the non-isothermal crystallization, the development of crystallites of very different sizes in the polymer.     

尼龙1218的等温及非等温结晶动力学研究

采用示差扫描量热计DSC考察了一种新型长烷基链偶偶尼龙-尼龙1218-自熔体的结晶过程 ,分别利用Avrami方程和Ozawa方程对等温及非等温结晶动力学进行了描述与研究 ,计算了相关的结晶动力学参数 ,得出相应的结晶机理 .最后计算了等温结晶活化能和非等温结晶活化能 ,依此得到烷基链段长度与尼龙结晶过程有密切关系.     

DETECTION OF T_g BY MODULATED DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

The glassy transition of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sampleswhich have been subjected to solvent induced crystallization (SINC) was investigated bymodulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and density measurement. The dif-ferential of heat capacity signal, d Cp/dT from MDSC, was used to monitor the SINCprocess. It reveals that the Tg temperature shifts to higher value with the advancement ofSINC. When the toluene-immersing time was longer (168h), the detection of T_g becomemore difficult,because some smaller peaks emerged at the lower temperatures and these are explained as the movement of small segments in the amorphous region.These observed results are due to the morphology and structure introduced by the SINC process.     

聚乙二醇分子量对成纤共聚酯结晶速度的影响

<正> 以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)为主体添加聚乙二醇(PEG)的共聚物以及以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯为主体添加含有磺酸盐基团的共聚组分和聚乙二醇的共聚物是两类重要的成纤共聚醚酯,前者(简称为PEE-1)制成的纤维可用分散染料常压沸染,后者(简称为PEE-2)制成的纤维则可用阳离子染料进行染色。     

Space charge distribution and crystalline structure in polyethylene blended with EVOH

The space charge distribution in polyethylene samples under direct current (DC) electrical field was measured by pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method. It was found that by blending with 5 wt.% of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) the amount of accumulated space charges decreased and the field distribution of space charge improved. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study showed that crystallization of LDPE/EVOH started at a higher temperature than LDPE. The results of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle light scattering (SALS) for LDPE/EVOH indicated that the crystal forms did not change, whereas the spherulites became smaller and imperfective. It can be seen from the results that EVOH played a role of nucleation during the crystallization of LDPE in the blend. The observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the domains of EVOH were dispersed in LDPE as particles in diameter of 1 μm. The reduction of space charges in the blend sample can be explained as the results of the trapping of homo-charges at the interface and the dissipation of charges through LDPE matrix consisting of smaller spherulites.     

丙烯酸聚氧乙烯酯单体接枝聚乙烯共聚物的制备与表征

采用含-双键的4种不同结构的聚氧乙烯型单体:丙烯酸聚氧乙烯酯(PAA)、丙烯酸端甲氧基聚氧乙烯酯(PEA)、甲基丙烯酸聚氧乙烯酯(PMA)和甲基丙烯酸端甲氧基聚氧乙烯酯(PMEM)接枝改性线性低密度乙烯(LLDPE)和低分子量聚乙烯(LMPE).采用核磁共振波谱及红外光谱分析了接枝共聚物的结构,并研究了接枝单体中聚氧乙烯基团对接枝共聚物性能的影响.相同单体浓度下4种单体的接枝效率大小顺序为PAA PEA PMA PMEM.对产物流变性能的研究结果表明随着接枝率的增加,单体复合黏度和剪切变稀行为增加;示差量热扫描结果显示了接枝率较低时接枝单体起到异相成核作用而加速结晶.为了进一步观察接枝单体对聚乙烯链段微观结构的影响,通过偏光显微镜观察发现LMPE为短棒状结构,而接枝LMPE通过支链极性基团的相互作用而形成星形或树枝状的微胶束结构.接触角测试表明,与LLDPE相比,高接枝率的LMPE改善亲水性的效果更好.     

Crystallization kinetics of amorphous Fe75−xAgxSi9B16

The influence of Ag admixtures on the crystallization process of amorphous Fe-Si-B alloys of the series Fe_75−xAg_xSi₉B₁₆ (x=0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements at different heating rates. Two exothermic peaks were observed in the DSC trace when the Ag content was 2-4 at.% and one when it was 1 at.%, respectively. The activation energy was calculated both with Kissinger’s and isoconversional Flynn, Wall and Ozawa methods. The possibility of analysis with the JMA model using the Avrami plot was investigated for the third stage of crystallization.     

固体填料对聚乙二醇结晶性的影响

采用DSC、WAXD技术研究了固体填料 (Al粉、奥克托金 (HMX)、高氯酸铵 (AP) )对聚乙二醇结晶性的影响 .Al粉及HMX不影响混合物中PEG的结晶度及晶体结构 ,高氯酸铵与PEG之间存在较强的相互作用 ,降低了混合物中PEG的结晶度 .某些金属盐也与PEG之间存在类似的相互作用 ,这种相互作用以金属盐溶于PEG熔体为前提 .高氯酸铵及金属盐导致PEG结晶度的降低是由于其阳离子与PEG分子链中的氧原子形成了络合物 ,增强了二者之间的相互作用.