Singularity-free augmented Lagrangian algorithms for constrained multibody dynamics

After a general review of the methods currently available for the dynamics of constrained multibody systems in the context of numerical efficiency and ability to solve the differential equations of motion in singular positions, we examine the acceleration based augmented Lagrangian formulations, and propose a new one for holonomic and non-holonomic systems that is based on the canonical equations of Hamilton. This new one proves to be more stable and accurate that the acceleration based counterpart under repetitive singular positions. The proposed algorithms are numerically efficient, can use standard conditionally stable numerical integrators and do not fail in singular positions, as the classical formulations do. The reason for the numerical efficiency and better behavior under singularities relies on the fact that the leading matrix of the resultant system of ODEs is sparse, symmetric, positive definite, and its rank is independent of that of the Jacobian of the constraint equations. The latter fact makes the proposed method particularly suitable for singular configurations.     

约束多体系统动力学正则方程的约束变尺度方法

对约束多体系统动力学的正则方程建立了最优化问题模型,采用辛差分格式,提出相应的最优化问题的约束变尺度法,该方法有效地提高了计算稳定性,算例说明了方法的有效性。     

Regularization and stability of the constraints in the dynamics of multibody systems

In the analysis of multibody dynamics, we are often required to deal with singularity problems where the constraint Jacobian matrix may become less than full rank at some instantancous configurations. This creates numerical instability which will affect the performance of the mechanical system. A modification procedure of the constraints when they vanish or become linearly dependent is proposed to regularize the dynamics of the system. A distinction between the asymptotic stability due to the representation of the constraints (at the velocity and acceleration level), and the one due to the singularity is discussed in full in this paper. It is shown that Baumgarte technique could be extended to accommodate the representation of the constraints in the neighborhood of singularity. A two link planar manipulator undergoing large motion and passing through a singular configuration is used to illustrate the proposed stability technique.     

约束多体系统独立广义坐标的数值选取

多体系统的完整约束定义了一个嵌入到欧氏空间的微分流型,多体系统独立的广义坐标选取问题等价于该流型的坐标选取问题。据此,本文提出了一种新的独立广义坐标数值选取理论,可将多体系统的微分-代数混合型运动方程转化为较易求解的纯微分方程,并且不以求解非线性方程组作为必须的手段。     

Lyapunov stable penalty methods for imposing holonomic constraints in multibody system dynamics

This paper presents stability and convergence results on a novel approach for imposing holonomic constraints for a class of multibody system dynamics. As opposed to some recent techniques that employ a penalty functional to approximate the Lagrange multipliers, the method herein defines a penalized dynamical system using penalty-augmented kinetic and potential energies, as well as a penalty dependent constraint violation dissipation function. In as much as the governing equations are not typically cocreive, the usual convergence criteria for linear variational boundary value problems are not directly applicable. Still numerical simulations by various researchers suggest that the method is convergent and stable. Despite the fact that the governing equations are nonlinear, the theoretical convergence of the formulation is guaranteed if the multibody system is natural and conservative. Likewise, stability and asymptotic stability results for the penalty formulation are derived from well-known stability results available from classical mechanics. Unfortunately, the convergence theorem is not directly applicable to dissipative multibody systems, such as those encountered in control applications. However, it is shown that the approximate solutions of a typical dissipative system converge to a nearby collection of trajectories that can be characterized precisely using a Lyapunov/Invariance Principle analysis. In short, the approach has many advantages as an alternative to other computational techniques:

An automatic constraint violation stabilization method for differential/ algebraic equations of motion in multibody system dynamics

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EXACT AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN FUNCTION FOR NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS WITH INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS

An exact augmented Lagrangian function for the nonlinear nonconvex programming problems with inequality constraints was discussed. Under suitable hypotheses, the relationship was established between the local unconstrained minimizers of the augmented Lagrangian function on the space of problem variables and the local minimizers of the original constrained problem. Furthermore, under some assumptions, the relationship was also established between the global solutions of the augmented Lagrangian function on some compact subset of the space of problem variables and the global solutions of the constrained problem. Therefore, from the theoretical point of view, a solution of the inequality constrained problem and the corresponding values of the Lagrange multipliers can be found by the well-known method of multipliers which resort to the unconstrained minimization of the augmented Lagrangian function presented.     

动力刚化与多体系统刚—柔耦合动力学

首先指出当前柔性多体系统动力学的大量工程研究背景,在回顾柔性多体系统动力学研究进展后指出动力刚化的现象揭示了刚－柔耦合的零次建模方法的局限,认为进一步深入进行柔性多体系统刚－柔耦合动力学的研究是多体系统动力学研究的新阶段,文末提出了刚－柔耦合动力学的研究任务。     

约束多体系统动力学分析的改进的离散零空间算法

通过对已有离散零空间矩阵计算方法的改进,构造了改进的离散零空间等效变换公式,该公式可不依赖于特定的积分方法,能简洁、方便的与多种数值积分方法相结合。基于改进公式,提出了改进的离散零空间算法框架,并将该框架与一般变分积分法结合,构造了约束多体系统动力学分析的改进的离散零空间算法。通过曲柄滑块机构的数值实验,验证了改进的离散零空间等效变换公式的正确性,示例了其与数值积分算法的良好结合性,说明了改进算法的可行性和有效性。     

刚体单元及其在多体系统动力学中的应用

多体系统动力学分析软件要求人工输入形状复杂物体的质量、质心位置和转动惯量,而实际上这些参量并不容易获得。本文探索了一种以组成物体的刚体单元为基本要素的新方法,并结合实际需要具体构造了刚性四面体和刚性梁单元。以刚体单元为基础并内嵌网格剖分模块的分析软件能够自动获得这些参数,从而具备处理任何复杂系统的能力。仿真结果的对比分...     

Lie group integration for constrained generalized Hamiltonian system with dissipation by projection method

For the constrained generalized Hamiltonian system with dissipation, by introducing Lagrange multiplier and using projection technique, the Lie group integration method was presented, which can preserve the inherent structure of dynamic system and the constraintinvariant. Firstly, the constrained generalized Hamiltonian system with dissipative was converted to the non-constraint generalized Hamiltonian system, then Lie group integration algorithm for the non-constraint generalized Hamiltonian system was discussed, finally the projection method for generalized Hamiltonian system with constraint was given. It is found that the constraint invariant is ensured by projection technique, and after introducing Lagrange multiplier the Lie group character of the dynamic system can‘ t be destroyed while projecting to the constraint manifold. The discussion is restricted to the case of holonomic constraint. A presented numerical example shows the effectiveness of the method.     

A new algorithm for solving differential/algebraic equations of multibody system dynamics

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A stabilized incremental projection scheme for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

It is well known that any spatial discretization of the saddle‐point Stokes problem should satisfy the Ladyzhenskaya–Brezzi–Babuska (LBB) stability condition in order to prevent the appearance of spurious pressure modes. Particularly, if an equal‐order approximation is applied, the Schur complement (or, as called some times, the Uzawa matrix) of the pressure system has a non‐trivial null space that gives rise to such modes. An idea in the past was that all the schemes that solve a Poisson equation for the pressure rather than the Uzawa pressure equation (splitting/projection methods) should overcome this difficulty; this idea was wrong. There is numerical evidence that at least the so‐called incremental projection scheme still suffers from spurious pressure oscillations if an equal‐order approximation is applied. The present paper tries to distinguish which projection requires LBB‐compliant approximation and which does not. Moreover, a stabilized version of the incremental projection scheme is derived. Proper bounds for the stabilization parameter are also given. The numerical results show that the stabilized scheme does indeed achieve second‐order accuracy and does not produce spurious (node to node) pressure oscillations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

约束多体系统的基于离散零空间的隐式龙格库塔法

将离散零空间理论应用于多体系统动力学方程的数值计算,可降低多体系统动力学方程的维数。通过给出离散零空间理论与IRK法相结合的一般数学框架,提出了多体系统动力学的基于离散零空间理论的IRK法。数值算例表明：该算法可获得较满意的数值结果,约束违约程度很小,三种积分算法算例的范数均在10^-16之内。     

开放式多体系统动力学仿真算法软件研发(I)DAEs求解算法构架设计

基于开放式工程与科学计算集成化软件平台SiPESC,研发了用于多体系统动力学时程分析的一类通用求解算法构架。该构架的核心思想是算法与数据相分离,整个构架由五个基本类及子类组成。本文重点阐述基本类的抽象过程,利用插件技术设计求解器的构架,进一步应用该构架实现了Newmark方法,HHT(Hilber-Hughes-Taylor)方法,Generalized α方法,Bathe方法及祖冲之类Symplectic方法等微分-代数方程组(DAEs)求解器的开发。研究工作表明,本文所提出的DAEs求解算法构架对多体系统动力学的时程分析具有良好的开放性和通用性,可方便进行各种新的DAEs求解算法的动态扩展。     

Impact dynamics of multibody systems with frictional contact using joint coordinates and canonical equations of motion

This paper presents a methodology in computational dynamics for the analysis of mechanical systems that undergo intermittent motion. A canonical form of the equations of motion is derived with a minimal set of coordinates. These equations are used in a procedure for balancing the momenta of the system over the period of impact, calculating the jump in the body momentum, velocity discontinuities and rebounds. The effect of dry friction is discussed and a contact law is proposed. The present formulation is extended to open and closed-loop mechanical systems where the jumps in the constraints' momenta are also solved. The application of this methodology is illustrated with the study of impact of open-loop and closed-loop examples.     

开放式多体系统动力学仿真算法软件研发(Ⅱ)DAEs求解算法对比

研究求解微分-代数方程组(DAEs)的高效率、高精度和高稳定性数值积分方法一直是多体系统动力学领域的热点问题之一。本文将求解结构动力学方程的Bathe数值积分策略应用于DAEs的求解,并基于SiPESC平台开发了开放式多体系统动力学仿真算法软件,综合比较研究了Newmark法、HHT-I3法、Generalizedα方法、Bathe方法和祖冲之类Symplectic方法。通过复摆、刚-柔耦合双摆和对称陀螺三个数值算例研究了算法参数与数值阻尼的关系。数值实验表明,Newmark方法在特定参数下引入的数值阻尼通常不可控,HHT-I3方法、Generalizedα方法和Bathe方法通过选择特定步长和参数可引入可控的数值阻尼,祖冲之类Symplectic方法无数值阻尼。在求解真实高频和低频耦合问题以及高速旋转的陀螺问题时,采用祖冲之类Symplectic方法或者无耗散的Newmar方法能够对系统的高频成分进行准确模拟。     

On stability and convergence of projection methods based on pressure Poisson equation

This work investigates the proper choices of spatial approximations for velocity and pressure in fractional-step projection methods. Numerical results obtained with classical finite element interpolations are presented. These tests confirm the role of the inf–sup LBB condition in non-incremental and incremental versions of the method for computing viscous incompressible flows. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi-conjugate gradient method for contact and impact problems

Based on the numerical governing formulation and non-linear complementary conditions of contact and impact problems,a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi- conjugate gradient method is proposed for contact and impact problems by translating non-linear complementary conditions into equivalent formulation of non-linear program- ming.For contact-impact problems,a larger time-step can be adopted arriving at numer- ical convergence compared with penalty method.By establishment of the impact-contact formulations which are equivalent with original non-linear complementary conditions,a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi-conjugate gradient method is deduced to im- prove precision and efficiency of numerical solutions.A numerical example shows that the algorithm we suggested is valid and exact.     

Use of lagrangian methods to describe drop deposition and distribution in horizontal gas—liquid annular flows

Drop distribution and deposition in horizontal gas—liquid annular flow is described by a diffusion model, which views the concentration field as the result of dispersion from a distribution of sources. Drops originating from a wall source are considered to diffuse in a field of homogeneous turbulence, while simultaneously being swept downward by the gravitational field. Deposition is assumed to be controlled by two mechanisms operating in parallel, and boundary conditions are derived which correctly satisfy conservation of mass. This analysis for an instantaneous source is shown to be equivalent to considering diffusion in a coordinate system moving with the settling velocity of the particles. The results are found to be useful for understanding droplet distribution and deposition.