超临界CO_2作用时间对煤渗透率和孔隙率的影响规律研究

为研究超临界CO_2作用后煤渗透率和孔隙率的变化规律,在超临界CO_2增透实验基础上进行了微观成像实验,提取煤微观孔隙特征,计算孔隙率,得到了煤孔隙率和渗透率变化的等值线图。结果表明:经超临界CO_2作用后,煤的渗透率较作用前提高了一个数量级,并随超临界CO_2作用时间的延长呈正指数增加,当作用时间为20h时,煤的渗透率较增透前提高了20.2倍;随超临界CO_2作用时间的增加,蜂窝状孔隙逐渐向更为细小的颗粒空间发展,孔隙数量明显增加。增透煤微观孔隙定量结果显示,随着超临界CO_2作用时间的增加,孔隙率等值线密集程度增加,煤各微区孔隙逐渐发育,孔隙率增加,当作用时间增加到20h时,孔隙率较增透前提高了17.20倍。煤的渗透率随孔隙率的增加呈正指数递增,说明宏微观结果是一致的,超临界CO_2增透促进了煤微观结构的有效发育,提高了煤的渗透率。     

超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形规律试验研究

为解决采用应变片对超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形进行点测量时,试验结果离散性大、超临界CO_2作用导致应变片易脱离破损等问题,自主研发了具有施加热流力载荷功能的膨胀体积应变测量装置,对不同温度、压力的超临界CO_2作用下,煤体膨胀体积变形规律进行研究。结果表明:煤体膨胀体积应变随超临界CO_2作用时间增加呈现先增大后趋于稳定的变化规律;当孔隙压力不变时,膨胀体积应变随超临界温度的升高而增加,温度越高,达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间越长;当温度不变时,随着超临界孔隙压力增加,膨胀体积应变也随之增大,但达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间随孔隙压力的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;超临界CO_2作用下,煤体体积应变随温度和孔隙压力均呈"S型"Logistic函数规律变化;膨胀体积应变对超临界温度和孔隙压力的变化率具有分区性,其变化率大小排序依次为:近临界区跨临界区高临界区。     

液氮作用下煤样结构损伤规律研究

为研究液氮浸泡对低渗煤体结构损伤增透的影响,对不同尺寸煤样进行周期性液氮浸泡实验。通过CT扫描观测煤样浸泡前后内部孔隙、裂隙变化情况,采用高倍照相机观测煤样表面形貌,利用超声测速仪测定煤样波速变化,分析液氮浸泡周期对不同尺寸煤样内部结构损伤规律的影响,提出了液氮作用下煤样损伤模型,解释了液氮作用下煤样损伤机理。结果表明:同尺寸煤样,其内部孔隙率、表面裂隙尺寸及波速衰减率随液氮作用周期数的增加而增大,煤样损伤加剧;同周期浸泡条件下,随着煤样尺寸的增大,液氮作用后的煤样孔隙率逐渐降低;液氮作用周期为1T时,煤样孔隙率增加相对显著,损伤效果明显,1T后煤样孔隙率增加幅度逐渐减小;液氮的超低温作用使煤岩基质收缩,煤岩内部产生新微孔隙,多次作用后,微孔隙发育、扩展和贯通使煤岩出现宏观裂纹并发生破坏。     

考虑CO2吸附和滑脱效应影响的页岩渗透率演化机制研究

为探究气体吸附以及滑脱效应对页岩渗透率的影响规律,利用自主研制的渗流装置,开展了CO₂的脉冲衰减渗流试验。试验结果表明：在低孔隙压力下,CO₂吸附对渗透率计算结果影响较大,随着孔隙压力增大,CO₂吸附对渗透率的影响逐渐减小;通过修正后的滑脱效应渗流公式对渗透率进行拟合,发现修正后的滑脱效应公式与渗透率变化趋势更加贴合;利用滑脱效应贡献率量化分析滑脱效应对渗透率的影响规律,孔隙压力为2.5MPa～4MPa时,滑脱效应对渗透率影响较大,贡献率达到27.78%,随着孔隙压力的增大,贡献率逐渐下降至8.44%,在低孔隙压力条件下,滑脱效应影响更加明显,随着孔隙压力的增大,滑脱效应影响呈指数形式逐渐减小。     

超临界CO_2气爆致裂爆生气体压力沿破裂面变化规律实验研究

为了揭示超临界CO_2气爆致裂煤岩体过程中爆生气体压力沿破裂面的变化规律和不同超临界压力对爆生气体压力分布的影响,利用自主研发的超临界CO_2气爆实验系统进行爆生气体压力分布测试实验。采用气爆孔周预制弱层的方法,解决了气爆实验传感器难以捕捉裂纹位置的问题。得到了破裂面爆生气体压力与到气爆孔距离和时间的关系式。实验结果表明:气爆过程中破裂面任一点处的爆生气体压力随时间衰减曲线,与气爆孔底爆生气体压力衰减曲线的变化特征相似,服从负指数曲线变化规律,随时间增加,衰减曲线斜率逐渐减小;破裂面任一时刻爆生气体压力,满足近气爆孔处气体压力大于远孔位置的气体压力的规律;随着超临界压力增大,各监测点爆生气体压力峰值增大,相邻监测点压力峰值差增大,监测点达到压力峰值对应时间减小,相邻监测点达到压力峰值的时间间隔变短。     

含水率对煤与瓦斯突出能量转化影响试验

为获得煤层注水对煤与瓦斯突出弱化的影响规律,以阜新孙家湾煤矿埋深1100m突出煤层为研究对象,建立了煤与瓦斯突出能量转化模型,并利用自主研发的煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验系统,进行了含水率对煤与瓦斯突出试验影响研究,分析了煤样含水率与临界孔隙压力、突出强度、能量转化率之间的关系。试验结果表明:孔隙压力是煤与瓦斯突出的主要动力源,煤样含水率与临界孔隙压力间呈指数关系递增。煤样含水率由0%增加到3%、6%时,相对突出强度分别降低了5.67%、1.2%,随煤样含水率增加,相对突出强度与绝对突出强度将逐渐降低。瓦斯内能是影响煤体突出能量大小的关键因素,与突出孕育和突出激发过程均密切相关。随含水率增加,突出孕育能量和突出激发能量均线性增加,但突出能量转化率线性减小,不易发生煤与瓦斯突出。     

SDS水溶液作用下低煤阶煤体物理力学特性及损伤实验研究

为了探究SDS水溶液对低阶煤煤体物理力学特性的影响及损伤程度,采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液为有机溶液,以低煤阶煤体(阜新长焰煤)为研究对象,通过电镜扫描、压汞实验、纵波波速实验和单轴压缩实验,对SDS水溶液浸泡前后煤样的微观孔隙结构、孔隙率、纵波波速、峰值强度及弹性模量进行表征,分析煤样在SDS水溶液作用下物理力学特性随浸泡温度的变化规律,并建立了SDS水溶液作用下受荷载煤样的损伤演化模型,探讨煤样损伤机制。结果表明:(1)经SDS水溶液作用后,煤样微观孔隙分布不均匀,孔隙率随浸泡温度增加而增加,在55℃时,孔隙率为57%,比原煤样孔隙率增加了46%;煤样纵波波速、峰值强度和弹性模量均随浸泡温度增加而降低,在55℃时,纵波波速、峰值强度和弹性模量分别为571m/s、6.73MPa、356MPa,比原煤样分别降低了416m/s、5.12MPa、1129MPa;(2)SDS水溶液与荷载的共同作用加剧了煤样的总损伤程度,表现出明显的非线性特征,煤样损伤在微观上表现为矿物质组成与结构的改变过程,宏观上表现为煤样力学强度的降低及抵抗破坏的能力减弱;(3)运用新的浸泡实验结果验证所提出的损伤演化模型,实验结果与损伤演化模型十分吻合,相关系数R~2=0.999,由此可见,该损伤演化模型具有良好的可靠性。     

不同温压超临界CO_2气爆喷孔冲击应力变化规律实验研究

为研究不同温压条件下超临界CO_2气爆过程中气爆管喷孔喷射的爆生气体对被爆物体产生的冲击应力变化规律,自主设计了超临界CO_2气爆实验系统及数据采集装置,实验得到了在不同初始温度和压力下对称双喷孔喷射的超临界CO_2气爆爆生气体冲击应力变化规律:喷孔喷出的爆生气体作用于被爆物体的冲击应力经历应力激增、应力剧减和应力减速衰减三个阶段。冲击应力时程变化曲线呈脉冲波形曲线特征,且冲击应力衰减阶段持续时间大于冲击应力激增持续时间。冲击应力随初始温度和初始压力的增大而增加,初始压力变化引起的气爆冲击应力变化比初始温度变化明显,增大超临界态CO_2的初始压力提高气爆冲击应力优于提高超临界态CO_2的初始温度。最后得到了冲击应力峰值P_(max)与初始温度T和初始压力P的关系P_(max)=ɑT+bP+C。     

深部煤层瓦斯对煤力学性质影响规律研究

针对深部高瓦斯煤层复合动力灾害的特点,以阜新五龙矿高瓦斯煤样为研究对象,通过"煤岩渗透试验台-三轴渗透仪"试验装置,对比分析孔隙压力、峰值强度、弹性模量与瓦斯含量的相互关系,研究瓦斯对煤力学性质的影响规律。结果表明:浅部低瓦斯煤层瓦斯含量与孔隙压力之间符合Langmuir方程,深部高瓦斯煤层瓦斯含量与孔隙压力之间符合幂函数关系;煤体中的瓦斯的游离与吸附两种状态在一定温度和瓦斯压力下保持动态平衡,随瓦斯含量的增加,煤体中游离瓦斯量呈线性增加,煤体峰值强度随之降低;围压很低时,弹性模量与瓦斯压力之间近似呈线性关系,围压较大时,呈非线性关系,弹性模量随瓦斯含量增加而降低,瓦斯压力越大,弹性模量降低越多。     

有机/酸复合溶液化学作用下低煤阶煤体破坏微观机制研究

为了探讨有机/酸复合溶液化学作用对煤体物理力学特性的影响,采用扫描电镜、粉晶X射线衍射、压汞实验和力学性能测试等手段,对经有机/酸复合溶液浸泡前后的煤样表观形貌、矿物质含量变化、内部孔隙结构及单轴抗压强度进行表征。分析煤的微观结构随时间变化规律,得出有机/酸复合溶液破坏煤体的微观机制,并通过单轴压缩实验验证煤样微观破坏机理。结果表明:经有机/酸复合溶液浸泡48h后,煤样表面的孔隙尺寸大于10μm,大部分表面被溶蚀成小于1μm的小碎屑颗粒;方解石、白云石和黄铁矿的溶解率为54.54%、36.36%、34.29%,伊利石、高岭石、蒙脱石的含量增加了51.74%、60%、40%,石英几乎不反应;煤样孔径分布曲线随时间增加,逐渐由单峰分布变成双峰分布,煤样微孔体积减少了69.01%,大孔体积增加了72.85%;煤样弹性模量为377.2MPa,峰值强度为4.02MPa,达到峰值强度时,应变值为21.61%。煤样与有机/酸复合溶液之间的化学作用可从微细观上改变煤样的矿物组成与结构,使其产生孔洞、孔隙等,增加其孔隙率,影响其渗透率,进而改变其峰值强度和弹性模量等宏观力学性质。     

Experimental Investigation on Correlation Between Permeability Variation and Pore Structure During Coal Pyrolysis

Transport in porous media with chemical and thermal effects is a common phenomenon; it is also a complicated scientific problem with applications in the field of mining engineering. In situ pyrolysis for coal gas generation is just such a problem, involving material and structural changes in the coal and surrounding rocks, with massive thermal and chemical effects. The transport properties of the coal are substantially changed, which in turn affect the thermal and chemico-mechanical reactions. A series of laboratory experiments on pore structure and permeability changes during gas coal pyrolysis were carried; the experimental procedure and results are described and analyzed in this study. The pore volume and permeability of tested specimens experienced modest changes during the heating process from 20 to 300°C, but when heated from 300 to 400°C, large pores in the specimens greatly increased and the overall porosity reached 23% at 400°C, which is larger than the percolation threshold value of the rock mass with pores and cracks. The permeability of the specimens increased exponentially with temperature, evidencing the massive structural changes that took place in the specimens during the pyrolysis process. In the high temperature range from 400 to 600°C, fewer changes in the specific surface area of microscopic and small pores in the coal took place, but the pore volume and porosity increased linearly with temperature.     

Experimental Characterization of Porosity Structure and Transport Property Changes in Limestone Undergoing Different Dissolution Regimes

Limestone dissolution by $\hbox {CO}_2$ -rich brine induces critical changes of the pore network geometrical parameters such as the pore size distribution, the connectivity, and the tortuosity which govern the macroscopic transport properties (permeability and dispersivity) that are required to parameterize the models, simulating the injection and the fate of $\hbox {CO}_2$ . A set of four reactive core-flood experiments reproducing underground conditions ( $T = 100\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$ and $P = 12$ MPa) has been conducted for different $\hbox {CO}_2$ partial pressures $(0.034 < P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}< 3.4\; \hbox {MPa})$ in order to study the different dissolution regimes. X-ray microtomographic images have been used to characterize the changes in the structural properties from pore scale to Darcy scale, while time-resolved pressure loss and chemical fluxes enabled the determination of the sample-scale change in porosity and permeability. The results show the growth of localized dissolution features associated with high permeability increase for the highest $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ , whereas dissolution tends to be more homogeneously distributed for lower values of $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ . For the latter, the higher the $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ , the more the dissolution patterns display ramified structures and permeability increase. For the lowest value of $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ , the preferential dissolution of the calcite cement associated with the low dissolution kinetics triggers the transport that may locally accumulate and form a microporous material that alters permeability and produces an anti-correlated porosity–permeability relationship. The combined analysis of the pore network geometry and the macroscopic measurements shows that $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ regulates the tortuosity change during dissolution. Conversely, the increase of the exponent value of the observed power law permeability–porosity trend while $P_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ increases, which appears to be strongly linked to the increase of the effective hydraulic diameter, depends on the initial rock structure.     

超临界CO2在低渗透煤层中渗流规律的实验研究

利用自主研发的THM三场耦合渗流实验系统,进行不同孔隙压力和温度条件下的超临界CO2在低渗透煤层中的渗流实验,得出不同温度下流速和压力梯度之间的关系,从而得到了低渗透煤层注入超临界CO2的非达西渗流规律,即流速与压力梯度变化规律呈现正指数关系.随着压力梯度的增大,渗透系数也不断的增大,且呈现正指数关系;在同一体积应力和压力梯度的条件下,温度越高,流速越快;温度在临界点附近,流速和渗透系数增加很快.     

卸压开采损伤煤岩气体渗透率试验研究

我国煤系地层的煤岩体渗透率普遍较低,直接影响煤矿瓦斯抽采效果。卸压开采使采场围岩受采动应力作用具备了峰后力学行为,其渗透率也大幅度增加,有助于瓦斯的高效抽采。本文基于MTS815.02型电液伺服岩石渗透试验系统,对卸压开采后损伤煤岩的气体渗透率进行了测试。研究表明:(1)卸压损伤煤岩石的渗透率在10-5～10-4 m2之间,较受采动影响前要大107～108倍;(2)卸压过程中,煤样的气体渗透率与围压近似呈线性关系,与岩样呈双曲线关系;(3)卸压损伤煤岩逐渐加围压,气体渗透率近似为线性下降,卸压阶段,其渗透率增加;(4)加卸围压对煤岩的气体渗透率有很大影响。研究结果可为卸压瓦斯高效抽采提供理论依据。     

Effect of Water Saturation on Pressure-Dependent Permeability of Carboniferous Shale of the Qaidam Basin,China

Permeability is the most important parameter that describes gas flow characteristics in shale. Water saturation and effective pressure have a considerable effect on shale permeability. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the effects of water saturation and effective pressure on gas permeability in Carboniferous shales of the Qaidam Basin, China. The permeability of shale samples with varying water saturation (0–33 wt%) was measured at effective pressure of 6.9 to 27.59 MPa and at low mean pore pressure (<?6.89 MPa) at room temperature, using a pressure pulse decay permeameter. The results indicate that the water saturation and the effective pressure are the main factors affecting the shale permeability. Permeability of sample C034, which has a high clay content and is dominated by nanoscale slit-shaped pores, shows a large decrease (up to 90%) with increasing water saturation (from 0 to 31.7 wt%), depending on the effective pressure. A much larger permeability reduction with increasing water saturation fraction is associated with the swelling of clay minerals. For each sample with varying water saturation, our analyses revealed a consistent line relationship between log permeability and effective pressure variation. The impact of effective pressure on the measured permeability becomes more significant as water saturation increases. With increasing water saturation, the gas slippage factor decreases and calculated effective pore size increases, and gas–water flow in the shale samples occurs as channel flow. This study provides practical information for further studies of stress-dependent permeability of shale with water and the gas slippage effect in two-phase, gas–water flow.     

A Computational Approach to Determine Average Reservoir Pressure in a Coalbed Methane (CBM) Well Flowing Under Dominant Matrix Shrinkage Effect

Desorption of gas from coal matrix alters the pore volume of fracture network. Consequently, cleat porosity and permeability of reservoir changes as pressure depletes. The method of standard pressure analysis calculations produces incorrect results in the case of coalbed methane reservoirs producing under dominant matrix shrinkage effect. The change in cleat porosity and permeability due to shrinkage of coal matrix following gas desorption with pressure depletion invalidates the underlying assumptions made in the derivation of diffusivity equation. Consequently, equations of pseudo-steady state commonly used in conventional reservoirs no longer remain valid as the porosity and permeability values change with pressure depletion. In this paper, effort has been made to describe pseudo-steady-state flow in coalbed methane reservoirs in the form of a new equation that accounts for pressure dependency of cleat porosity and permeability due to shrinkage of coal matrix. The concept of Al-Hussainy et al. (1966) has been extended to define a new pseudo-pressure function which assimilates within itself the pressure dependence of porosity and permeability Palmer and Mansoori (1998). Equation has been used to relate the cleat porosity with pressure. The equation-based computational method suggested in this paper finds its usefulness in estimating average reservoir pressure for any known flowing bottom hole pressure and thus reducing the frequency of future pressure buildup tests. The new equation is also useful in predicting reservoir pressure under the situation when coal matrix shrinks below desorption pressure. The equation used in the computational method has been validated with the help of numerical simulator CMG-GEM.     

Modelling of Fluid/Paper Interaction in the Application Nip of a Film Coater

This paper describes a model for the penetration of fluid into a moving paper web in the application nip of a film coater. One-dimensional and two-dimensional solution methods are developed and compared. The two-dimensional model is solved using a Galerkin finite element method with a free surface algorithm. The depth of fluid penetration into the paper web increases with increase in applied pressure, paper permeability and exposure time. The fluid penetration depth decreases as the porosity or solution viscosity increases. The functional relationship among these variables depends on the profile of the pressure applied at the surface of the paper sheet. For the case of uniform paper permeability and no air compression in the web, the two-dimensional model gives similar results to the one-dimensional model.     

Estimation of Shale Intrinsic Permeability with Process-Based Pore Network Modeling Approach

A multi-scale pore network model is developed for shale with the process-based method (PBM). The pore network comprises three types of sub-networks: the \(\upmu \)m-scale sub-network, the nm-scale pore sub-network in organic matter (OM) particles and the nm-scale pore sub-network in clay aggregates. Process-based simulations mimic shale-forming geological processes and generate a \(\upmu \)m-scale sub-network which connects interparticle pores, OM particles and clay aggregates. The nm-scale pore sub-networks in OM and clay are extracted from monodisperse sphere packing. Nm-scale throats in OM and clay are simplified to be cylindrical and cuboid-shaped, respectively. The nm-scale pore sub-networks are inserted into selected OM particles and clay aggregates in the \(\upmu \)m-scale sub-network to form an integrated multi-scale pore network. No-slip permeability is evaluated on multi-scale pore networks. Permeability calculations verify that shales permeability keeps decreasing when nm-scale pores and throats replace \(\upmu \)m-scale pores. Soft shales may have higher porosity but similar range of permeability with hard shales. Small compaction leads to higher permeability when nm-scale pores dominate a pore network. Nm-scale pore networks with higher interconnectivity contribute to higher permeability. Under constant shale porosity, the shale matrix with cuboid-shaped nm-scale throats has lower no-slip permeability than that with cylindrical throats. Different from previous reconstruction processes, the new reconstruction process first considers the porous OM and clay distribution with PBM. The influence of geological processes on the multi-scale pore networks is also first analyzed for shale. Moreover, this study considers the effect of OM porosities and different pore morphologies in OM and clay on shale permeability.