Experimental Investigation of Subcooled Vertical Upward Flow Boiling in a Narrow Rectangular Channel

Accurate models for the onset of nucleate boiling, density of active nucleation sites (N_a), bubble departure size (D_d), and departure frequency (f_d) are essential to the success of computational fluid dynamics analysis of two-phase thermal-hydraulics involving subcooled flow boiling in nuclear reactor systems. This work presents an experimental study of subcooled flow boiling in a vertical upward narrow rectangular channel that mimics the flow passage in the plate fuel assembly of boiling water reactors. The experiments are conducted over a range of mass flux (G = 122–657 kg/m²s), inlet subcooling (ΔT_sub = 4.7–33.3?C), and heat flux (q″ = 1.7–28.9 W/cm²). Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations are developed for the prediction of onset of nucleate boiling, N_a, D_d, and f_d for given flow conditions. These correlations are valid in the nucleate boiling regime when the wall superheat is less than 12°C and can be incorporated in the computational fluid dynamics codes to enable more precise simulation of subcooled flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow in nuclear energy applications.     

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Micro-Channel Heat Sinks under Sub-Atmospheric Pressures

A closed-loop two-phase mini-channel-based heat sink driven by a micro-gear pump was developed in this work. Using water as an example, experiments were performed in two micro-channel heat sinks under the conditions of initial pressure of P_in = 34–113 kPa, mass velocity of G = 19–468 kg/m₂s, outlet quality of x_e,out = ?14–66%, and heat flux of q″ = 0–230 W/cm², which covered single-phase flow, subcooled flow boiling, and saturated flow boiling regions. The results showed distinctive differences between the subcooled and saturated boiling regime and revealed that the influence of the system pressure. The experimental data were also compared to a boiling mechanism demarcation map and assessed against some empirical correlations, which suggests some uniqueness of the current heat sink associated with flow boiling at the mesoscale.     

浮升力对管内水过冷流动沸腾传热特性的影响研究

基于已知的2087组水的过冷流动沸腾传热实验数据,通过努塞尔数(Nu)和格拉晓夫数(Gr)的关系探讨了不同流动方向和加热方式下浮升力对过冷流动沸腾传热性能的影响。对上壁面单边加热水平矩形管内过冷流动沸腾传热进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,向上的浮升力阻碍了气泡向流体中的扩散,使得传热恶化。在增加流速、增大压力和减小过冷度的条件下,Nu均随Gr增加,使过冷流动沸腾传热得到强化。     

微米线结构表面的过冷流动沸腾实验研究

以去离子水为工质,配合高速摄像观测,研究了截面为0.5 mm×5 mm的微细窄矩形通道内氧化锌微米线结构表面的竖直流动过冷沸腾。流量范围200~400 kg·m^-2·s^-1,过冷度为10 K,热流密度最高为200 kW·m^-2。分析了不同工况下过冷沸腾的沸腾曲线、平均换热系数、局部换热系数和流型特征。     

Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer to Water and Ethylene Glycol/Water Mixtures in a Bottom-heated Tube

Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer experiments were performed with water and ethylene glycol/water mixtures at five flow velocities and four fluid inlet temperatures. Both turbulent flow and laminar flow were tested in a special test facility with its experimental test section heated from the bottom surface only. Boiling curves and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of the tested fluids were determined from the experimental measurements. Predictive correlations of the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were developed based on the experimental data. Comparisons are presented of wall temperatures between the experimental measurements and the correlation predictions.     

DNS of turbulent flow with hemispherical wall roughness

The present study of the effect of roughness density on the mean flow turbulence parameters is motivated by the need for new generation of boundary conditions for multiphase computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) models applied to boiling flows. Effect of roughness element density on the turbulent flow in a channel is quantified through direct numerical simulations (DNSs). The Navier--Stokes equations are solved using finite element method and bubbles are approximated as rigid near-hemispherical obstacles at the wall. Six different cases were analysed including channel flow with smooth wall and channel flow with rough wall for five different bubble nucleation site densities. Friction factor and the law of the wall was calculated and compared with the previously published results. Existing correlations for nucleating bubble site density dependency on a wall heat flux were used to obtain a relation between the heat flux and the friction factor, leading to the law of the wall dependency on the heat flux. This separate effect study provides new guidelines on how the heat flux in subcooled boiling regime affects the turbulence behaviour near the wall and guides the computational fluid dynamics model development for boiling two-phase flows.     

Experimental and numerical study of swirling subcooled flow boiling of water in a vertical annulus

In this paper, the effect of making swirling flow inside an annulus on the subcooled boiling heat transfer has been studied and discussed both experimentally and numerically. The Eulerian-Eulerian model and control volume technique have been used for numerical modeling of the problem. The experimental results show that the critical heat flux values are enhanced by making swirling flow. The experimental and numerical results also indicate that by making swirling flow inside the annulus, the subcooled boiling heat transfer coefficients are increased. Moreover, the experimental and numerical values of the boiling heat transfer coefficients show good agreement with each other.     

Influence of metallic nanoparticles in water driven along a wavy circular cylinder

In the present study, simultaneous effects of metallic nanoparticles and magnetohydrodynamic due to stagnation point flow of nanofluid along a wave circular cylinder is presented. The effect of induced magnetic field is incorporated to deal the boundary and thermal boundary layer domain. Mathematical modelling for momentum and energy equation is constructed that is based upon three different kinds of nanoparticles namely: copper (Cu), Titanium di oxide (TiO₂), and alumina (Al₂O₃) within the working fluid water. Each mixture is analysed at the individual level and made comparison amongst all the mixture to examine the resistance and thermal conductivity of nanofluid within the boundary layer region. The solutions are exposed via boundary value problem using shooting method along with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. The characteristics of emerging parameters for the fluid flow and heat transfer are discussed through graphs and tables. The effects of ϕ (nanoparticle volume fraction) on heat transfer and shear stress at the wall are analysed in detail. It is finally concluded that by increasing the ratio of nanoparticles there is a significant increase in the temperature but slight decrease in the velocity profile.     

A free convective boundary layer in a conducting fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

The properties of free convection in a conducting fluid in laminar regime near a hot solid vertical w all in the presence of a transverse magnetic field are theoretically analyzed. The existence of two regimes of heat transfer from the wall to the fluid are established. In the first regime, at small heights x?x* where the magnetic field effect can be disregarded, heat transfer is described by the well-known results for a free convective boundary layer in a nonconducting fluid with the Nusselt number Nu_x∝x^3/4. In the second regime, at x? x* where the magnetic field plays a crucial role, the dependence of heat transfer on the height and field strength is \(Nu_x \propto {{\sqrt x } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sqrt x } B}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} B}\). The location of the boundary between these regimes strongly depends on the magnetic field, x*∝ B^?4.     

Eulerian–Eulerian simulation of non-uniform magnetic field effects on the ferrofluid nucleate pool boiling

The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of ferrofluid on a horizontal plate in the presence of a non-uniform magnetic field has been studied numerically using Eulerian–Eulerian approach. Also, the wall partitioning model was extended to consider the boiling surface modification by the nanoparticles deposition on the heated surface. Adding nanoparticles causes deterioration in the boiling heat transfer coefficient and void fraction. Moreover, applying the magnetic field intensifies these reductions.     

Lattice Boltzmann method for nanofluid flow in a porous cavity with heat sources and magnetic field

In this article, Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been applied to investigate the influences of magnetic field and heat sources on water based nanofluid natural convection inside a porous cavity with three square heat sources. Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model is applied to study Brownian motion impact on nanofluid flow. Effects of Rayleigh number (Ra), Darcy number (Da), nanofluid volume fraction (ϕ), and Hartmann number (Ha) on heat transfer characteristics are analyzed. From the obtained results we observe a decrease in the temperature gradient with increasing Ha; while quite the opposite effect is true with increasing Da and Ra. In the absence of magnetic field, for higher values of Darcy and Rayleigh numbers, thermal plumes are generated and the temperature gradient is enhanced. Moreover, small eddies are generated near the vertical centerline. However, in the presence of magnetic field, the number of thermal plumes decreases.     

Simulating magnetic nanoparticle behavior in low-field MRI under transverse rotating fields and imposed fluid flow

In the presence of alternating-sinusoidal or rotating magnetic fields, magnetic nanoparticles will act to realign their magnetic moment with the applied magnetic field. The realignment is characterized by the nanoparticle's time constant, τ. As the magnetic field frequency is increased, the nanoparticle's magnetic moment lags the applied magnetic field at a constant angle for a given frequency, Ω, in rad s⁻¹. Associated with this misalignment is a power dissipation that increases the bulk magnetic fluid's temperature which has been utilized as a method of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, particularly suited for cancer in low-perfusion tissue (e.g., breast) where temperature increases of between 4 and 7 °C above the ambient in vivo temperature cause tumor hyperthermia. This work examines the rise in the magnetic fluid's temperature in the MRI environment which is characterized by a large DC field, B₀. Theoretical analysis and simulation is used to predict the effect of both alternating-sinusoidal and rotating magnetic fields transverse to B₀. Results are presented for the expected temperature increase in small tumors ( radius) over an appropriate range of magnetic fluid concentrations (0.002-0.01 solid volume fraction) and nanoparticle radii (1-10 nm). The results indicate that significant heating can take place, even in low-field MRI systems where magnetic fluid saturation is not significant, with careful the goal of this work is to examine, by means of analysis and simulation, the concept of interactive fluid magnetization using the dynamic behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions in the MRI environment. In addition to the usual magnetic fields associated with MRI, a rotating magnetic field is applied transverse to the main B₀ field of the MRI. Additional or modified magnetic fields have been previously proposed for hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery within MRI. Analytical predictions and numerical simulations of the transverse rotating magnetic field in the presence of B₀ are investigated to demonstrate the effect of Ω, the rotating field frequency, and the magnetic field amplitude on the fluid suspension magnetization. The transverse magnetization due to the rotating transverse field shows strong dependence on the characteristic time constant of the fluid suspension, τ. The analysis shows that as the rotating field frequency increases so that Ωτ approaches unity, the transverse fluid magnetization vector is significantly non-aligned with the applied rotating field and the magnetization's magnitude is a strong function of the field frequency. In this frequency range, the fluid's transverse magnetization is controlled by the applied field which is determined by the operator. The phenomenon, which is due to the physical rotation of the magnetic nanoparticles in the suspension, is demonstrated analytically when the nanoparticles are present in high concentrations (1-3% solid volume fractions) more typical of hyperthermia rather than in clinical imaging applications, and in low MRI field strengths (such as open MRI systems), where the magnetic nanoparticles are not magnetically saturated. The effect of imposed Poiseuille flow in a planar channel geometry and changing nanoparticle concentration is examined. The work represents the first known attempt to analyze the dynamic behavior of magnetic nanoparticles in the MRI environment including the effects of the magnetic nanoparticle spin-velocity. It is shown that the magnitude of the transverse magnetization is a strong function of the rotating transverse field frequency. Interactive fluid magnetization effects are predicted due to non-uniform fluid magnetization in planar Poiseuille flow with high nanoparticle concentrations.     

A Numerical Investigation of Nanocomposite of Copper and Titanium Dioxide in Water Based Fluid Influenced by Instigated Magnetic Region

Presence of external electrical field plays a vital role in heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena. Keeping this in view present article is a numerical investigation of stagnation point flow of water based nanoparticles suspended fluid under the influence of induced magnetic field. A detailed comparative analysis has been performed by considering Copper and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Utilization of similarity analysis leads to a simplified system of coupled nonlinear differential equations, which has been tackled numerically by means of shooting technique followed by Runge-Kutta of order 5. The solutions are computed correct up to 6 decimal places. Influence of pertinent parameters is examined for fluid flow, induced magnetic field, and temperature profile. One of the key findings includes that magnetic parameter plays a vital role in directing fluid flow and lowering temperature profile. Moreover, it is concluded that Cu-water based nanofluid high thermal conductivity contributes in enhancing heat transfer efficiently.     

Experimental Investigation of Subcooled Flow Boiling in an Inclined Channel with a Hot Spot

In this study, the effects of surface roughness, fluid velocity, and surface inclination on hot spot subcooled flow boiling are investigated experimentally. The experimental set-up consists of a circular heater that is placed on the lower wall of a channel. Based on the experimental data, two new independent empirical correlations are presented. The experimental results show that by increasing the surface roughness and fluid velocity, the surface heat fluxes increase. Inclination of the surface in either direction yields a higher heat transfer coefficient in comparison to its horizontal position when the surface is smooth and lower for the rough surface.     

基于拟沸腾理论的超临界CO2管内传热恶化量纲分析

超临界流体广泛应用于工程技术领域,其流动传热特性对工程设计具有重要意义,但是,由于超临界流体的物理微观和宏观行为的机理尚不清晰,所以其异常的流动传热特性并未得到很好的解决.普遍认为超临界流体在分子尺度上可分为类气和类液两种不同的特性,直到最近通过实验在宏观上监测到超临界水类液和类气之间的转变,且这一过程与拟沸腾理论一致,使得问题逐渐变得清晰.本文基于拟沸腾理论对超临界CO2异常流动传热行为进行了研究,在假设类液和类气转换过程不均匀的情况下,从经典的量纲分析和亚临界过冷沸腾理论模型出发,提出了一个适用于超临界流体拟沸腾换热过程的分析方法.通过引入表征类气膜生长速度与流体主流平均流速之比π=(qw·ρ1)/(G·Δi·ρg)和表征近壁区类气膜温度梯度π13=(qw·βpc·di)/λg两个无量纲数,来表征拟沸腾如何导致传热恶化,解释了超临界CO2竖直向上加热流动过程中的异常换热特性,即较大的类气膜生长速度使近壁区快速聚集了较多的高温流体,而较大的类气膜温度梯度使类气膜覆盖在壁面.当核心的冷类液不能充分润湿热壁面时,传热恶化.新无量纲数较好的诠释了超临界流体拟沸腾诱导传热恶化机制,为超临界拟沸腾传热研究提供了理论依据.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of natural convection of magnetic fluids in a cubic cavity

In this article, natural convections of a magnetic fluid in a cubic cavity under a uniform magnetic field are investigated experimentally and numerically. Results obtained from experiments and numerical simulations reveal that the magnetic field and magnetization are influenced by temperature. There exist relative larger magnetization and magnetic forces in the regions near the upper wall and center inside the cavity than in the region near the bottom and side walls. A weak flow roll occurs inside cavity under the magnetic force, and it brings the low temperature fluid downward in the center region, and streams the high temperature fluid upward along the regions near the sidewalls. With the magnetic field imposed, the heat transfer inside the cavity is enhanced significantly compared to that without the magnetic field, and increasing the strength of the magnetic field the heat transfer is increased further.     

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) axisymmetric flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid past a radially permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with Joule heating

The main interest of the present work is to fundamentally investigate the flow characteristics and heat transfer of a hybrid Cu-Al₂O₃/water nanofluid due to a radially stretching/shrinking surface with the mutual effects of MHD, suction and Joule heating. The surface is permeable to physically allow the wall mass fluid suction. Tiwari and Das model of nanofluid is used with the new thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluid to represent the problem. A similarity transformation is adopted to convert the governing model (PDEs) into a nonlinear set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A bvp4c solver in MATLAB software is employed to numerically compute the transformed system. The numerical results are discussed and graphically manifested in velocity and temperature profiles, as well as the skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate with the pertinent values of the dimensionless parameters namely magnetic, Cu volume fraction, suction and Eckert number. The Eckert number has no impact on the boundary layer separation while the higher value of the suction parameter may affect the heat transfer performance. The presence of dual solutions (first and second) is seen on all the profiles within a limited range of the physical parameters. The stability analysis is executed, and it is validated that the first solution is the real solution.     

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Based on the computational fluid dynamic code ANSYS CFX, the inhomogeneous Eulerian- Eulerian multiphase model coupled with RPI (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) boiling model is adopted to simulate the subcooled boiling two-phase flow of hypervapotron structure, and the effects of different fin structures on the heat transfer performance of hypervapotron structures are compared. The results show that under high heat flux conditions, the heat transfer performance of the triangular fin structure is better than the rectangular fin structure. Triangular 4×3 to the flow geometry has the best heat transfer performance. Rectangular 4×3 geometry is greatly affected by the flow rate due to the obstruction of the fins making the flow rate to be lower and the heat transfer performance will be getting worse. Triangular 4×3 against the flow geometry make the fluid in the cavity to maintain a large degree of turbulence due to the small cavity between the fins and the adverse effects of counter-flow fins on the mainstream, so the fin area has a good heat transfer performance, but due to the impeding effect of the counter-flow fin on the fluid, the fluid velocity in the slot is getting lower and lower, as the result, the heat transfer performance on the sidewall far away from the fin area is getting worse.     

A Numerical Investigation of Nanocomposite of Copper and Titanium Dioxide in Water Based Fluid Influenced by Instigated Magnetic Region

Presence of external electrical field plays a vital role in heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena. Keeping this in view present article is a numerical investigation of stagnation point flow of water based nanoparticles suspended fluid under the influence of induced magnetic field. A detailed comparative analysis has been performed by considering Copper and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Utilization of similarity analysis leads to a simplified system of coupled nonlinear differential equations, which has been tackled numerically by means of shooting technique followed by Runge-Kutta of order 5. The solutions are computed correct up to 6 decimal places. Influence of pertinent parameters is examined for fluid flow, induced magnetic field, and temperature profile. One of the key findings includes that magnetic parameter plays a vital role in directing fluid flow and lowering temperature profile. Moreover, it is concluded that Cu-water based nanofluid high thermal conductivity contributes in enhancing heat transfer efficiently.