Effect of a ceramic coating on the characteristic of surface combustion

It is shown that an alumina or zircon ceramic coating deposited on the surface of a foamed-metal permeable matrix in a multichamber detonation facility increases the effective temperature of the working surface of the matrix. Surface combustion on a matrix with a ceramic coating is characterized by a decrease in the emission of harmful components (10–16% in NO _x and twofold in CO). In the presence of a flat heat exchanger over the matrix surface, the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the firing rate of ~60 W/cm² decreases to 1–2 ppm. The concentration of carbon monoxide is less than 45 ppm. The use of a radiation screen in a volumetric matrix with a ceramic coating can significantly extend the concentration limits of surface combustion, to air-to-fuel ratios of α = 0.47 and 2.1 at the lean and rich limits, respectively.     

Surface combustion on a ceramics-coated foamed-metal matrix

The results of a comparative study of the characteristics of surface combustion in the infrared mode on a flat and volumetric foamed-metal matrix with a ceramic (alumina) coating are reported. The coating of thickness ~200 μm was applied by using the detonation method. It was shown that the covering of the matrix with a material having a lower emissivity and thermal diffusivity causes the flame front to immerse into the matrix and increases the surface layer temperature. For combustion on a flat matrix at a firing rate of ~75 W/cm², the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were up to two times lower. For combustion in a volumetric matrix at a firing rate of ~30 W/cm², the reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides was two to three times lower.     

Limiting conditions for the combustion of a rich gas mixture on the surface of a permeable matrix

The limit of the surface combustion of rich methane-air mixtures on a planar and a volumetric permeable matrix is theoretically and experimentally determined. The influence of a radiation screen on the expansion of the region of stable surface combustion at a heightened specific thermal load on the matrix is examined. The possibility of a substantial expansion of the lower limit of surface combustion in passing from a planar to a volumetric matrix is demonstrated. It is shown that heat recovery allows stable surface combustion of natural gas-air mixtures at air-to-fuel ratios of up to α = 0.35.     

Surface combustion of gas lean mixture in a slot cavity

Critical conditions for the transition of surface combustion into “blue flame” mode for lean mixtures on an open permeable matrix and in a slot cavity were experimentally and theoretically investigated. Temperatures of the matrix surface and combustion products were computed depending on the power density of combustion. The boundary of the region of steady-state surface combustion was determined. The role of a radiation shield in the expansion of the given region was shown. The limiting modes of surface combustion in the slot cavity were experimentally investigated in an arrangement over a matrix of a heat-insulated radiation shield with a smooth or rough surface. The use of the rough shield was shown to result in a substantial expansion of the region of steady-state combustion. Surface combustion of the lean mixtures was found to be possible at an excess air ratio of 2 and a limiting power density of ～20 W/cm². With an increase in the power to 60 W/cm², the excess air ratio decreases to 1.6. The results of experiments are compared with computations and show satisfactory coincidence with them.     

Combustion of natural gas at the surface of a high-porosity metal matrix

Comparative studies of the combustion of natural gas in burner devices with flat and 3D matrices made of high-porosity metal foam were performed. It was demonstrated that stable combustion in infrared mode can be realized at specific combustion powers of up to 30–40 W/cm². For the 3D matrices, the specific combustion power per unit area of the external cross section was as high as 160 W/cm². For the combustion of near-stoichiometric mixtures at the maximum specific combustion power, the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were within 16–18 and 40–60 ppm, respectively, decreasing approximately proportionally with the specific combustion power. When the combustible mixture was diluted with air to an air-to-fuel equivalence ratio of above 1.5, the concentration of pollutants decreased to less than 5 ppm. A model was developed which made it possible to calculate the temperatures of the flame front and of the working and back surfaces of the matrices. The calculation results were found to be in close agreement with the experimental data.     

Implementation of the Effective Combustion of Gas Mixtures with a Low Emission of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> and CO

The method for burning stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric gas mixtures in a burner device with a volumetric matrix is proposed, which provides low concentrations of harmful substances in the combustion products. It is shown that the concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide in the combustion products can be reduced to 10 ppm at an air excess ratio of ~1 and an output firing rate of ~300 W/cm².     

Heat exchange in boundary layer on permeable plate at injection and combustion

The peculiarities of the heat and mass exchange in a laminar boundary layer with combustion at the injection of the fuel mixture H²/N² through the permeable surface are considered. It is shown that at a certain value of the injection parameter, the value of the heat flux into the wall averaged over the length has a maximum. An analytic estimate is proposed for determining the maximum heat flux at the combustion depending on the injection intensity. The obtained relations agree with the results of experimental studies and numerical modelling.     

高功率激光器喷雾冷却的实验研究

 以水为冷却介质,采用Spray公司的TG0.3机械雾化实心圆锥喷嘴,在体积通量为0.044,0.049和0.053 m³/(m²·s)情况下,对刻有不同微结构槽道冷却面的无沸腾区换热性能进行实验研究。结果表明：刻有微结构的表面可明显增强换热效果;壁面刻有高为0.2 mm的微结构槽道且壁面温度为52 ℃时,体积通量为0.044 m³/(m²·s则热流可达260 W/cm²,通量为0.053 m³/(m²·s则散热功率高达376 W/cm²,完全可以满足当前高功率激光器的散热需求。对于光滑面以及槽肋高为0.1和0.2 mm的换热面,其换热能力随着体积通量的增加而增强;换热面高度为0.4 mm时,通量对换热的影响变得较微弱。微结构槽道不仅增加了换热面积,还有利于液膜扩散,减小液膜厚度,增强换热。在三种不同的流量通量下,高度为0.2 mm的微结构槽道换热性能最佳。     

A numerical study of transient flow around a cylinder and aerodynamic sound radiation

The fully 3D turbulent incompressible flow around a cylinder and in its wake at a Reynolds number Re = = 9×10⁴ based on the cylinder diameter and Mach number M = 0.1 is calculated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Encouraging results are found in comparison to experimental data for the fluctuating lift and drag forces. The acoustic pressure in far-field is commutated through the surface integral formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FWH) equation in acoustic analogy. Five different sound sources, the cylinder wall and four permeable surfaces in the flow fields, are employed. The spectra of the sound pressure are generally in quantitative agreement with the measured one though the acoustic sources are pseudo-sound regarding the incompressible flow simulation. The acoustic component at the Strouhal number related to vortex shedding has been predicted accurately. For the broad band sound, the permeable surfaces in the near wake region give qualitative enough accuracy level of predictions, while the cylinder wall surface shows a noticeable under-prediction. The sound radiation of the volumetric sources based on Lighthill tensors at vortex shedding is also studied. Its far-field directivity is of lateral quadrupoles with the weak radiations in the flow and cross-flow directions.     

Obstacle influence on the flow structure and mass transfer in a boundary layer with ethanol combustion on horizontal surface

Experiments with ethanol combustion on horizontal surfaces revealed the most general properties of a boundary layer with chemical and phase transformations. The list of flow features includes development of large-scale structures and manifestation of volumetric forces, which impact the flow stability and heat and mass transfer. It was demonstrated that the range of velocities ensuring flame existence is wider for flow past a rib than for flow past a backward-facing step. The nature of mass transfer in a reactive flow past an obstacle is transient and remains of that kind until the flame blow-off. For a flow above a horizontal wall at Reynolds numbers Re < 5·10⁴, the intensity of mass transfer is twice higher than for combustion below the wall. When the combustion occurs below the wall, the surface temperature gradients are higher.     

Formation of the turbulent boundary layer at air blowing through a wall with an abrupt change in boundary conditions

Development of an incompressible turbulent boundary layer with air blowing through a finely perforated flat surface, consisting of a permeable region and impermeable region behind, was studied experimentally. The mass flow rate of injected air Q per an area unit was varied from 0 to 0.2 (kg/s)/m². Detailed data about the internal structure of the boundary layer in the flow region, characterized by an abrupt change in the flow conditions at the boundary of permeable and impermeable regions, were obtained. A consistent decrease in the local values of skin friction coefficient along a permeable sample and with an increase in the values of Q, reaching 90% at maximal Q, is shown. The role of the flow region behind the zone with an abrupt change in the boundary conditions, essential from the viewpoint of skin friction reduction, is revealed.     

Holomorphic curves from matrices

Membranes holomorphically embedded in flat non-compact space are constructed in terms of the degrees of freedom of an infinite collection of 0-branes. To each holomorphic curve we associate infinite-dimensional matrices which are static solutions to the matrix theory equations of motion, and which can be interpreted as the matrix theory representation of the holomorphically embedded membrane. The problem of finding such matrix representations can be phrased as a problem in geometric quantization, where ϵ ∝ l_P³/R plays the role of the Planck constant and parametrizes families of solutions. The concept of Bergman projection is used as a basic tool, and a local expansion for the action of the projection in inverse powers of curvature is derived. This expansion is then used to compute the required matrices perturbatively in ϵ. The first two terms in the expansion correspond to the standard geometric quantization result and to the result obtained using the metaplectic correction to geometric quantization.     

Noise sources in swirl burners

Sources of noise present in swirl burners in the non-combustive and combustive cases are experimentally investigated. It is shown that under the non-combustive conditions, the main source of noise is the precessing vortex core, a three-dimensional time-dependent instability present in such burners at high degrees of swirl. With combustion, the amplitude of this instability is damped and the combustion roar is predominant. Regimes of noise (combustion roar) generation in a flame can be located by measurements of temperature fluctuations, as it is demonstrated that there is a good correlation with pressure fluctuations.     

Influence of Burner Geometry on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane/Air Flame Impinging on Flat Surface

An experimental study has been conducted to find the heat transfer characteristics of methane/air flames impinging normally to a flat surface using different burner geometries. The burners used were of nozzle, tube, and orifice type each with a diameter of 10 mm. Due to different exit velocity profiles, the flame structures were different in each case. Because of nearly flat velocity profile, the flame spread was more in case of orifice and nozzle burners as compared to tube burner. Effects of varying the value of Reynolds number (600–2500), equivalence ratio (0.8–1.5) and dimensionless separation distance (0.7–8) on heat transfer characteristics on the flat plate have been investigated for the tube burner. Different flame shapes were observed for different impingement conditions. It has been observed that the heat transfer characteristics were intimately related to flame shapes. Heat transfer characteristics were discussed for the cases when the flame inner reaction cone was far away, just touched, and was intercepted by the plate. Negative heat fluxes at the stagnation point were observed when the inner reaction cone was intercepted by the plate due to impingement of cool un-burnt mixture directly on the surface. Different heat transfer characteristics were observed for different burner geometries with similar operating conditions. In case of tube burner, the maximum heat flux is around the stagnation point and decay is faster in the radial direction. In case of nozzle and orifice burner, the heat transfer distribution is more uniform over the surface.     

Combustion of unitary solid fuels in a liquid medium

The conditions under which combustion of unitary solid fuels occurs in a liquid (water) medium are discussed. The physical prerequisites for maintaining stable combustion are determined. The necessary conditions and constraints, which, when satisfied, ensure underwater combustion along a flat surface of fuel, are formulated. Possible combustion regimes, differing by direction and rate of displacement of the boundary of the surface of gas formation, are analyzed as a function of the orientation of a semiinfinite flat sample. Experimental results confirming the existence of stable combustion of solid fuel directly in a water medium are presented.Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at Tomsk State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 110–118, April, 1993.     

Transformation matrices for the Mueller-Jones formalism

The Mueller-Jones (MJ) or pure Mueller matrix formulation has been reported by using two different matrix transformations in a condensed representation. The possibility to find other transformation matrices is explored. A complete set of unitary operators (R) is found to be closely related with the MJ matrices and with the evolution of pure states on the Poincaré sphere surface. We propose an alternative deduction for the condensed representation of the MJ matrices, obtained by using the Kronecker product operation and use of R unitary matrices as a tool to combine different Mueller matrices and changes of polarized states on the Poincarè sphere surface. Finally, it is shown explicitly that the columns of the transformation matrices are the eigenvectors of the MJ matrix associated to a non-depolarizing optical system and a corollary is established as a criterion to differentiate a Mueller matrix from an MJ matrix.     

In-water gas combustion for thrust production

The paper presents the results of experimental study for hydrodynamic processes occurring during combustion of a stoichiometric mixture propane-oxygen in combustion chambers with different configurations and submerged into water. The pulses of force acting upon a thrust wall were measured for different geometries: cylindrical, conic, hemispherical, including the case of gas combustion near a flat thrust wall. After a single charge of stoichiometric mixture propane-oxygen is burnt near the thrust wall, the process of cyclic generation of force pulses develops. The first pulse is generated due to pressure growth during gas combustion, and the following pulses are the result of hydrodynamic pulsations of the gaseous cavity. Experiments demonstrated that efficient generation of thrust occurs if all bubble pulsations are used during combustion of a single gas combustion. In the series of experiments, the specific impulse on the thrust wall was in the range 10⁴–10⁵ s (10⁵–10⁶ m/s) with account for positive and negative components of impulse.     

Combustion-formed nanoparticles

The processes by which carbonaceous nanoparticles are produced from combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels are reviewed. The focus of the paper is on the formation and properties of nanoparticles in laboratory laminar, premixed and diffusion flames and on the most popular methods of sampling and detection of these particles. Particle chemical nature is analyzed from data obtained by several measurement techniques. Measurements characterizing nanoparticles in the exhausts of practical combustion systems such as engines and commercial burners are also reported. Two classes of carbonaceous material are mainly formed in combustion: nanoparticles with sizes in the range 1-5 nm, and soot particles, with sizes from 10 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles show unique chemical composition and morphology; they maintain molecular characteristics in terms of chemical reactivity, but at the same time exhibit transport and surface related phenomena typical of particles. The emission of these particles contributes to atmospheric pollution and constitutes a serious health concern. A simplified modeling analysis is used to show how the growth of aromatics and the chemical nature of the particles depend on temperature and radical concentration distributions encountered in flames.     

Spectral-Kinetic Properties of Laser Dyes in Active Elements on the Basis of Sol-Gel Matrices

The absorption and photoluminescence spectra as well as the photoluminescence lifetimes of laser dyes (Phenylamine 430, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 6G zwitterion, Rhodamine 4C, and Rhodamine 101) in new matrices are studied. These matrices represent the hybrid of two types of porous glasses (microporous and sol-gel glass). Chemical transformations of the dye molecules in the matrices are not found. The dye dimers mentioned above are also absent for concentrations up to 10^-4 M. The luminescence efficiencies of the dyes in the matrix and in the ethanol solutions are compared. The difference in concentration dependences of the photoluminescence spectrum of Rhodamine 6G in the matrix and ethanol solution is found and discussed. The collective emission of the dyes in new matrices is observed at a power density of exciting radiation of 10²⁵ cm^-2s^-1 and a concentration of 10^-4 M. The energies and collective emission spectra of the dyes in the matrix are compared with those in the solutions.